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WorksheetsBIOL 2401 Exam 3 Review
Total questions: 112
Worksheet time: 58mins
Which of the following conditions triggers the opening or closing of voltage-gated ion channels in a cell?
Binding with a chemical messenger
Interacting with a neurotransmitter or hormone
Changes in the relative distribution of charges
Binding with amino acid residues
Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which ligand-gated ion channels operate?
They are gated by a chemical messenger that binds to the channel on the inside or outside of the cell.
They operate based on the relative distribution of charges in their local environment.
They respond only to changes in conformation caused by charged amino acid residues.
They're open or closed based on the depolarization of the cell membrane.
Excitable cells ____________________.
are found in all tissue types
only send messages to other cells
have no nucleus
can generate an action potential in response to a graded potential
are also known as astrocytes
voltage-gated ion channel
gated by a change in the charge of their surrounding environment inside the cell
gated by a chemical messenger on the inside or outside of the cell
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane without energy input
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane using energy
ligand-gated ion channel
gated by a chemical messenger on the inside or outside of the cell
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane without energy input
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane using energy
a negatively charged ion
passive transport
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane without energy input
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane using energy
a negatively charged ion
a positively charged ion
active transport
the movement of ions and other solutes across the cell membrane using energy
a negatively charged ion
a positively charged ion
gated by a change in the charge of their surrounding environment inside the cell
anion
a negatively charged ion
a positively charged ion
cation
a positively charge ion
a negatively charged ion
What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
-70mV
-60mV
+61.5mV
+66mV
-89mV
following structures in the order they would be encountered in a postsynaptic cell:
ligand-gated channels, dendrites, soma, axon hillock, voltage-gated channel, axon, axon terminal
axon, soma, axon hillock, axon terminal, ligand-gated terminal, dendrites, voltage-gated channel
voltage-gated channel, axon, soma, ligand-gated terminal, dendrites, axon terminal, axon hillock
dendrites, soma, voltage-gated channel, axon, ligand-gated terminal, axon hillock, axon terminal
What important feature typically allows neurons to communicate with each other?
axons
synapses
dendrites
myelin
nissl bodies
Neurotransmitters that cause presynaptic inhibition (inhibition of the cell "sending" a message) would have receptors located on the ______.
postsynaptic membrane
presynaptic membrane
axonal membrane
cell body
What primarily differentiates an action potential from a graded potential in neuronal activity?
Unlike action potentials, graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma.
Action potentials are maintained at constant intensity over time and distance, while graded potentials decrease in intensity over time and distance.
Action potentials are hyperpolarizing events, while graded potentials are depolarizing.
Graded potentials are voluntary, while action potentials are involuntary.
Compared to action potentials, graded potentials __________.
are produced in the axon
get stronger over time or distance
are a change from resting potential that are maintained at a constant intensity over time and distance
result in weaker changes in membrane potential the further from the point of origin they extend
are produced only at the axon hillock
An excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) is ______.
depolarizing
repolarizing
hyperpolarizing
none of the above
To allow for cross-bridge interactions during muscular contraction, Ca must bind with which of the following?
troponin
tropomyosin
actin
myosin
In order to create movement (and according to the sliding filament theory), muscles ________.
push
pull
push and pull
What forms of energy reserves do resting skeletal muscle fibers contain?
glycogen
creatine Phosphate
ATP
calcium
Smooth muscles are responsible for which of the following functions?
involuntary movements like regulation of blood flow through vital organs
voluntarily contracting to digest food
coordinating actions and transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body
permitting blood to circulate and transport nutrients
non-striated¸ sheets of tissue that line hollow organs
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
striated tissue under voluntary control of the nervous system wherein cells are lined up in sarcomeres and bundled together by connective tissue
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
made up of muscle tissue¸ connective tissue¸ blood vessels¸ and nerves
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
has more cross-bridges and is therefore able to produce more force with slower and enduring contractions
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
scattered cells with greater plasticity and the ability to contract at a range of lengths
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
The primary muscles that work together to bring about a movement are called ______.
agonist
antagonist
origin
insertion
When a person stands up out of a chair, the agonist muscles involved include the quadriceps, gluteals, and hamstrings, which are contracting in which type of muscle action? Select all that apply.
isotonic
isometric
concentric
eccentric
Type I muscle fiber
red in color, endurance
intermediate force production, fast contraction speed
white in color, large in size
Type IIA muscle fiber
red in color, endurance
intermediate force production, fast contraction speed
white in color, large in size
Type IIB muscle fiber
red in color, endurance
intermediate force production, fast contraction speed
white in color, large in size
Which of the following muscle fiber types would be recruited for sitting?
type I
type IIA
type IIB
type III
When strength is lost as a result of inactivity, the two primary factors responsible for this effect include ______.
decreased muscle fiber/motor unit recruitment and muscle atrophy
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
decreased cross-sectional area of the type I fibers
the all-or-nothing principle and atrophy of type I fibers
potassium
at a relatively higher concentration in the cytosol
at a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid
sodium
at a relatively higher concentration in the cytosol
at a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid
chloride
at a relatively higher concentration in the cytosol
at a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid
calcium
at a relatively higher concentration in the cytosol
at a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid
potassium
Effluxes out of the cell during the action potential
Influxes into the axon terminals during an action potential
Influxes into the cell during an action potential
sodium
Effluxes out of the cell during the action potential
Influxes into the axon terminals during an action potential
Influxes into the cell during an action potential
calcium
Effluxes out of the cell during the action potential
Influxes into the axon terminals during an action potential
Influxes into the cell during an action potential
Sort the steps in the sliding filament theory in order of occurrence.
cross bridge, power stroke, dissociate, reactivate
power stroke, dissociate, reactive, cross bridge
cross bridge, dissociate, reactive, power stroke
reactive, dissociate, power stroke, cross bridge
first-class lever (definition & example)
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum. neck and elbow
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum¸ with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts. calf muscle at ankle joint.
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum¸ with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts. elbow flexion with a bicep curl
second-class lever (definition & example)
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum¸ with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts. calf muscle at ankle joint
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum. neck and elbow.
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum¸ with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts. elbow flexion with a bicep curl
third-class lever (definition)
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum¸ with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts. elbow flexion with a bicep curl.
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum. neck and elbow.
a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum¸ with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts. calf muscle at ankle joint.
Progressive overload
A person gradually increases the stress on a muscle¸ and the muscle adapts to the imposed stress level.
The human body makes specific adaptations to imposed demands.
A person stops training or reduces their training¸ and there is a loss in adaptation brought on by the training.
Principle of specificity
A person gradually increases the stress on a muscle¸ and the muscle adapts to the imposed stress level.
The human body makes specific adaptations to imposed demands.
A person stops training or reduces their training¸ and there is a loss in adaptation brought on by the training.
Principle of reversibility
A person gradually increases the stress on a muscle¸ and the muscle adapts to the imposed stress level.
The human body makes specific adaptations to imposed demands.
A person stops training or reduces their training¸ and there is a loss in adaptation brought on by the training.
Which ion is responsible for the repolarization of the cell interior after depolarization during an action potential?
calcium
chloride
manganese
potassium
sodium
Predict what would happen if a patient suffers from hyponatremia (low blood Na+).
Muscles would be more easily contracted.
The action potential would not form properly -- the peak would be too low.
There would be an increased rate of neurotransmitter release at the synaptic cleft.
Lack of negative feedback control would cause a reduction in axonal length.
If the permeability to an ion increases, then ____________________.
the resting membrane potential will move away from that ion’s equilibrium potential
the resting membrane potential will move towards that ion’s equilibrium potential
the resting membrane potential will be double its resting value
the resting membrane potential will be half of its resting value
the resting membrane potential remains unchanged
Compared to action potentials, graded potentials __________.
are produced in the axon
get stronger over time or distance
are a change from resting potential that are maintained at a constant intensity over time and distance
result in weaker changes in membrane potential the further from the point of origin they extend
are produced only at the axon hillock
What triggers the opening of the activation gates on voltage-gated sodium channels?
when threshold is reached
when membrane potential becomes more negative
when resting potential is restored
as membrane potential hyperpolarizes
as resting potential becomes more negative
Muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle form bundles called ______.
fascicles
myofibrils
sarcomeres
endomysium
The disassociation of the myosin cross-bridge is directly activated by which of the following?
the attachment of ATP to myosin heads
the hydrolysis of ATP
repolarization of the T-tubules
Ca2+ is shuttled back out of the cell
What is the neuromuscular junction?
where the axons of motor nerves meet the muscle
a chemical synapse formed between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
the process of shuttling lactic acid from the muscle fiber into the blood stream
Cross bridge
a physical link between actin and myosin head
after myosin and actin form a cross-bridge¸Pi disassociates and the fiber shortens
another ATP attaches to myosin and the myosin and actin attachment weakens and detaches
the myosin head is reactivated when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate
Power Stroke
a physical link between actin and myosin head
after myosin and actin form a cross-bridge¸Pi disassociates and the fiber shortens
another ATP attaches to myosin and the myosin and actin attachment weakens and detaches
the myosin head is reactivated when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate
Disassociate
a physical link between actin and myosin head
after myosin and actin form a cross-bridge¸Pi disassociates and the fiber shortens
another ATP attaches to myosin and the myosin and actin attachment weakens and detaches
the myosin head is reactivated when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate
Reactivate
a physical link between actin and myosin head
after myosin and actin form a cross-bridge¸Pi disassociates and the fiber shortens
another ATP attaches to myosin and the myosin and actin attachment weakens and detaches
the myosin head is reactivated when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate
Which of the following is not a physiological property of skeletal muscle?
thermoregulatory
extensibility
contractibility
elasticity
activation of the hormones
What is contained in the I-band of the sarcomere?
actin filaments
myosin filaments
myomesin
glycogen phosphorylase
Identify the components of the sarcomere.
actin, myosin, nebulin, tropomyosin, and troponin
actin, myosin, and transverse tubules
triad, nebulin, myosin, and actin
myosin and actin
Compare the functioning of tropomyosin to troponin in skeletal muscle contraction.
Tropomyosin binds to Ca2+, allowing troponin to catalyze the formation of a cross-bridge between actin and myosin.
One portion of troponin binds Ca2+, moving tropomyosin out of the way for actin and myosin to form a cross-bridge.
Troponin stores Ca2+, which is released during skeletal muscle contraction, tropomyosin ensures that the actin and myosin filaments are properly aligned to each other.
Tropomyosin stores Ca2+, which is released during skeletal muscle contraction, troponin ensures that the actin and myosin filaments are properly aligned to each other.
A skeletal muscle cell is depolarized when ________.
K+ enters the cell
Na+ exits the cell
Na+ enters the cell
Ca2+ enters the cell
Cl- exits the cell
Acetylcholinesterase is an important molecule at the neuromuscular junction because it ________.
actively degrades acetylcholine
stimulates muscle cell depolarization
synthesizes acetylcholine from acetic acid and choline
stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
directly activates acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
Joint is to __________ as bone is to __________.
lever; fulcrum
fulcrum; lever
lever; lever
fulcrum; fulcrum
none of the above
Which lever is the most common type within the human body?
first class
second class
third class
fourth class
fifth class
Which muscle is named after the action it performs?
gracilis
adductor longus
sartorius
trapezius
teres major
Which muscle is named after its shape?
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
biceps brachii
gluteus maximus
infraspinatus
Which of the following statements about muscles is false?
Muscles are attached to bones by connective tissue.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons and other fibrous attachments.
Muscles work individually rather than in groups to perform movement.
Both ends of the skeletal muscle must be attached to bones by connective tissue.
Antagonists are the muscle groups that play supporting roles in muscle movement.
A muscle's insertion is generally the attachment point that is _______________.
closest to the center of the body
furthest from the body or muscle's origin
proximal to the origin point
inferior to the origin point
none of the above
During forearm flexion, the ______________ muscle acts as the agonist, while the ______________ muscle acts as the antagonist.
pronator teres; abductor pollicis brevis
triceps brachii; biceps brachii
palmaris longus; triceps brachii
biceps brachii; triceps brachii
teres major; subscapularis
antagonist
a muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement
a muscle that is responsible for creating a movement
produces a coordinated muscle response by inhibiting one muscle and stimulating another
a muscle that supports a movement but is not directly involved in bringing it about
agonist
a muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement
a muscle that is responsible for creating a movement
produces a coordinated muscle response by inhibiting one muscle and stimulating another
a muscle that supports a movement but is not directly involved in bringing it about
reciprocal inhibition
a muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement
a muscle that is responsible for creating a movement
produces a coordinated muscle response by inhibiting one muscle and stimulating another
a muscle that supports a movement but is not directly involved in bringing it about
synergist
a muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement
a muscle that is responsible for creating a movement
produces a coordinated muscle response by inhibiting one muscle and stimulating another
a muscle that supports a movement but is not directly involved in bringing it about
The muscles that are most directly involved in bringing about a movement are called which of the following?
synergist
agonist
antagonist
moment arm
Which of the following is an example of a third-class lever?
elbow flexion with a biceps curl
plantar flexion of the ankle
neck
none of the above
By what process is sodium moved out of the cell?
facilitated transport
simple diffusion
active transport
exocytosis
If [K]out is changed to 150 mM, what happens to Ek?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If [K]in is changed to 5 mM, what happens to Ek?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If [K]in is changed to 150 mM, what happens to Ek?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If Pcl is changed to 0.8, what happens to Vm?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If Pna is changed to 0.4, what happens to Vm?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If Pk is changed to 0.2, what happens to Vm?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If [Na]out is changed to 160mM, what happens to Vm?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
If [K]in is changed to 1mM, what happens to Vm?
It becomes more positive.
It becomes more negative.
It stays the same.
It becomes zero.
Neurotransmitters that cause presynaptic inhibition (inhibition of the cell "sending" a message) would have receptors located on the ______.
postsynaptic membrane
presynaptic membrane
axonal membrane
cell body
An increase in sodium permeability through the membrane would cause the membrane potential to change in what manner?
It would become more negative.
It would become more positive.
It would stay the same.
An increase in potassium permeability through the membrane would have what effect on the membrane potential?
It would make the membrane potential more positive.
It would make the membrane more negative.
It would have no effect.
A decrease in sodium permeability through the membrane would have what effect on the membrane potential?
It would make it more positive.
It would make it more negative.
It would have no effect.
When is the activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel closed?
during depolarization of the cell membrane
at the peak of the depolarization of the cell membrane
at resting membrane potential
When the neuronal membrane is at the resting potential, the sodium channel inactivation gate is ______.
open
closed
The primary functions of skeletal muscle include which of the following? Select all that apply.
create movement by contracting and pulling on tendons
communicate by speaking¸ writing¸ and making facial expressions
coordinate actions and transmit signals to and from different parts of its body
support organs and shield tissue from injury
Skeletal muscle maintains heat in the body by doing which of the following?
producing energy
releasing heat with muscle contractions
transferring heat from the air to the body
absorbing heat from the sun
movement
created by contracting and pulling on tendons
support visceral organs and shield tissue from injury
contract to hold the body still
speak¸ type¸ write¸ facial expressions¸ and gestures
supporting structure
created by contracting and pulling on tendons
support visceral organs and shield tissue from injury
contract to hold the body still
speak¸ type¸ write¸ facial expressions¸ and gestures
posture
created by contracting and pulling on tendons
support visceral organs and shield tissue from injury
contract to hold the body still
speak¸ type¸ write¸ facial expressions¸ and gestures
communication
created by contracting and pulling on tendons
support visceral organs and shield tissue from injury
contract to hold the body still
speak¸ type¸ write¸ facial expressions¸ and gestures
A cross-bridge forms when which of the following occurs? Select all that apply.
The myosin heads bind to the attachment sites on the actin myofilament.
G-actin polymerizes to F-actin.
Actin and myosin bind to form a physical link.
The muscle returns back to its original position after passive or active elongation.
All innervated muscle fibers of a motor unit fully contract when stimulated beyond threshold due to which of the following explanations?
the size principle
selective recruitment of large muscle fibers
motor neuron stimulation, which activates all of the fibers it innervates
muscle metabolism
To allow for cross-bridge interactions during muscular contraction, Ca2+ must bind with which of the following?
troponin
tropomyosin
actin
myosin
Action potential propagation of an excitable membrane involves ________.
an increase in the intensity of the contraction
the same events taking place over and over
the muscle slowly contracting
a membrane being charged
Once an action potential excites the sarcolemma, a series of actions take place in order to produce a muscle contraction. This process primarily includes which of the following ions?
Ca2+
ATP
K+
Na+
An activity that would require primarily anaerobic metabolism would be which of the following?
low intensity like washing dishes
high-intensity intermittent bouts like jumping rope
moderate intensity like going on a walk
running a 100m dash
Delayed-onset muscle soreness is due to which of the following mechanisms? Select all that apply.
microtears to the muscle fiber
injury to the connective tissue
lactic acid build up
Smooth muscles are responsible for which of the following functions?
involuntary movements like regulation of blood flow through vital organs
voluntarily contracting to digest food
coordinating actions and transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body
permitting blood to circulate and transport nutrients
Most smooth muscles are single-unit functioning, meaning that either the whole muscle ______ or the whole muscle ______.
stretches; lengthens
activates; deactivates
circulates; distributes
contracts; relaxes
Smooth muscle can hold an involuntary contraction for long periods of time; some smooth muscles are in nearly a constant state of contraction. Which of the following is an example of an involuntary smooth muscle contraction that humans are consciously aware of?
bladder collecting urine before disposal via urination
heart contracting to pump blood to the extremities
uterine contractions during child birth
biceps contracting to pick up a pencil
Assuming a light load, which of the following will happen the fastest?
eccentric contraction
concentric contraction
isometric contraction
Which of the following muscle fiber types would be recruited for jumping on a trampoline? Select all that apply.
type I
type IIA
type IIB
type III
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding altering characteristics of muscle fiber types? Select all that apply.
Transformation within muscle fiber subtypes has been demonstrated.
Type I to type II transitions¸ and vice versa¸ appear less probable.
Even if fiber types do not change¸ every person can improve in aerobic endurance¸ strength¸ and power.
Fiber types are determined exclusively by the SAID principle and are altered with proper training.
Which of the following statement(s) regarding the effects of inactivity is/are true? Select all that apply.
People who live an active lifestyle maintain physical functioning and muscular fitness.
The amount of muscle mass a person has is exclusively determined by their genetics.
When muscle fibers are not activated regularly they atrophy.
People who spend too much time in sedentary behaviors will lose skeletal muscle mass and tone.
