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WorksheetsMLT 2212 Basic Immunology Exam 1 Review Ch 1-8
Total questions: 72
Worksheet time: 12mins
Phagocytosis is appropriately categorized into which of the following?
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
Humoral immunity
Specific immunity
A patient with a viral infection that has initiated their cell-mediated immunity might have an increased number of which leukocytes in their peripheral blood?
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Which of the following cells can phagocytize foreign microbes?
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Natural killer (NK) cells
Which of the following cells is a phagocytic cell that has a similar morphology to nerve cells?
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Macrophages
Secondary lymphoid tissues that are located near our joints and serve as a collecting duct for lymph fluid are:
spleen cells.
lymph nodes.
MALT.
CALT.
Foreign microbes that enter through a cut in our hand should expect defense from which lymphoid tissue?
CALT
Spleen
MALT
Thymus
Which of the following is NOT a type of immune molecule?
adhesion molecules.
antibodies.
chemotaxins.
clusters of differentiation.
A patient with antibodies in their serum to a particular virus has activated which immune cells?
NK cells
Macrophages
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Which lymphocyte is part of our innate immunity?
NK cells
B cells
T helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is an internal defense mechanism?
Keratin coating epithelial cells
Lactic acid in sweat
Surfactant in mucosal secretions
Phagocytosis
A pathogen entering the respiratory tract would encounter which external defense mechanism?
Phagocytosis
Movement of cilia
Hydrochloric acid
Lactic acid
Normal flora is best described by which of the following statements?
One type of bacteria that is normally present and never causes disease
A mix of bacteria that are normally present that never cause disease
A mix of bacteria that are normally present and do not typically cause disease
One type of bacteria that is normally present and that we constantly are defending against
Acute phase reactants act by doing which of the following?
Promoting destruction by releasing proteolytic enzymes
Promoting adherence to pathogens
Limiting phagocytosis
Limiting adherence to pathogens
Which of the following occurs during an inflammatory response?
Constriction of the blood vessels
Decreased permeability of fluid through the vessels
Diapedesis
Migration of macrophages within 30 mins.
Which inflammatory response is responsible for the symptom of swelling?
Phagocytosis
Increased permeability of fluid through vessels
Diapedesis
Increased blood flow to area
Which of the following phagocytic steps should occur after the others?
Formation of phagosome
Outflowing of cytoplasm
An antigenic determinant is also called:
an immunogen.
an epitope.
an antibody.
a polysaccharide.
Which of the following molecules is the best immunogen?
Protein
Polysaccharide
Nucleic acid
Lipid
Which of the following is a low-molecular-weight molecule that has one binding site for an antibody?
Antigen
Hapten
Immunogen
Adjuvant
Antigens found in different species that trigger a similar antibody response are called:
heterophile antigens.
haptens.
alloantigens.
autoantigens.
The term “human leukocyte antigen” is synonymous with:
allele.
haplotype.
major histocompatibility complex.
chromosome.
A macromolecule that is capable of eliciting an immune response in an immunocompetent host is called:
an immunogen.
an antibody.
a hapten.
an acute-phase reactant.
MHC class I antigens are recognized by which of the following cells?
CD4+ T cells
CD8+ T cells
B cells
Macrophages
Characteristics of heterophile antigens include which of the following?
Found in unrelated plants or animals but cross-react with the same antibody
One's own self-antigens
NK cell cytotoxicity involves which of the following?
Release of lysosomal contents
Fusion of lysosomal granules
MHC class I protein is found on:
red blood cells.
all nucleated cells.
B cells and macrophages only.
stem cells only.
A cell that can recall previous contact with a particular antigen so that subsequent exposure leads to a more rapid and more effective immune response than the first encounter is which type of cell?
Memory lymphocyte
Effector lymphocyte
Plasma cell
Stem cell
The purpose of negative selection of B cells is to:
eliminate B cells that don't express mu.
prevent activation of B cells in the bone marrow.
direct more B cells to become plasma cells.
eliminate B cells that are specific for self-antigens.
Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response are:
eosinophils.
macrophages.
neutrophils.
B cells.
The only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigenic determinants are:
macrophages.
dendritic cells.
lymphocytes.
neutrophils.
T lymphocytes undergo antigen-independent maturation in the:
thymus.
bone marrow.
lymph node.
spleen.
The cells that primarily function by secreting large amounts of cytokines are:
plasma cells.
B cells.
T helper cells.
cytotoxic T cells.
A plasma cell differs from a B cell in which way?
Plasma cells are only found in peripheral blood.
Only plasma cells secrete circulating antibody.
Plasma cells secrete cytokines.
Plasma cells are an immature form in B-cell development.
The function of CD4+ T cells is:
to help B cells make antibody.
to kill virally infected cells.
phagocytosis.
production of opsonins.
Which cells are responsible for killing virally infected host cells and tumor cells?
CD4 T cells
CD8 T cells
B cells
Plasma cells
Which region of the immunoglobulin molecule can bind antigen?
Fab
CL
CH
Hinge region
Which immunoglobulin appears first in the primary response?
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
Which of the following is characteristic of IgG?
First class of antibody to appear
Found mainly in secretions
The least abundant antibody in serum
Provides immunity for the newborn
Identify the correct pairing of an immunoglobulin and its property.
IgA: crosses the placenta
IgG: most abundant in serum
IgM: immunoglobulin produced by a T cell
IgE: major immunoglobulin of secondary response
Which of the following is a characteristic of IgA?
It is found in secretions.
It fixes complement.
It is a pentamer in serum.
It is the primary response antibody.
Which immunoglobulin is found in only trace amounts in the serum?
IgM
IgG
IgD
IgA
Which is a characteristic of IgM?
It can cross the placenta.
It is able to fix complement.
It increases greatly in the secondary response.
It can bind only two antigens.
Identify the true statement about the anamnestic response versus the primary antibody response.
The primary response has a long lag phase; the anamnestic response has a short lag phase.
The primary response has a short lag phase; the anamnestic response has a long lag phase.
The primary response involves a rapid increase in antibody titer, whereas the anamnestic response involves a rapid decrease in antibody titer.
The primary response involves predominantly an increase in IgG antibodies, whereas the anamnestic response involves predominantly an increase in IgM antibodies.
Which option best describes a monoclonal antibody?
Antibody made against multiple epitopes
Antibody made by a variety of B cells
Antibody made from a single antibody-producing cell
All antibodies of any one particular class
An Fab fragment consists of:
two heavy chains.
two light chains.
one light chain and one-half of a heavy chain.
one light chain and an entire heavy chain.
Characteristics of cytokines include which of the following?
They are directly cytotoxic to bacteria.
They are produced primarily by the liver.
They are chemical messengers that regulate the immune system.
They are polysaccharides.
Many cytokines are produced in response to:
anemia.
infectious stimuli.
low platelet counts.
immunodeficiency.
A cytokine “storm” is a:
systemic transfer of reactive macrophages induced by cytokines.
cytokine-mediated invasion of an infected wound by leukocytes.
massive, pathological overproduction of cytokines that contributes to pathogenesis.
psychological response to cytokines that bind hypothalamic receptors.
IL-2 is produced by one cell, and the same IL-2 stimulates that same cell. This type of cytokine activity is called:
autocrine.
paracrine.
endocrine.
pleotropic.
Multiple cytokines are activated to cause similar biological effects. What is this process called?
Pleiotropy
Redundancy
Synergism
Antagonism
Which of the following plays a role in innate immunity?
IL-2
IL-10
TNF-α
IL-3
Identify the main action of IL-6.
Stimulates red blood cell production.
Stimulates synthesis of acute-phase proteins.
Inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages.
Decreases activation of T and B cells.
Type I interferons play a significant role in protection against which type of infection?
Bacterial
Fungal
Parasitic
Viral
Erythropoietin regulates:
T-cell function.
bone marrow cell differentiation.
proinflammatory cytokine synthesis.
the acute-phase response.
Which of the following cytokines is produced by Th1 cells and is suppressive for Th2 lymphocytes?
IL-2
IL-4
TGF-beta
IFN-gamma
Which complement component is found in both the classical and alternative pathways?
C1
C2
Factor B
C3
Which of the following can activate the alternative complement pathway?
IgG
Mannose-binding lectin
C3b
C1q
Which of the following is the correct order of activation of complement in the lectin activation pathway?
C1, C4, C2, C3
MBL, C4, C2, C3
C3, factor B, C3
MBL, C2, C3, C4
The lectin pathway is initiated by the presence of which of the following?
Antibody
C3
Mannose
C1qrs
The recognition unit in the classical complement pathway consists of:
C4b2a3b.
C5b6789.
C1qrs.
factor B.
C5b6789 functions in:
target cell lysis.
recognition of antigen.
chemotaxis.
complement inhibition.
A patient has an abnormal alternative pathway activation pattern. Which complement proteins should be assessed to further investigate the problem?
C1
C2
C3
C4
A coworker says she has an allergy to latex. As her supervisor, what should you advise her to do?
Wear latex gloves but wash her hands often to stop the allergy.
Wear gloves made of an alternative material.
Do not wear gloves.
Wash the latex gloves before using.
A laboratory technologist receives blood samples via the pneumatic tube system. One of the tubes breaks in the carrier. To break the chain of infection, what should the laboratory technologist do?
Wear gloves before handling the broken sample.
Open the bag in the tube station without gloves.
Pour the blood that spilled out into a new tube.
Send the sample back to the sending station as is.
How should you wash your hands after removing gloves?
Rinse only your fingers with water for 20 seconds.
Wash your hands without soap for 10 seconds.
Wash your hands with soap for at least 20 seconds.
Run water over your hands and then apply hand sanitizer.
What is the most appropriate laboratory safety wear?
Cloth laboratory coat worn unbuttoned
Fluid-resistant laboratory gown with wrist cuffs
A patient gown worn tied in the back
No laboratory coat unless you have to clean up a spill
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed standard precautions using the assumption that:
outpatients are generally healthy enough, so no precautions need to be taken.
all patients are potentially infected or carriers of transmittable organisms, so appropriate precautions need to be followed.
only patients with coughs are potentially infected or carriers of transmittable organisms, so appropriate precautions are recommended only for these patients.
all hospitalized patients are considered healthy until blood culture results are available; precautions are recommended for those with positive results.
What does the acronym RACE stand for?
Run, active, call, escape
Rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish
Recall, alarm, call, exit
Run, alarm, code, extinguish
What does the acronym PASS stand for?
Pull, aim, squeeze, sweep
Pass, activate, sweep, scram
Pull, alarm, squeeze, sweep
Pass, activate, scram, scream
Which of the following situations is an example of a postanalytical variable?
Not centrifuging a specimen long enough
Laboratory professional not realizing that a reagent on an instrument was depleted
Not properly diluting a patient sample
Entering the wrong test results for a patient when documenting results
The Lean system benefits the laboratory by:
eliminating waste.
decreasing employee satisfaction.
enabling a laboratory to do less with more.
increasing costs.
Which option is considered the primary goal of a Six Sigma program?
To increase laboratory productivity
To cut laboratory costs
To decrease the amount of reagent used
To reduce variables and decrease errors
