Which of the following is the cause of restrictive respiratory failure?

Which of the following is the cause of lung ventilation disorders?

Which of the following is characteristic of upper respiratory tract obstruction?

Which of the following refers to the terminal type of breathing?

Which of the following is the cause of obstructive pulmonary hypoventilation?

Which of the following is the intra-pulmonary cause of restrictive hypoventilation of the lungs?

Violation of the function of which cells leads to surfactant deficiency in newborns?

Which of the following is a consequence of obstruction of the lower respiratory tract?

Which of the following is the cause of precapillary pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following is the cause of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension?

Which condition is characterized by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Periodic respiration, in which the amplitude and frequency of respiration wavelike increases and then decreases. What kind of breath does this definition refer to?

Which of the following is the leading pathogenetic factor of cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

What is accompanied by a violation of the connection of the respiratory center with the motor neurons of the diaphragm?

Which of the following is important in the pathogenesis of periodic respiration?

Which of the listed manifestations is characteristic of RDS syndrome?

Which of the following is the main link in the pathogenesis of neonatal RDS?

Which of the following is the cause of perfusion form of respiratory failure?

Which of the listed states increases the distance for the diffusion of gases?

When is there a violation of diffusion through the alveolo-capillary membrane?

What kind of breathing is characterized by obstruction of the distal airways?

What is characteristic of the second stage of asphyxia?

What is characteristic of the first stage of asphyxia?

What form of respiratory failure develops with emphysema of the lungs?

What reflex is triggered during hypoventilation, which leads to pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary edema?

Which of the listed reasons relates to the pulmonary form of restrictive type of alveolar hypoventilation disorder?

What indicators are characteristic of obstructive hypoventilation?

What is the name of a polyetiological condition characterized by acute onset, severe hypoxemia (not corrected by oxygen therapy), interstitial edema and diffuse pulmonary infiltration?

Which of the listed pathogenesis links is related to ARDS?

What is the most likely cause of neurodynamic anorexia?

A 30-year-old man presents with pain and swelling in the lower left parotid region while eating, and has a dry mouth. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with these symptoms?

A 25-year-old woman who found herself in a stressful situation had a long-standing loss of appetite, which resulted in a significant decrease in body weight. Is it more likely that she has developed?

A 20-year-old woman suffers from anorexia nervosa. What is the most likely cause of this condition?

Hyperrexia is most likely to occur in?

A 32-year-old man has begun to notice that when he eats, he feels food sticking in his throat and has difficulty swallowing food, especially liquids. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this swallowing disorder?

What is the leading link in gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A 36-year-old man was diagnosed with gastric ulcer due to painful sensations in the epigastric region 30–50 minutes after a meal, based on the data of clinical and laboratory tests. Which of the following was the most likely cause of this pathology?

Which of the following is most likely to cause an increase in gastric juice secretion?

Which of the following is most likely to be a protective factor for the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum?

Which of the following is most likely to cause a gastric mucosal ulcer?

A 37-year-old woman on stool colologic examination revealed amylorrhea, creatorrhea, steatorrhea. What chronic disease are these symptoms of?

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

A 2-year-old girl has bloating and diarrhea. Examination revealed lactase deficiency. The child is most likely to have developed?

Which of the following digestive disorders is most likely to cause steatorrhea?

Which term refers to the presence of undigested starch in the feces

Which APUD hormone is a factor of aggression in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease?

Which vitamin's absorption will be impaired when bile acid salts are deficient in the intestine?

A 45-year-old woman with cholemia syndrome has bradycardia. What is the most likely mechanism of bradycardia development?

Osmotic diarrhea develops when

An increase in which enzymes in the blood has the greatest diagnostic value in acute pancreatitis?

Which of the above refers to the manifestations of impaired protein metabolism in liver failure?

Alimentary constipation occurs when

Intestinal auto-intoxication is caused by toxic effects

What is the most likely manifestation of cholemia syndrome?

Which cause is most likely to produce gastric hypersecretion?

Which change is most likely characteristic of hemolytic jaundice?

Which mechanism is most likely to cause a stress ulcer?

Examination of a patient with liver cirrhosis revealed abdominal enlargement due to fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity. What could most likely underlie the development of such changes?

What are the most likely consequences of achlorhydria?

Patient A., 17 years old, has increased blood pressure since childhood, the level of which is currently 200/120 mm Hg. Art. There is no influence of psychoemotional factors. It is not possible to normalize blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs. To the left and right of the navel, a systolic murmur is heard. General urine analysis without pathology. What is the most probable mechanism of arterial hypertension formation?

A 42-year-old woman suffers from sudden onset and sudden end of severe headaches with a sharp rise in blood pressure (up to 280–300 mm Hg), sweating, anxiety, a feeling of fear, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Examination revealed a right adrenal tumor. What are the mechanisms of arterial hypertension formation in this pathology?

A man, 55 years old, has been observed for 20 years for chronic glomerulonephritis, notes an increase in blood pressure up to 190/130 mm Hg. What is the form of arterial hypertension in the patient?

Stress -> increase in corticosteroid -> increase in the synthesis of ? and angiotensinogen -> increase in the formation of angiotensin II -> vasospasm -> increase in total peripheral vascular resistance -> hypertension. The missing link in the pathogenesis of hypertension

A man, 39 years old, 12 years ago was exposed to chronic glomerulonephritis. He notes swelling of the face, legs and an increase in blood pressure up to 200/140 mm Hg. Art. In the general analysis of urine — proteinuria and microhematuria. What is the mechanism of arterial hypertension formation?

A 55-year-old man, resident of the big city, a taxi driver, complains of headaches, dizziness, nausea. Has been a smoker for about 20 years. During the last year, an increase in blood pressure of 160/90 mm Hg was repeatedly observed. What is the form of arterial hypertension in the patient?

Stress -> ? -> increase in the synthesis of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensinogen -> increase in the formation of angiotensin II -> vasospasm -> increase in total peripheral vascular resistance -> hypertension. The missing link in the pathogenesis of hypertension

Patient P., 36 years old, has a constant increase in blood pressure to 180/110 mm Hg, detected accidentally 7–8 years ago. In the general analysis of urine (proteinuria, hematuria). At the age of 12, after suffering from angina, swelling of the face and shins was noted, changes in urine were detected. What is the form of arterial hypertension in the patient?

Patient B., 30 years old, suffers from congenital heart disease. She notes dyspnea on physical exertion. Objectively, the heart borders are dilated to the left and downward. On auscultation, a systolic murmur is heard on the sternum, which spreads throughout the chest. Palpation reveals a "cat's purr" symptom. The second tone on the aorta is attenuated. Blood pressure 110/85 mm Hg, pulse 60 per min. What underlies the pathogenesis of heart failure in this defect?

Patient K., 38 years old, during a medical examination revealed shortness of breath during exercise. From the anamnesis it was established that she suffers from congenital heart disease. Objectively: the borders of the heart are expanded to the left and downward. On auscultation, a systolic murmur is heard on the sternum, which spreads throughout the chest. Palpation reveals a symptom of "cat's purr". The second tone on the aorta is weakened. Blood pressure 110/85 mm Hg, pulse 60 per min. What is the stage of pathological hyperfunction and myocardial hypertrophy in the patient according to F.Z. Meerson?

A 56-year-old woman complains of severe pain behind the sternum, which appeared during physical activity during the day and was treated with nitroglycerin. In the evening the pains resumed and became more severe. Dyspnea and cough with abundant liquid sputum appeared. Objectively: skin and visible mucous membranes were pale with cyanotic tint. On auscultation, over the entire surface of the right and left lungs, damp multifaceted rales were heard. Blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. What form of heart failure does the patient have according to pathogenesis?

Patient R, 56 years old, complains of dyspnea on slight physical exertion, episodes of dyspnea at night. Objectively: skin with cyanotic hue, over the entire surface of the right and left lungs there were humid multifaceted rales. There were pronounced edemas on the legs. Arterial pressure 100/70 mm Hg. The following plays an important role in the development of edema

A patient with blood pressure $$180/130$$ mmHg and X-ray evidence of dilation of the left ventricle had severe inspiratory dyspnea at night diagnosed as cardiac asthma. What is the form of heart failure according to the pathogenesis of the patient?

A 49-year-old woman was admitted to the therapeutic department with complaints of severe pain in the region of the heart, which did not subside from taking nitroglycerin. A blood test revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis, increased activity of AST and CPK-MB, increased troponins T and I. On the ECG: sinus rhythm, deepened Q wave and ST segment elevation in the first lead with a mirror image in lead III. As evidenced by the increased activity of AST and CPK-MB, troponins T and I

A woman, 46 years old, irritable, a lower-level manager, often conflicts with staff. Over the past 6 years, there has been an increase in blood pressure. She was taken to the emergency department of the hospital with complaints of headache, anxiety, trembling throughout the body, stabbing pain in the heart, palpitations, interruptions, blood pressure $$180/110$$ mmHg. After the introduction of a tranquilizer and a beta-blocker, blood pressure normalized and well-being improved. What is the mechanism of arterial hypertension formation?

Patient I., 52 years old, was admitted with complaints of severe pains in the heart area, which do not subside from taking nitroglycerin, dizziness and sharp weakness. Objectively: the skin and visible mucous membranes are pale. The body temperature is $$37.5$$ °C. The boundaries of the heart are expanded to the left, the tones are deaf, the pulse is 100 min, low filling, irregular. Blood pressure is $$95/70$$ mmHg. In the lungs, wet wheezing is heard. A blood test revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis and an increase in ESR. What kind of syndrome can you think of?

A 63-year-old man suffering from bronchial asthma has been taking glucocorticoid medications for several years. During these years, body weight gradually increased, diabetes mellitus and hypertension developed. What is the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure in this patient?

Stress→increase in corticosteroid→increase in the synthesis of angiotensin converting enzyme angiotensinogen→?→vasospasm→increase in TPVR→hypertension. The missing link in the pathogenesis of hypertension

A common feature of chronic renal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma, Conn's syndrome, coarctation of the aorta, acromegaly is

Primary arterial hypertension can lead to

The cause of left ventricular failure is

In the pathogenesis of secondary hypertension has a value

A clinical sign of right ventricular failure is

For the right heart failure is characterized

For the right heart failure is characterized by

In the pathogenesis of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood increase in heart failure has value

For the right heart failure is characterized by

Stress→increase in corticosteroid→increase in the synthesis of angiotensin converting enzyme and ?→increase in the formation of angiotensin II→vasospasm→increase in TPVR→hypertension. The missing link in the pathogenesis of hypertension

A 63-year-old man suffering from bronchial asthma has been taking glucocorticoid medications for several years. During these years, body weight gradually increased, diabetes mellitus and hypertension developed. What is the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure in this patient?

A 42-year-old woman has persistent headaches, general weakness, muscle weakness, creeping sensation, polyuria, nocturia. The relative density of urine is $$1001$$ – $$1002$$ . BP $$230/120$$ mmHg. In the blood, the sodium content is increased and the potassium content is reduced. Ultrasound examination revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland. What hormone does the tumor produce?

Through the axons, enter the central nervous system:

The consequence of disinhibition syndrome can be:

A 25-year-old woman developed double vision and respiratory muscle dysfunction. Botulism was diagnosed. What is the most likely mechanism for the muscle dysfunction?

A 73-year-old woman presented with muscle weakness and paresthesia in her arms and legs. Neurological examination revealed weakness of the flexors and extensors of the lower extremities, increased knee reflexes, and decreased vibration sensitivity. The patient most likely has a vitamin deficiency.

In a 60-year-old man, in the early period after an acute cerebrovascular accident, the severity of neurological symptoms continued to increase, despite the restoration of blood flow in the damaged cerebral vessel. The cause of the worsening neurological symptoms in the patient is:

A 28-year-old man has clonic seizures, twitching of the neck, face and trunk muscles with a short period of apnea, and foamy saliva coming out of the mouth. After the seizure, which lasts 2 minutes, the muscles relax. This typical form of pathology is based on:

Patient A., 72 years old, was admitted to the emergency room of the hospital complaining of weakness in the right half of the body. These symptoms appeared suddenly during a meal. The patient could not move his right arm and right leg, and speech difficulties (aphasia) developed. It is known from the anamnesis that the patient suffers from arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and has significantly elevated cholesterol levels. Upon examination: blood pressure 190/100 mm Hg, severe right-sided hemiparesis, positive Babinski reflex on the right. There are no signs of hemorrhage on the computed tomography of the brain. This condition is characterized by:

After a stroke, a 67-year-old man began to experience episodes of severe, difficult to bear polytopic pain, combined with vegetative and motor disorders. Most likely, the pathogenesis of these pains is due to:

Endogenous factors of damage to the nervous system are:

Neurogenic dystrophy is:

What is the missing link in the pathogenesis of endemic goiter: Iodine deficiency → decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) → decreased concentration of T3, T4 in the blood → ? → hyperplasia of the thyroid gland:

A 52-year-old woman was admitted to the department complaining of memory loss, general weakness, drowsiness, and weight gain. Examination revealed dry, flaky skin, swollen face, slow speech, body temperature 35.7°, pulse 52 beats per minute, blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg, increased thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration, decreased T3 and T4 concentration in the blood. Where is the pathological process localized?

What manifestation of hypothyroidism is typical for childhood?

The missing link in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes in Addison's disease: Cortisol deficiency → by a feedback mechanism, increased secretion of …? → increased deposition of melanin in the skin and mucous membranes → hyperpigmentation

In gigantism, after immunohistochemical examination, the most common is

A 35-year-old woman was diagnosed with Cushing's disease. Blood glucose level is 8 mmol/l. In the pathogenesis of this hyperglycemia, the most important is:

In the development of polyuria in the diabetes insipidus, an important role is played by:

The main link in the pathogenesis of Cushing's disease is:

Thyroid cells that secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine are called:

Hyperthyroidism is caused by increased production of thyroid hormones in:

A 35-year-old man was examined and found to have a moon-shaped face, BP 180/120 mm Hg, blood sugar 7.5 mmol/l. X-ray examination of the lumbar region revealed an enlarged right adrenal gland. What will a blood hormone test reveal?

A 25-year-old woman was admitted to the clinic with complaints of general weakness, irritability, sweating, increased appetite, weight loss, and palpitations. Upon examination: body temperature 37.8°, finger tremors, diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland, slight exophthalmos. Laboratory blood tests will reveal:

A 52-year-old woman complains of memory loss, general weakness, drowsiness, and weight gain. She associates the onset of the disease with a course of X-ray therapy 1.5 years ago. An objective examination revealed: dry, flaky skin, swollen face, slow speech, body temperature 35.7°, pulse 52 beats per minute, blood pressure 110/65 mm Hg, basal metabolic rate (-30%). What will the patient's blood test reveal?

A 45-year-old man came to the clinic complaining of severe weakness and rapid fatigue. Over the past 4 months, he has lost 18 kg. An objective examination revealed: decreased skin turgor, the skin on the palms, in places of folds and greatest friction against clothing, is much more heavily pigmented than the surrounding areas. BP 100/50 mm Hg, blood sugar 3.5 mmol/l, the speed of unconditioned reflexes is inhibited, severe bradycardia, basal metabolism is reduced. What will most likely be revealed by a study of blood hormones in this patient?

A girl of 18 years old was delivered to the hospital by ambulance. On admission, glucose level was 25 mmol/l, pressure 95/60 mm Hg, pulse 112/min, cold extremities, deep rapid breathing, acetone smell from the mouth. The leading link in the pathogenesis of ketoacidotic diabetic coma?

(thyrotropin) - 10 mIU/l (N: 0.34–4.25 mIU/l); Thyroxine - 65 nmol/l (N: 70–151 nmol/l). What is the most likely cause of the enlarged thyroid gland in this patient?

Patient V. consulted a doctor with complaints of an enlarged thyroid gland, slight weakness, drowsiness, fatigue, and constipation. She first noticed a slight enlargement of the gland 2 years ago, after moving to this area. During the examination, symmetrical enlargement of both lobes of the thyroid gland was found. Which of the following laboratory values is most typical for hypothyroidism?

A 5-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother, who states that she has been drinking a lot of water and urinating more frequently than usual. On physical examination, the girl's eyes are slightly protruding. A head x-ray reveals multiple lytic bone lesions involving the calvaria and skull base, biopsy of which reveals collections of Langerhans cells with intracytoplasmic Birbeck granules. Which of the following sets of laboratory values is most consistent with the expected findings for this girl's disorder?

Patient V. consulted a doctor with complaints of an enlarged thyroid gland, slight weakness, drowsiness, fatigue, and constipation. She first noticed a slight enlargement of the gland 4 years ago, after moving to this area. During the examination, a symmetrical enlargement of both lobes of the thyroid gland was found. What changes in fat metabolism are possible in the patient?

Patient A., 48 years old. Has suffered from acromegaly for about 7 years. Recently, he began to notice dry mouth, thirst, polyuria, and therefore consulted a doctor. During the examination, hyperglycemia and glucosuria were revealed. What caused the occurrence of these symptoms in this case?

Which of the following is the MOST important non-immune mechanism of chronic renal failure progression?

Which of the following is the MOST important in the pathogenesis of uremia?

Which of the following is the MOST likely complication of hereditary renal phosphate diabetes?

Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of proximal tubular acidosis?

An 18-year-old boy has impaired glomerular function of nephrons. Which laboratory indicator will MOST confirm this pathology?