common form of elastography in which the ultrasound probe provides real-time B-mode imaging and focused pressure using shear waves to compress the tissue of concern

(a)  

the study of sound

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bilateral regions within the female pelvis adjacent to the uterus that contain the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other structures

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the temporary loss of vision inone eye due to amomentary lackofblood flow to the retina, which could indicate an impending stroke

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lack of menstrual flow

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amplitude mode ultrasound display in which the depth of the returning echo is represented on the x-axis while the strength (amplitude) of the reflector is representedalong the y-axis

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having an abnormal number of whole chromosomes (e.g., trisomy 21, trisomy 18)

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irregular heartbeats or rhythms

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a noninvasive arterial examination using blood pressure cuffs to assess arterial blood flow to a limb; usually accompanied by the assessment of blood pressure employing an analog continuous- wave (CW) Doppler


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the inflammation of a joint


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abdominal fluid


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artificial methods used to create a pregnancy

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lack of muscle coordination that
can result in the inability to perform routine voluntary movements like talking, walking, eye control, and swallowing


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quivering, irregular heartbeat that can lead to stroke and other heart-related complications

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software utilized by the ultrasound machine that automatically obtains biometric measurements of the fetus

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computer system that mechanically steers the transducer and obtains sonographic images of the entire breast, ultimately reconstructing those images into 3D representations for interpretation

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brightness mode ultrasound display in which a dot with varying degrees of brightness isused on the screen; the stronger the returning echo, the brighter the dot; alsoreferred to as grayscale sonography


(a)  

body type


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sonographic specialty that includes female and male breast sonography

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echocardiographer who uses ultrasound to create images of the heart and surrounding structures

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any disease of the musculature or the myocardium of the heart

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a procedure in which electricity is used to reorder the rhythm of the heart back to a normal pattern

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any alteration in the normal structure or number of chromosomes

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Doppler shift information presented as a color or hue superimposed over agrayscale image

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provides a computer analysis of diagnostic images often used in mammography

(a)  

an anomaly (defect) with which someone isborn

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condition caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood adequately throughout the body, thus leading to a lack of blood supply and oxygen to vital tissues

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a Doppler device that utilizes two elements, one element that continuously sends ultrasound waves into the body and another element to continuously listen for the returning signal

(a)  

the use of contrast agents inmedical ultrasound

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the use of contrast agents inmedical ultrasound

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the accumulation of crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate in the connective tissues; also referred to as chondrocalcinosis

(a)  

the bluish discoloration of the skin because of decreased oxygen

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lying down

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a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, typically in the legs

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a diagnostic test performed with direct visualization of the structures being examined

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theory that states that a frequency shift iscreated when sound impinges upon a.moving object

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the simultaneous viewing of a structure in B-mode while sampling assessment of the vessel occurs with pulsed- wave Doppler

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painful menses

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a sonogram of the heart

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camera device inserted into the body that is used to visually evaluate body cavities or organs

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a pregnancy located anywhere other than within the fundal portion of the endometrium of the uterus

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test that combines an exercise stress test, typically by using a treadmill, with an echocardiogram

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the use of ultrasound to analyze the fetal heart for the diagnosis of fetal heart defects

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the excessive accumulation of fluid within at least two or more fetal body cavities

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an analysis of fetal chromosomes


(a)  

gestational weeks 1 through 12

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is a rapid ultrasound study performed in the emergency room, typically by an emergency room physician, which is used to determine if there is evidence of trauma

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a urinary catheter placed into the bladder to assist invoiding

(a)  

the use of real- time imaging in three dimensions

(a)  

atechnique used inbreast imaging in which the sonographer has the patient hum to evaluate the stiffness of a breast mass

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technique whereby the high- quality images and specific strengths of different imaging modalities can be overlain and exploited (e.g., the combination of images acquired with sonography and magnetic resonance imaging); also referred to as hybrid imaging

(a)  

technique used during real-time imaging of the bowel whereby the abdomen isgradually compressed by the transducer and then released with the hopes of differentiating normal, compressible bowel from abnormal bowel

(a)  

pregnant

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the medical use of ultrasound to analyze the nongravid female patient

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paralysis occurring in only one side of the body

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a noninvasive surgical method that uses ultrasound to perform tissue ablation (destruction)

(a)  

an instrument based on the piezoelectric transducer that was designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound

(a)  

a decrease inoxygen

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lacking the ability to control urination

(a)  

a diagnostic test in which an analysis of one part of the body isperformed in order to obtain information about another area of suspected disease in the body

(a)  

between the ribs

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the medical use of ultrasound within the operating room

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pregnancy located within the fundal portion of the endometrium, the optimal location of a pregnancy

(a)  

the-medical use of ultrasound that employs a miniature ultrasound probe placed on a catheter and inserted into the circulatory system

(a)  

procedures that include an imaging modality to treat disease and typically involve the use of catheters, needles, and surgical asepsis techniques (sterile techniques

(a)  

decrease in blood supply to part of the body

(a)  

the pathologic buildup of fluid within a joint

(a)  

an anechoic space along the posterior aspect of the fetal neck that
can be measured with sonography; increased thickness has been linked with multiple fetal anomalies


(a)  

the medical use of ultrasound in ophthalmology

(a)  

theory recognized by Boethius in which he hypothesized that sound waves travel in a manner equivalent to what is observed when waves are created by dropping a pebble into water

(a)  

acontinuous-wave nonimaging transducer

(a)  

serious medical condition resulting inheart dysfunction caused by an increase in pressure as a result of the excessive accumulation of blood or fluids around the heart


(a)  

abnormal growths of tissue that project from the mucous membrane and can be benign or malignant or have variable malignant potential


(a)  

an increase in blood pressure inthe blood vessels ofthe lungs

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a procedure that utilizes radio waves or electric current to generate sufficient heat to interrupt nerve conduction on a semipermanent basis

(a)  

a treatment used for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer in which a radioactive isotope is administered orally in order to gradually shrink the thyroid gland

(a)  

an instrument that uses ultrasound to detect flaws in metals

(a)  

an invasive procedure that utilizes the installation of saline into the uterine cavity and/or the fallopian tubes to assess these areas for pathology; may also be referred to simply as sonohysterography

(a)  

gestational weeks 13 through 26

(a)  

pathologic conditions resulting from a disease, injury, therapy, or other trauma

(a)  

device used to measure the tension, frequency, or density of vibrations; also referred as amonochord

(a)  

the quantitative analysis method used to display the distribution of frequencies whereby Doppler shiftfrequencies are presented infrequency order

(a)  

the visual display or graph of the way the pressure changes between the wave fronts during spectral analysis; may be referred to as the spectral display

(a)  

a spectrum of congenital spinal defects including various forms of spina bifida


(a)  

manufactured aqueous gel pad, a large amount of gel, or a bag of saline that isused to provide some distance between the transducer and the skin surface, thereby typically allowing superficial structures to be imaged more clearly

(a)  

the loss of brain function as a result of the lack of blood supply to that region; may also be referred to as a cerebrovascular accident

(a)  

the incomplete dislocation of a joint

(a)  

an adhesion resulting in an abnormal bond between two structures

(a)  

inflammation of the synovial membrane

(a)  

any substance or mechanism that causes a fetal malformation

(a)  

medical treatment used to increase the blood supply to certain areas in the body by heating the tissue, which in turn reduces healing time and provides for a quicker recovery following soft tissue damage

(a)  

ultrasound imaging mode that allows the viewer to see width, height, and depth; also referred to as volume scanning

(a)  

the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel that dislodges and is carried by the bloodstream to obstruct another blood vessel

(a)  

ultrasound technique that utilizes additional frequencies (harmonics) other than the transmitted frequency sent into the body in order to create a crisper, higher-resolution image

(a)  

sonogram that requires the insertion of an ultrasound transducer on the end of an endoscope into the esophagus in order to acquire image of the heart

(a)  

an echocardiogram acquired through the chest

(a)  

the combination of B-mode, spectral, and color Doppler information on the screen at the same time

(a)  

an invasive procedure that utilizes sonographic guidance to administer radioactive material close to or within a cancerous tumor for treatment

(a)  

benign solid tumors of the uterus; also referred to as fibroids and uterine leiomyomas

(a)  

Speed of sound determined
Sound waves described as a mathematical equation Piezoelectric effect discovered
Doppler effect described

(a)  

Hydrophone developed

(a)  

Construction of pulse-echo metal flaw detectors

(a)  

Sonography of the brain performed experimentally for diagnostic purposes Analysis of bowel with ultrasound
B-mode equipment development with comparison of gross pathology
Analysis of animal tissue with A-mode, detection of a gallstone, and discovery of the speed of sound in soft tissue, which is 1,540 m/s

(a)  

First B-mode handheld instrument and description of the use of A-mode transvaginal and transrectal scanning transducers
Production of the first two-dimensional B-mode linear compound scanner Development of practical technology and application of sonography in obstetrics and gynecology

Continuous-wave Doppler equipment developed by Baker and associates M-mode developed

(a)  

Compound contact scanner created
First handheld articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner used in the United States
First commercially available linear array transducer
First pulsed-wave Doppler capable system created
Japanese utilize Doppler ultrasound to identify cardiac motion
Investigation of the use of pulsed ultrasound for cardiac applications
Creation of a rotating scan head that later evolved into duplex Doppler

(a)  

Introduction of the scan converter, which allowed shades of gray to represent the strength of the reflected signal, which ultimately created an image
First duplex Doppler system

Real-time scanning developed

(a)  

Operator-adjustable mechanical and electronic focusing of the sound beam Advanced technology introduced including improved image resolution, annotation graphics, and measurement capabilities

(a)  

Clinical implementation of color flow ultrasound imaging Three-dimensional imaging and volumetric scanning developed Contrast agents developed for sonographic imaging Ergonomics focus heightened

Autocorrelation Doppler technique Time-domain color flow imaging
Digital signal processing
Tissue harmonic imaging
Endoscopic sonographic technology developed

(a)  

Compact handheld technology
Smartphone technology
Ultrasound inspace
Superior four-dimensional technology established

(a)