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WorksheetsNSG 308 Exam Study Guide - Exam #2
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 2hrs 50mins
What are the normal parameters for temperature, pulse, respirations, BP, and pulse ox for an adult patient?
Pulse: 2+, 60-100 bpm; RR: 12-20; SBP: 130-90; DBP: 90-50; SpO2: 90-100%; Temp: 36.1-37.7°C (97-99.9°F)
Pulse: 3+, 40-60 bpm; RR: 8-16; SBP: 100-60; DBP: 60-30; SpO2: 80-90%; Temp: 35.0-36.0°C (95-96.8°F)
Pulse: 1+, 100-120 bpm; RR: 20-30; SBP: 150-110; DBP: 100-70; SpO2: 85-95%; Temp: 38.0-39.0°C (100.4-102.2°F)
Pulse: 2+, 50-70 bpm; RR: 10-18; SBP: 120-80; DBP: 80-40; SpO2: 88-98%; Temp: 37.8-39.0°C (100-102.2°F)
What would be the priority assessments and nursing actions if a patient's vital signs are abnormal?
ABCs; Determine etiology if possible; Notify provider; Check MAR for adverse effects of medications
Increase the patient's fluid intake immediately; Ignore abnormal readings; Wait for the next scheduled assessment
Document the abnormal vital signs only; Do not inform anyone; Continue routine care
Administer pain medication regardless of the cause; Reassure the patient; Delay further assessment
The problem in the body that causes Parkinson’s disease is:
Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain
Excess production of insulin
Deficiency of thyroid hormones
Overactive immune response
The type of meds used to treat Parkinson’s and how these meds work in the body to treat this condition is:
Dopaminergic medications that increase dopamine levels in the brain
Antibiotics that fight bacterial infections in the brain
Beta-blockers that reduce heart rate and blood pressure
Antihistamines that reduce allergic reactions
Which of the following is a COMT inhibitor used in the treatment of Parkinsonism?
Amantadine
Bromocriptine
Entacapone
Selegiline
Selegiline and Rasagiline are examples of which class of drugs used in Parkinsonism?
MAO-B inhibitors
Dopamine agonists
COMT inhibitors
Anticholinergics
Which drug increases the half-life of dopamine by inhibiting metabolism of L-dopa in the periphery?
Entacapone
Selegiline
Bromocriptine
Amantadine
MAO-B inhibitors may reduce the OFF phenomenon in Parkinsonism.
True
False
Which of the following is NOT an anticholinergic used in Parkinsonism?
Trihexyphenidyl
Benztropine
Entacapone
Artane
Fill in the blank: Anticholinergics block the effects of ____ in the brain, decreasing symptoms and evening out imbalance of ____ and dopamine.
Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine
GABA, GABA
Serotonin, Serotonin
Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine
Which side effects are associated with anticholinergic drugs used in Parkinsonism?
Tachycardia and constipation
Bradycardia and diarrhea
Hypotension and increased salivation
Muscle rigidity and tremor
Anticholinergics are used more commonly than other drugs to increase dopamine in the corpus striatum in basal ganglia.
True
False
Which of the following are sympathetic responses that may occur as side effects of Parkinson's medications?
Bronchodilation
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
All of the above
SATA: What medications may be prescribed when a patient is already on carbidopa/levodopa and starts experiencing 'off' periods?
L dopa inhalation prn
Amantadine
Cogentin
Acetylcholine
If a patient is taking levodopa for Parkinson’s, what type of food can reduce the therapeutic response?
High protein foods
High carbohydrate foods
High fat foods
Low protein foods
High protein foods can reduce the therapeutic response to levodopa by reducing the amount of levodopa _______ and transported into the brain.
absorbed
excreted
metabolized
synthesized
What should the nurse teach the patient regarding protein consumption while on levodopa therapy?
Avoid all protein at all costs
You still need to eat protein, just spaced evenly throughout the day
Only eat protein at night, preferably during full moons
Eat as much protein as possible to improve dopamine response
Why would a provider prescribe levodopa/carbidopa for a patient with Parkinson’s disease?
It is the most effective Parkinson’s drug
Carbidopa increases the effect of L-dopa
L-dopa alone can become ineffective as neurodegeneration progresses
All of the above
Carbidopa on its own is effective in treating Parkinson’s disease.
True
False
Fill in the blank: Great results are seen in the first ___ years of levodopa/carbidopa treatment, but by 5 years, patients may return to pre-treatment symptoms.
2
1
3
4
What are the main characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, inability to communicate effectively or perform routine ADLs
Defect in dopamine antagonism
Improved memory and cognition
Progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, inability to communicate effectively, sharp increase in WBC count
Which type of neurons are associated with cerebral atrophy and degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease?
Cholinergic neurons
Dopaminergic neurons
Serotonergic neurons
Adrenergic neurons
What is the goal of treatment (tx) in Alzheimer’s Disease?
To slow down memory and cognition loss, prolong independent function.
To completely cure the disease and restore all lost functions.
To prevent the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease in all patients.
To treat only the physical symptoms and ignore cognitive decline.
Which of the following are used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists
Antibiotics and antivirals
COMT inhibitors and MAO-B inhibitors
Insulin and glucagon
In advanced Alzheimer’s Disease, acetylcholine (Ach) is below normal levels.
10%
50%
100%
Name two examples of cholinesterase inhibitors used in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Donepezil, Rivastigmine
Levodopa, Carbidopa
Haloperidol, Risperidone
Aspirin, Clopidogrel
Cholinesterase inhibitors should be avoided in patients with which conditions?
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ulcer disease, congestive heart failure
Hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, gout
Migraine, eczema, anemia, osteoporosis
Epilepsy, psoriasis, hyperlipidemia, arthritis
If a patient is taking donepezil (Aricept) for Alzheimer’s Disease, and is still able to perform simple ADLs, what would be included in the plan of care to meet the patient’s needs?
Give gentle reorientation as needed
Let patient do as much on their own as possible
Take med once a day to avoid adverse affects
OT and PT
Let patient perform old hobbies (if possible)
What would be important to teach a patient if they were prescribed an antiseizure medication? (think about what applies to ANY antiseizure med)
Meds suppress seizures but do not treat cause of seizures
DO NOT STOP ABRUPTLY
Drug of choice depends on seizure activity
Narrow therapeutic range requires plasma monitoring
Discontinuation must be done over 6 weeks to several months
How will you know the antiseizure meds are working?
Seizures become less frequent or stop
The patient feels more energetic
There is an increase in appetite
Blood pressure increases
To help us know if the meds are working, what would we need to teach the pt to do?
Monitor and report any changes in symptoms
Stop taking the medication if they feel better
Double the dose if no improvement is seen
Ignore side effects unless severe
Phenytoin has which type of therapeutic index?
Wide therapeutic index
Narrow therapeutic index
No therapeutic index
Variable therapeutic index
A reason for increasing the dose of carbamazepine in a newly diagnosed patient with a seizure disorder is:
breakthrough seizures occur
the patient gains weight
the patient experiences drowsiness
the patient has a headache
If a pt. has hypertension and is taking a diuretic which alters electrolytes and ALSO has a seizure disorder and is taking oxcarbazepine, which labs should be monitored?
Serum sodium and potassium
Liver function tests only
Blood glucose only
Thyroid function tests
Which of the following are basic considerations that would apply to ALL antidepressants?
Potential for side effects, risk of drug interactions, and need for monitoring response
Only used for anxiety disorders, no side effects, and no monitoring needed
Can be stopped abruptly, no risk of interactions, and always effective
Only prescribed to children, no risk of overdose, and no follow-up required
Fill in the blank: The initial response to antidepressants is usually seen in ____ weeks.
1-3
4-6
6-8
8-12
Fill in the blank: Withdrawal symptoms from abruptly stopping antidepressants can last for ____ weeks.
1-3
4-6
7-9
10-12
Two side effects that may occur if a patient abruptly stops taking their antidepressant are:
Withdrawal symptoms and relapse of depression
Weight gain and improved sleep
Increased appetite and better concentration
Lower blood pressure and increased energy
Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline can cause which of the following pairs of anticholinergic symptoms?
Dry mouth and blurred vision
Bradycardia and diarrhea
Increased salivation and sweating
Muscle rigidity and tremor
Identify what meds are SSRIs: Which of the following is NOT an SSRI?
fluoxetine
sertraline
amitriptyline
escitalopram
How do SSRI meds work in the body?
Blocks the reuptake of serotonin
Increases dopamine levels
Inhibits norepinephrine
Stimulates GABA receptors
Do SSRI meds affect dopamine or norepinephrine (NE)?
Yes
No
SATA: What are some common side effects of SSRIs?
Sexual dysfunction
Insomnia
Nausea
Hypertension
Increased sexual stamina
Which SSRI causes the most weight gain?
fluoxetine
sertraline
paroxetine
citalopram
What are the signs & symptoms of serotonin syndrome? List any two symptoms of serotonin syndrome.
Confusion, anxiety, restlessness, hypertension, tremors
Bradycardia, hypothermia, dry skin, constipation
Tremors, weight loss, alopecia, joint pain, blurred vision
Jaundice, hematuria, petechiae, cyanosis
What are some types of medications or substances that can increase serotonin levels and risk serotonin syndrome?
SNRIs, migraine meds, opioids, illicit drugs
Beta blockers, antacids, NSAIDs, antihistamines
Calcium channel blockers, statins, insulin, diuretics
Antibiotics, antimalarials, proton pump inhibitors, antihypertensives
A serious drug-food interaction for MAOI meds is:
Tyramine-rich foods
High-fiber foods
Low-sodium foods
Gluten-containing foods
What specific foods should the patient avoid when taking MAOI medications?
Aged cheese, cream, yogurt, bananas, raisins, coffee, chocolate, Italian green beans, liver, sausage, soy sauce, beer, red wine.
Aged cheese, fresh fruits, grilled chicken, steamed vegetables, white rice, mineral water.
Aged cheese, whole grain bread, baked potatoes, plain pasta, green tea, apple juice.
Aged cheese, low-fat milk, poached eggs, boiled carrots, orange juice, herbal tea.
If the patient would ingest tyramine rich foods while on MAOI medications, what will happen in the body and what would be a priority for the nurse to assess?
Ingestion of these foods while on MAOI medications can cause hypertensive crisis; the nurse should prioritize assessing blood pressure.
Ingestion of these foods while on MAOI medications can cause hypoglycemia; the nurse should prioritize assessing blood glucose levels.
Ingestion of these foods while on MAOI medications can cause dehydration; the nurse should prioritize assessing fluid balance.
Ingestion of these foods while on MAOI medications can cause respiratory depression; the nurse should prioritize assessing respiratory rate.
What conditions do antianxiety meds treat?
Anxiety and insomnia
Diabetes and hypertension
Asthma and allergies
Arthritis and osteoporosis
What are the common side effects for the 1st generation antipsychotics?
Sedation, seizures, sexual dysfunction, hypotension, anticholinergic effects, CNS depression and EPS, OD in rare cases.
Weight gain, hyperglycemia, and increased risk of diabetes only.
Sedation, seizures, sexual dysfunction, hypotension, anticholinergic effects, CNS depression and EPS, very easy to OD.
Primarily gastrointestinal upset and rash, rarely any CNS effects.
What are the common side effects for the 2nd generation (atypical) antipsychotics?
NOT likely to cause EPS symptoms, weight gain, anticholinergic effects, diabetes mellitus, depression, sedation, increase in prolactin.
Only likely to cause EPS symptoms and no other side effects.
Primarily cause liver failure and acute renal injury as main side effects. Depression, sedation, increase in prolactin.
No side effects are associated with 2nd generation antipsychotics.
Olanzapine (Zyprexa) is commonly prescribed for schizophrenia, what are the primary adverse effects a patient may experience while taking this medication?
Anticholinergic effects, rapid weight gain, diabetes mellitus, depression.
Hypertension, hair loss, tinnitus, insomnia.
Hyperthyroidism, muscle cramps, blurred vision, rash.
Bradycardia, dry cough, joint pain, anemia.
Clozapine (Clozaril) is another antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and has some very serious side effects that could kill the patient. If a patient is taking this medication, the provider would frequently monitor the WBCs. Why?
To monitor for agranulocytosis, when WBC count drops hard and fast.
To monitor for potential liver toxicity, as Clozapine is known to cause WBC-related rapid liver failure in some patients.
Because Clozapine can cause severe hypertension, and WBCs are an indicator of blood pressure changes.
To check for electrolyte imbalances, as Clozapine often leads to dangerous drops in potassium levels.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is characterized by which of the following signs and symptoms?
Muscle rigidity, high fever, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction
Fever, bradycardia, hypotension, and dry skin
"The shakes", weight gain, insomnia, and increased appetite
Tremors, diarrhea, and blurred vision
Identify the common signs & symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Mood swings, periods of mania and depression, changes in energy and activity levels
Persistent cough and chest pain
Frequent headaches and blurred vision
Sudden weight gain and hair loss
What lab values must be constantly monitored when assessing a patient on lithium?
Sodium levels and serum lithium levels
Blood glucose and serum lithium levels
Potassium, calcium, and sodium levels
Serum lithium, potassium, and GABA levels
What are some signs & symptoms of lithium toxicity?
Serum lithium levels ABOVE 1.5 mEq/L, neurological, renal, endocrine, and GI symptoms, reversible cardiac symptoms, tremor, nystagmus, ataxia, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus,
Serum lithium levels ABOVE 0.5 mEq/L, only mild headache and fatigue, no renal or cardiac involvement, increased appetite, weight gain, and hyperactivity
Serum lithium levels ABOVE 2.5 mEq/L, only dermatological symptoms like rash and itching, no neurological or cardiac symptoms, increased sweating, and hair loss
Serum lithium levels ABOVE 0.005 mEq/L, only mild GI upset, no neurological, renal, or cardiac symptoms, increased thirst, and muscle cramps
Important nursing assessments that need to be performed frequently if a child is taking meds for ADHD include:
Monitoring growth and appetite
Checking blood glucose levels
Assessing for signs of dehydration
Measuring oxygen saturation
What are some contraindications and cautions for patients taking stimulant medications for ADHD, i.e. ritalin and dextroamphetamine (Adderall)?
Hypertension, Tachycardia, Excessive caffeine intake, Malnourishment, Cardiovascular disease, Anxiety
Hypotension, Bradycardia, High calcium diet, Asthma, Hyperthyroidism, Renal stones, Depression
Diabetes, Hyperkalemia, Frequent urination, Allergic rhinitis, Osteoporosis, Gout, Insomnia
Liver cirrhosis, Glaucoma, Frequent headaches, Vitamin D deficiency, Hypoglycemia, Eczema, Anemia
What time of the day should a child take methylphenidate SR (Ritalin) for ADHD?
Early in the day
Late at night
Before bedtime
After dinner
What would you do if the child’s parent tells you they are administering Adderall to their child at bedtime?
Re-educate the parent. Teach them to administer this medicine in the morning.
Praise the parent for giving the medication at bedtime.
Advise the parent to increase the dose at bedtime.
Tell the parent to stop the medication immediately.
What causes migraine headaches?
Neurogenic inflammation caused by vasodilation and acute inflammation of brain vasculature
Neurogenic inflammation caused by excessive production of insulin in the pancreas
Neurogenic inflammation caused by vasoconstriction and acute inflammation of brain vasculature
Gnarly bacterial infection of the inner ear
Ergotamine is a med used to treat migraine headaches. What are the contraindications for this medication?
Should be avoided in pregnancy, cannot be combined with triptans: increased risk of coronary vasospasm is biggest concern, risk of serotonin syndrome
Safe to use in pregnancy and lactation, Can be combined with triptans without risk, cannot be combined with diuretics
CANNOT be used with anticholinergics, alpha 1 agonists, or SSRIs
CANNOT be combined with triptans, safe to use while pregnant, increased risk of DVT is biggest concern
How does sumatriptan work and how is it specifically prescribed and why?
Selective for 5-HT serotonin receptors located on cranial blood vessels. Works by constricting intracranial vessels (i.e. basilar artery) Should NOT be used more than 9 DAYS PER MONTH. Patient can take one pill and repeat in 2 hrs (max dose of 200 mg/d) but 9d/m rule must be followed.
Selective for 53-HT serotonin receptors located on cranial blood vessels. Works by constricting intracranial vessels (i.e. basil artery) Should NOT be used more than 7 DAYS PER MONTH. Patient can take one pill and repeat in 2 hrs (max dose of 200 mg/d) but 7d/m rule must be followed.
Selective for 5-HT serotonin receptors located on cranial blood vessels. Works by constricting extracranial vessels (i.e. femoral artery) Should NOT be used more than 9 DAYS PER MONTH. Patient can take one pill and repeat in 2 hrs (max dose of 400 mg/d) but 9d/m rule must be followed.
Selective for 5-HT serotonin receptors located on cranial blood vessels. Works by constricting intracranial vessels (i.e. basilar artery) Should NOT be used more than 9 WEEKS PER MONTH. Patient can take one pill and repeat in 2 hrs (max dose of 200 mg/d) but 9w/m rule must be followed.
Which of the following is a brand name for Oxycodone?
Oxycontin
Percocet
Percodan
All of the above
Which of the following is a brand name for Hydrocodone?
Lortab
Vicodin
Norco
All of the above
Which of the following is a strong opioid?
Morphine
Fentanyl
Methadone
All of the above
What are the common side effects for all opioids that the nurse would need to monitor for?
respiratory depression, constipation, urinary retention, orthostatic hypotension, nausea and vomiting
respiratory depression, hypertension, diarrhea, Insomnia, rash, weight gain
increased appetite, hyperactivity, polyuria, cough, blurred vision
respiratory depression bradycardia, dry mouth, photosensitivity, hair loss, tinnitus
What PRIORITY assessments should be performed by the nurse for a patient on opioids?
Count RR (respiratory rate), watch for rise and fall of chest, Watch SpO2
Monitor blood glucose levels, check for pedal pulses, assess skin turgor
Assess for abdominal distension, monitor urine output, check for edema
Check pupil size, assess for joint pain, monitor temperature
What interventions would be used to prevent the side effects of opioid administration?
Prophylactic gastrointestinal interventions, Stimulants, Diuretics
Stimulants, Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals
Prophylactic gastrointestinal interventions, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, Statins
Antacids, Antihistamines, Decongestants
What medication is an antidote for an opioid overdose?
naloxone/Narcan
acetaminophen/Tylenol
ibuprofen/Advil
diphenhydramine/Benadryl
The signs & symptoms a patient would have if they overdosed on an opioid drug include:
Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, unconsciousness, cyanosis
Respiratory depression, increased heart rate, dilated pupils, sweating
Fever, rash, joint pain
Respiratory depression, hyperactivity, insomnia, weight loss
The adverse side effect you would be MOST concerned about in a patient who overdosed on an opioid drug is:
Respiratory depression
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Seizures
What is a PRIORITY or most significant/concerning side effect if a patient is taking isotretinoin (Accutane) for acne?
Birth defects (teratogenicity)
Increased appetite
Hyperpigmentation
Hypertension
What are the general considerations/rules for a patient taking isotretinoin?
Contraceptive practices, avoid alcohol, wear sunscreen
No dietary restrictions, only one blood draw required, medication can be taken irregularly, no need for contraceptive practices.
Patients can consume alcohol freely, no need for regular blood tests, and no pregnancy-related precautions are necessary.
Only men need to follow special precautions, women do not need to submit urine samples or pledge to avoid pregnancy.
What should be included on the teaching plan for a female patient who is of reproductive age and is taking isotretinoin (Accutane) or spironolactone (Aldactone) for acne? List all important points.
Do NOT get pregnant, You must wait at least 30 days to try for pregnancy. Report any symptoms of depression immediately, Use plenty of sunscreen when going outside, Skin will be very dry.
Do NOT use contraception, You must wait at least 30 months to try for pregnancy. Report any symptoms of depression immediately, Use plenty of sunscreen when going outside, Skin will be very dry.
Get SUPER pregnant, You must wait at least 30 days to try for abstinence. Report any symptoms of depression immediately, Use plenty of sunscreen when going outside, Skin will be very dry.
Do NOT get pregnant, You must wait at least 30 days to try for pregnancy. Report any symptoms of depression immediately, Do not use any sunscreen when going outside, Skin will be very oily.
If a 16 year old patient has mild acne, what would be the typical INITIAL treatment recommended by the health care provider?
Oral antibiotics, Topical ointments
Oral isotretinoin, Laser therapy
Systemic steroids, Chemical peels
Oral contraceptives, Light therapy
Name some common diuretic medications that are prescribed and what conditions are treated with diuretic meds?
Common diuretics: furosemide, chlorothiazide
Common diuretics: acetaminophen, ibuprofen
Common diuretics: amoxicillin, penicillin
Common diuretics: furosemate, chlorothiazol
Common side effects for ALL diuretics include:
Electrolyte imbalance
Increased appetite
Hair growth
Joint stiffness
Diuretic classes/meds that cause larger amounts of sodium and potassium to be lost through the urine include:
Loop diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Antidiuretic hormone analogs
A nurse teaches a patient to take oral (PO) furosemide in the morning. What is the reason for this instruction?
To prevent nocturia or frequent urination at night
To increase the effectiveness of the medication
To reduce the risk of dehydration during the day
To avoid interactions with other morning medications
The difference between mannitol, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and potassium sparing diuretics is:
Their mechanism of action and site of action in the kidney
only mannitol increases potassium excretion
potassium sparing diuretics are contraindicated in heart failure
loop diuretics cannot cause hyperkalemia
Fill in the blank: Mannitol is a(n) ______ diuretic that is super duper potent and inhibits passive reabsorption of water.
osmotic
loop
thiazide
potassium-sparing
Loop diuretics are therapeutic with ______ renal blood flow.
low
high
normal
increased
Which adverse effect is specific to loop diuretics?
Ototoxicity
Hypovolemia
Increased blood glucose
Increased uric acid (gout risk)
Thiazide diuretics are ineffective when ______ is low.
GFR
Blood pressure
Serum sodium
Urine output
Potassium sparing diuretics are ______ diuretics with almost no diuresis effect.
weak
strong
potent
rapid
The site of action for mannitol is:
Proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
Renal pelvis
Collecting duct
Phenytoin (Dilantin) is used to treat seizures. What can happen with phenytoin toxicity?
Seizures, gingival hyperplasia
Respiratory depression, ototoxicity
Hypotension, increased IOP
Varicose veins, acute liver failure
Antidepressants can taken as needed for acute episodes of depression.
True
False
Which illicit drugs can contribute to serotonin syndrome?
LSD, MDMA, Cocaine, Methamphetamine
Marijuana, Caffeine
LSD, Heroin, Crack, Hydrocodone
Perc 30s, Gas Station Honey Packs
What is the difference between Ritalin and Concerta?
Ritalin has a short half life and requires multiple administrations a day to be effective, Concerta has extended release properties
Concerta has a short half life and requires multiple administrations a day to be effective, Ritalin has extended release properties
Ritalin has a long half life and requires multiple administrations a day to be effective, Concerta has no contraindications
Concerta has a short half life and requires multiple administrations a day to be effective, Ritalin has to be given at midnight to be effective
Opioids administered in the hospital setting can make patients addicted after one week of standard dosing.
True
False
Which class of diuretic listed below can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
Loop diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Thiazides
Ophthalmic diuretics
For which type of medicine should the patient avoid salt substitutes?
Bisphosphonates
Potassium-sparing diuretics
MAOIs
DMARDs
What medications are used to treat BPH? How long does each medication class take to work?
Selective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists,
Nonselective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists,
5 alpha reductase inhibitors/anti-androgens. Alpha 1 adrenergic agonists work immediately, while 5a reductase inhibitors take 6-12 months to see a therapeutic effect.
Selective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists,
Nonselective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists,
3 alpha reductase inhibitors/anti-androgens. Alpha 1 adrenergic agonists work immediately, while 3a reductase inhibitors take 6-12 months to see a therapeutic effect.
Selective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists,
Nonselective alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists,
5 alpha reductase inhibitors/anti-androgens. Alpha 1 adrenergic agonists take 6-12 months to see a therapeutic effect, while 5a reductase inhibitors work immediately.
Selective alpha 2 adrenergic antagonists,
Nonselective alpha 2 adrenergic antagonists,
5 alpha reductase inhibitors/anti-androgens. Alpha 1 adrenergic agonists work immediately, while 5a reductase inhibitors take 6-12 years to see a therapeutic effect.
What can happen if a patient who has sildenafil in their system is administered a nitrate medication?
Life threatening drop in BP
Life threatening increase in BP
Life threatening drop in WBC count
Life threatening increase in erection
How does Methotrexate work?
It is a chemotherapy drug that kills fast growing cells, can act as an anti-inflammatory when used in smaller doses.
It is a NSAID that kills fast growing cells, can act as an anti-inflammatory when used in smaller doses.
It is a NSAID that kills fast growing cells, can act as an anti-inflammatory when used in larger doses.
It is a chemotherapy drug that kills fast growing cells, can act as an anti-inflammatory when used in larger doses.
There are very specific instructions regarding how to take bisphosphonates, what do you need to teach your patient regarding administration?
Take bisphosphonates in the morning, at least 30 mins before consuming breakfast or anything but water.
Remain upright for AT LEAST 30 minutes.
Take bisphosphonates in the morning, after you eat a large, balanced breakfast.
Remain upright for AT LEAST 30 minutes.
Take bisphosphonates in the morning, at least 30 mins before consuming breakfast or anything but water.
Remain upright for AT LEAST 30 hours.
Take bisphosphonates at night, at least 30 mins before consuming dinner.
Remain upright for AT LEAST 30 minutes.
What are the two possible causes of gout?
Excess production of uric acid,
Impaired renal excretion of uric acid
Non-production of uric acid,
Impaired renal excretion of uric acid
Excess production of liver enzymes,
Impaired renal excretion of liver enzymes
Low eGFR, High sodium levels
SATA: Which diuretics can cause a gout flare-up?
loop diuretics
potassium-sparing diuretics
osmotic diuretics
thiazides
isotretinoins
How do bisphosphonates work?
Inhibits bone reabsorption
Increases bone reabsorption
Terminates bone reabsorption completely
Turns bad bones into dust
SATA: Which types of drugs would be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?
DMARDs
SSRIs
NSAIDs
Bisphosphonates
Glucocorticoids
What is the goal of rheumatoid arthritis treatment?
Complete eradication of the disease.
Relieve pain, prevent deformity, preserve ROM, and delay disease progression.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a death sentence. There is no treatment.
Relieve pain, prevent deformity, eliminate ROM, and delay disease progression.
CHALLENGE: Match each diuretic to it's corresponding site of action in the renal tubule.
Osmotic: proximal convoluted tubule
Loop: ascending loop of Henle
Thiazide: distal convoluted tubule
Potassium-sparing: late distal convoluted tubule near collection duct
Osmotic: distal convoluted tubule
Loop: ascending loop of Henle
Thiazide: proximal convoluted tubule
Potassium-sparing: late proximal convoluted tubule near collection duct
Osmotic: proximal convoluted tubule
Loop: descending loop of Henle
Thiazide: distal convoluted tubule
Potassium-sparing: late distal convoluted tubule near collection duct
Osmotic: proximal convoluted tubule
Loop: ascending loop of Hubert
Thiazide: distal convoluted tubule
Potassium-sparing: late distal convoluted tubule near collection duct
CHALLENGE: What classes of opioids are used for analgesic affect?
Mu and Kappa
Kappa and Delta
Delta and Mu
Alpha and Omega
CHALLENGE SATA: Select all possible signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity.
T wave flattening
ST depression
nephrogenic diabetes mellitus
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
acute kidney injury
CHALLENGE SATA: Select all possible adverse effects from second generation antipsychotics related to an increase in prolactin levels.
menstrual disorders
sexual dysfunction
osteoporosis
rheumatoid arthritis
benign prostate hypertrophy
CHALLENGE: Which atypical substances can possibly contribute to serotonin syndrome?
OTC cough and cold medications, nutmeg, ginseng, bupropion
OTC NSAIDs, wildflower, cinnamon, bupropion
OTC eye drops, blackberries, nutmeg, ginseng
OTC cough and cold medications, naloxone, cinnamon
