WorksheetsBIOL 2401 Exam 2 Review
Total questions: 112
Worksheet time: 57mins
Which of the following is a function of the skin?
sensory organ for pain¸ vibration¸ and changes in temperature
protection against excessive water loss
aids in the synthesis of vitamin D
involved in thermoregulation of the body
How do melanocytes contribute to the function of the epidermis?
They produce keratin for waterproofing
They act as antigen-presenting cells for immune response.
They are found in all layers including the stratum corneum.
They produce pigment for UV protection.
Which factor is NOT directly responsible for affecting skin pigmentation?
Degree of transfer within the dermis
Type of melanin produced
Size and number of melanosomes produced
Thickness of the hypodermis
What is the correct sequence of the epidermal layers from the outermost to the innermost layer in thick skin?
Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale
Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale, Stratum lucidum
Stratum lucidum, Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum
layer of the epidermis that is NOT found in thin skin.
Stratum lucidum
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Vitamin D3 is important for the absorption of what biologically important ion?
potassium
calcium
iron
magnesium
nitrogen
Which of the following statements best describes the primary functions of the dermis?
Supports epidermis and provides sensory functions.
Serves as a major site for keratinocyte production.
Specializes in pigmentation and vitamin D production.
Acts as a protective barrier against pathogens.
What is a primary function of the hypodermis in the integumentary system?
Protection from UV radiation
Energy storage and insulation
Synthesis of vitamin D
Keratin production
Ricky just completed a 2-hour cardio session at the gym. To cool the body down after an intensive workout, his body ______.
increases sudoriferous apocrine gland activity
increases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity
decreases sudoriferous apocrine gland activity
decreases sudoriferous eccrine gland activity
The epiphyses of long bones are covered by ______.
periosteum
endosteum
cartosteum
hyaline cartilage
canals
Compare the role of collagen and hydroxyapatite in bone physiology.
Collagen provides protection against compressive forces, while hydroxyapatite protects against bone flexing.
Collagen stores calcium within bone, while hydroxyapatite determines bone length.
Hydroxyapatite provides protection against compressive forces, while collagen protects against bone flexing.
Both hydroxyapatite and collagen act as a template for bone growth.
Select the answer that correctly describes the cells involved in bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts remove old bone, while osteoblasts form new bone.
Osteoclast form new bone, osteocytes remodel existing bone, and osteoblasts remove old bone.
Osteoclasts remove osteons in the diaphysis, while osteoblasts form new bone on the epiphyses of bone.
Osteoclasts decrease bone diameter as a response to mechanical stresses.
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulate plasma calcium levels when they are too low?
By increasing activity of osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bones.
By stimulating osteoclast activity to release stored calcium into the blood.
By enhancing calcitonin secretion for promoting calcium absorption.
By promoting increased excretion of calcium through the kidneys.
Which of the following best explains the difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?
Endochondral ossification forms membranous bones from fibrous membranes.
Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage to form most of the skeleton.
Intramembranous ossification replaces most of the fetal skeleton with hyaline cartilage.
Intramembranous ossification involves bone formation through hyaline cartilage.
According to the principle highlighted by Wolff’s Law, what happens to bones when subjected to consistent mechanical stress?
Bones remodel to become denser and stronger.
Bones maintain their current density and structure.
Bones become less dense and undergo deterioration.
Bones become more flexible and elastic.
The axis is another name for the second thoracic vertebrae.
True
False
Through which of these structures does the spinal cord pass?
spinous process
vertebral foramen
pedicle
transverse process
intervertebral foramina
Without the hyoid bone, we could not ______.
chew our food properly
smell odors properly
swallow food properly
hear sounds properly
close our eyes properly
The connection between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton is made through the ______ and ______.
humerus; sternum
clavicle; sternum
clavicle; acromion
scapula; humerus
humerus; scapula
The prominent knob of the elbow is the ______.
deltoid tuberosity
trochlea line
olecranon process
capitulum fossa
ulnar styloid process
True or False: The superior (i.e., top) edge of the ilium is the iliac crest.
True
False
A lateral projection on the femur’s proximal epiphysis is the ______.
major trochanter
gluteal tuberosity
greater trochanter
neck
olecranon conjecture
How do joint classifications inform their functionality and potential for movement?
By the presence of a joint capsule only.
By the stability the joint provides.
By the joint's location in the body.
By the type of connective tissue and joint movement allowed.
What is a distinguishing feature of biaxial synovial joints compared to uniaxial joints?
They possess three axes of rotation and allow for circumduction.
They have two axes of rotation, allowing for movements like abduction and circumduction.
They have no identifiable axis of rotation and allow for gliding movements.
They share only one axis of rotation and are limited to hinge-like movements.
What role, if any, does synovial fluid play in joint homeostasis?
Synovial fluid lowers friction between moving parts.
Synovial fluid provides nutrients to and removes wastes from chondrocytes.
Blood vessels in the joint space release oxygen to the synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid does not have a role in homeostasis.
True or False: Joints connecting ribs to the vertebral column are immovable.
True
False
Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint?
a vertebral body articulating with a neighboring vertebral body
a tooth articulating with its socket in the jaw
the two parietal bones of the skull articulating with each other
an epiphysis articulating with a diaphysis
What type of tissue is located between the bones in a symphysis?
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage
spongy bone
synovial fluid
Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis __________.
affects only small joints, while rheumatoid arthritis only affects large joints
is characterized by joint inflammation
is an autoimmune disease
can affect just one joint
all of the above
Stretch marks are the result of ________ tearing due to pregnancy or extreme weight gain.
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
epidermis
stratum corneum
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between stratum corneum and stratum basale?
The stratum basale contains blood vessels; the stratum corneum does not.
The stratum basale has dividing cells; the stratum corneum does not.
The stratum basale has lost all organelles; the stratum corneum has not.
The stratum corneum is directly next to the hypodermis; the stratum basale is more superficial.
Why do keratinocytes die once they reach the top of the epidermis?
They are cut off from nutrients.
They die as a result of releasing melanin.
They die from UV radiation.
They die as a result of desquamation.
Which statement best describes the difference between thick and thin skin?
The stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.
Keratinocytes are only found in thin skin.
The stratum basale is only found in thick skin.
Keratohyalin is only found in the stratum basale.
What is the importance of melanin in the integumentary system?
Melanin allows the skin to resist physical abrasion from friction.
Melanin is needed for the correct epidermal thickness in areas of the body that experience friction.
Melanin provides protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation.
Melanin provides the substrate for vitamin D synthesis.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer manifesting as asymmetrical brown or black irregular patches on the skin. These are caused by the uncontrolled cell growth of these pigment-producing cells.
keratinocytes
melanoblasts
carotenocytes
melanocytes
keratinoblasts
Which layer has an active role in defending the body against foreign pathogens?
the epidermis
the dermis
the hypodermis
none of the above
Candace is pan frying some chicken over the stovetop on high heat when she accidentally bumps the edge of her hand onto the pan. After running the burned area over cooled water, she notices that the area has begun to blister. This is due to damage between which two layers?
stratum lucidum and granulosum
stratum ganulosum and spinosum
stratum spinosum and basale
stratum basale and dermal papillary layer
dermal papillary layer and dermal reticular layer
Acne commonly arises during puberty for many teenagers, due to increased ________ production. This, in turn, makes the skin more oily and can block hair follicles, which potentially become infected.
sebum
keratin
sweat
carotene
vitamin D
Which of the following best describes the main physiological function of the integumentary system?
thermal regulation
blood reservoir
mineral storage
blood cell production
protection
Which of the following is the best definition of the axial skeleton?
all the bones in the body above the belt
all the bones in the body below the belt
all the bones that make up the limbs
the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae
Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the skeletal system?
to support the body
to work with muscles to move tissues
to protect the central nervous system from mechanical trauma
to provide a reservoir of calcium and phosphate
to provide a reservoir of collagen
Which of the following is the basic functional unit of compact bone?
periosteum
trabeculae
lamellae
lacunae
osteon
Compare the function of osteoclasts to osteocytes.
Osteoclasts resorb bone, while osteocytes make new bone.
Osteocytes resorb bone, while osteoclasts remodel bone.
Osteoclasts are stem cells that give rise to all of the other cells found within bones.
Osteocytes maintain existing bone, while osteoclasts resorb bone.
Predict what would happen if the epiphyseal plate never ossified.
Long bones would continue growing in length
Long bones would never grow to full length.
Compact bone would not form into long bones.
Calcium would be lost from epiphyseal lines.
What is the purpose of the costal groove of a rib?
It is a conduit for nerves and blood vessels to pass through.
It is where the numerically corresponding vertebrae articulates with the rib.
It is where the ribs attach to the sternum.
It is where the costal cartilage begins.
I anticipate that if the skull were to be comprised of a single piece of bone, it would lead to ______.
improved protection of the brain, but the skull would not allow for any changes in brain size during growth
a requirement for larger muscles to move the skull
smaller muscles needed to move the skull
many more fossa or foramina in the skull
Hypothesize how a pregnancy would affect vertebrae curvature.
The cervical curvature would be greater.
The lumbar curvature would be less.
The thoracic curvature would be less.
The lumbar curvature would be greater.
Which statement best distinguishes the difference between concentric lamellae and perforating canals inside bones?
Concentric lamellae are a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to enter osteons; perforating canals directly connect the fluid surrounding osteocytes.
Perforating canals are a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to enter osteons; concentric lamellae are small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes.
Concentric lamellae are small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes; perforating canals directly connect the fluid surrounding osteocytes.
Concentric lamellae are cylindrical structures within osteons; perforating canals are perpendicular channels that connect neighboring osteons.
Which statement best describes how constant exercise would change the likelihood of osteoporosis in older women?
Exercise at any age increases bone density, which is decreased by osteoporosis.
Exercise increases the removal of osteoporotic bone by osteoclasts.
Exercise can increase the likelihood of osteoporosis if there is insufficient phosphate in the diet.
Constant exercise has been shown to have no effect on the course of osteoporosis.
Identify the bones that make up the elbow joint.
humerus, radius, and ulna
radius, ulna, and tarsal bones
radius, ulna, and carpal bones
humerus, scapula, and sternum
The head of the humerus forms a joint with the ________.
acetabulum
acromion
glenoid fossa
ischium
pubic bone
The angle where the left and right pubic bones meet is called the __________.
superior pubic ramus
pubic body
inferior pubic ramus
pubic arch
The patellar ligament extends beyond the tendon within the ________ muscle and inserts into the ________ of the lower leg.
quadriceps lateralis; fibula
quadriceps femoris; tibia
quadriceps femoris; fibula
quadriceps lateralis; tibia
Female pelvic bones are wider
True
False
The two pelvic bones articulate with each other directly at the __________.
sacroiliac joint
coxal joint
pubic symphysis
pelvic symphysis
Which of the following traits is characteristic of a female pelvic girdle?
a narrow pelvic outlet
an arch with an angle < 90°
a deeper pubic symphysis
a wider pelvic outlet
a thicker pelvic girdle
Why is the foot arched?
This helps to distribute weight equally over the carpal bones.
This is because of the joint formed between the tibia and talus.
This because of the joints between the tarsal bones and the phalanges.
This helps to distribute weight equally over the tarsal bones..
Which bones form the shoulder joint?
scapula, clavicle, and humerus
scapula and clavicle
clavicle and humerus
scapula and humerus
Which of the following bones form the pectoral girdle?
humerus
scapula
clavicle
clade
sternum
Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
gomphosis
suture
symphysis
syndesmoses
synovial
Compare the function of a bursa to a meniscus.
A bursa reduces the friction of moving muscles around a joint, a meniscus cushions the joint between two bones.
A meniscus reduces the friction of moving muscles around a joint, a bursa cushions the joint between two bones.
A bursa is part of a muscle ligament that connects bones to skeletal muscle.
A meniscus is a fluid-filled bag found in all synovial joints.
What do hinge and saddle joints have in common?
Both are fibrous joints.
Both are triaxial joints.
Both have joint capsules filled with fluid.
Both have convex surfaces that form a joint with a convex surface.
What is an example of a symphysis joint?
intercarpal joints, which have slight movement
shoulder, due to the glenoid labrum
joints between vertebral bodies
joints between the tibia and fibula
Uniaxial joints such as the ________ allow the following movements: ________.
elbow; flexion and extension
radioulnar; pronation and supination
both A and B
neither A nor B
The vertebral column is stabilized by ____________________.
anterior longitudinal ligaments
posterior longitudinal ligaments
supraspinous ligaments
all of the above
Friction-free movement is made possible in __________ joints due to __________.
symphysis; fibrocartilage pads
synovial; synovial fluid
synchondrosis; hyaline cartilage
synovial; hyaline cartilage alone
synovial; synovial fluid and hyaline cartilage together
Unlike a synchondrosis, a symphysis __________.
is a fibrous joint
is a cartilaginous joint
is a synovial joint
allows slight movement
does not allow movement
X-ray imaging shows an abnormally increased distance between the acromion and humeral head. This patient probably has a/an ________ due to ________.
unstable ankle; a sprained syndesmosis
painful shoulder; subluxation
painful elbow; nursemaid’s elbow
unstable ankle; subluxation
painful hip; dislocation
Which of the following is the middle layer of the integumentary system?
hypodermis
epidermis
dermis
The hypodermal layer is also referred to as the ________.
adipose layer
epidermal layer
muscle layer
What is the most common cell type within the epidermis?
chondroblasts
osteoblasts
keratinocytes
fibroblasts
Which cell type provides immune protection within the epidermis?
Langerhans cells
fibroblasts
keratinocytes
adipocytes
If a person has a genetic mutation that affects the tyrosinase gene, they will be which of the following?
unable to kill microorganisms that invade the skin
unable to produce the pigment carotene
more susceptible to sunburns and skin cancer
more likely to have dry and itchy skin
Which of the following is a red-yellow pigment that contributes to the color of someone’s skin?
eumelanin
phoemelanin
carotene
melanin
Damage to Merkel cells will affect your ability to ________.
experience pain when being stuck by a needle at the doctor’s office
produce pigment when your skin is exposed to sunlight
determine the shape of an object
kill invading microorganisms that enter the skin through a wound
Meissner’s corpuscle
light touch¸ pressure¸ and vibration
pain¸ tickle¸ and itch
fine touch and pressure
deep pressure and vibration
free nerve endings
pain¸ tickle¸ and itch
fine touch and pressure
deep pressure and vibration
pressure and distortion of the skin
Merkel cells
fine touch and pressure
deep pressure and vibration
pressure and distortion of the skin
light touch¸ pressure¸ and vibration
lamellated corpuscle
deep pressure and vibration
pressure and distortion of the skin
light touch¸ pressure¸ and vibration
pain¸ tickle¸ and itch
Ruffini corpuscles
pressure and distortion of the skin
deep pressure and vibrationMerkel cells
fine touch and pressure
fine touch and pressure
pain¸ tickle¸ and itch
The inner portion of the hair shaft that is formed from cells located in the center of the hair matrix is called the ________.
cuticle
cortex
medulla
Removal of ________ would block our ability to have goose bumps?
arrector pili muscle
sweat glands
the epidermis
adipocytes
Which of the following glands produces a watery secretion?
sudoriferous
apocrine
merocrine
Which of the following doesn't damage the skin and increase wrinkles?
UV radiation
chemicals from cigarette smoke
decrease in granular secretions
increase in the growth of stratum basale cells
Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?
protection
support and attachment
blood cell formation
sodium ion homeostasis
movement
Openings in the bone include all of the following except ______.
fissure
foramen
canal (or meatus)
condyle
Bone projections include all of the following except ________.
line
spine
crest
condyle
facet
Which of the following statements is correct?
The petrous region is found in the middle of the inside surface of the frontal.
The parietal bone forms the front forehead.
The sphenoid bone makes a connection with all other cranial bones.
The pterygoid process of the ethmoid bone is where chewing muscles attach.
The sphenoid bone contains the cribriform plate, which forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
Which of the following statements is correct?
The skull is formed by eight bones.
The zygomatic bone is a singular skull bone.
The temporal bone has eight notable regions.
The foramen magnum is a large projection where our chewing muscles attach.
The smallest bones in the skull are the lacrimal bones.
The palatine bone forms the bridge of the nose.
True
False
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
The orbital cavity is formed by three bones and also contains lacrimal glands.
The oral cavity does not have a bony floor.
The nasal cavity is formed by several bones and lined with mucous membranes.
The cranial cavity surrounds the brain.
The nasal sinuses warm, filter, and humidify inhaled air.
Which of the following statements has been written incorrectly?
Thoracic vertebrae have heart-shaped bodies containing costal facets.
C2 is called the axis and C7 is called the vertebra prominens.
The sacrum has two lateral surfaces that articulate with the two pelvic bones.
Thoracic vertebrae are generally larger than lumbar vertebrae because of chest muscles.
The coccyx has transverse ridges indicating the prior fusion of vertebral bodies.
Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
scapula
tibia
radius
sternum
phalanges
Which of the following statements is correct?
The clavicle looks like an extended letter “C” when viewed from above.
A major function of the clavicle is to bind axial bones together and limit mobility.
The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium.
On the top surface of the clavicle are the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line.
The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton.
Which of the following statements regarding the scapula is false?
The scapula extends from rib bones 2 to 9.
The three edges of this triangular scapula are labeled as borders.
An angle of the scapula refers to one of its triangular apices.
On the dorsal surface is a ridge called the spine that can be felt as the shoulder “blade.”
The glenoid cavity of the scapula is where the humerus of the upper arm articulates.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Long bones are equally long as they are wide.
Long bones include the vertebrae.
Long bones are thin and broad.
Long bones have more length than width.
Long bones are specialized bones found within tendons.
The radius bone of the forearm is found relative to the thumb side of the hand when anatomically positioned.
True
False
Which of the following statements is correct?
Short bones are often cube-shaped bones.
Short bones include the vertebrae.
Short bones are thin and broad.
Short bones have more length than width.
Short bones are specialized bones found within tendons.
The thumb is composed of three phalange bones.
True
False
The obturator foramen is formed by what bones?
pubis and ischium
ischium and iliac fossa
pubis and iliac fossa
iliac fossa and iliac spine.
The acetabulum is formed by what bones?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
ischial ramus, spine, and notch
pubic bone and ischial ramus
ilium and ischium
ilium and pubis
Which of the following is your “shin”?
the anterior crest of the tibia’s diaphysis
the diaphysis of the fibula
the medial malleolus of the tibia
the anterior crest of the fibula’s diaphysis
the talus eminence of the tibia
Fibrous joints that are also amphiarthroses include ______.
symphysis
syndesmosis
suture
gliding
Which of the following is an example of rotation?
bending at the waist to touch your toes
nodding your head yes
shaking your head no
making a fist
When a person does a push up, first pushing off the floor and fully straightening their elbow and the returning to the ground so that their chest touches the floor, what motions does the scapula go through?
protraction and then retraction
retraction and then protraction
adduction and then abduction
flexion and circumduction
What components of sutures give this joint great strength?
connecting fibrous filaments and flat, non-interlocking bones
interconnecting tissue fibers and interlocking bones
a special biological glue
the presence of special cells that give great strength to sutures
In the fetal skull, sutures are temporarily ______ to ______ movement.
locked; prevent
wide; allow
fontanels; limit
cartilaginous; prevent
By the age of 21, the long bones are no longer able to grow in length due to closure of the epiphyses. The total number of joints in the body of an adult, therefore, is ______ the number of joints in a growing child.
greater than
the same as
fewer than
Fibrous joints allow no movement, and cartilaginous joints allow slight movement.
True
False
What tissue covers the articulating surfaces of bones in a synovial joint?
hyaline cartilage
fibrous cartilage
epithelium
chondroitin
Which choice(s) places the joints in the correct order from most stable to most mobile? Select all that apply.
Fibrous → cartilaginous → synovial
Suture → syndesmosis → symphysis
Gliding → syndesmosis → symphysis
Shoulder → hip → wrist
The rotator cuff muscles include all of the following except the ______.
subscapularis
supraspinatus
teres major
teres minor
infraspinatus
