WorksheetsMLT 2212 Basic Immunology Exam 2 Review Ch 9-13
Total questions: 46
Worksheet time: 8mins
A blood sample is processed, and the resulting serum is pink. This indicated:
a. a normal serum sample.
b. a hemolyzed serum sample, but hemolysis is common and can be ignored.
c. a hemolyzed serum sample, which may adversely affect testing.
d. definite evidence of bacterial contamination.
To process a whole blood sample to produce serum, the sample must:
be spun in a centrifuge immediately after drawing.
sit at room temperature to allow time to clot before spinning.
be placed in a freezer to allow time to clot before spinning.
be placed in a heat block as soon as possible.
A blowout pipette would be labeled:
TD.
TC.
ML.
SD.
When 0.5 mL of serum is added to 1.5 mL of diluent, what dilution does this represent?
1:3
1:4
1:5
3:1
If you want to make 4 mL of a 1:20 dilution, how much serum would be needed?
0.2 mL
2 mL
0.5 mL
1 mL
How should a 1:50 dilution be made if the final volume needed is 10 mL?
0.1 mL of serum and 9.9 mL of diluent
0.2 mL of serum and 9.8 mL of diluent
0.2 mL of serum and 10 mL of diluent
0.5 mL of serum and 9.5 mL of diluent
You start with a 1:2 dilution then create three subsequent 1:10 dilutions. What is the ending dilution?
1:200
1:220
1:2000
1:2200
A new assay is used to test 120 samples from patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of the relevant infection and 50 samples from healthy control subjects. The test results were positive for 90 of the infected patients and positive for 10 of the healthy controls. What is the sensitivity for the assay?
57%
75%
80%
90%
A new assay is used to test 120 samples from patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of the relevant infection and 50 samples from healthy control subjects. The test results were positive for 90 of the infected patients and positive for 10 of the healthy controls. Calculate the positive predictive value of the assay.
57%
75%
80%
90%
The probability that a person with a positive screening test actually has the disease screened for is called:
sensitivity
specificity
positive predictive value
negative predictive value
The affinity of antigen-antibody binding is influenced by which of the following?
How well the antigen fits into the binding site on a Fab region
The number of Fab sites on the immunoglobulin
The number of antigens in the reaction
The charge distribution on the Fc region
A serological reaction is set up in which the antigen is bound to a large soluble carrier, the antibody is soluble, and the antigen and carrier bind and form an insoluble complex that is detected macroscopically. What type of assay is described?
Precipitation
Agglutination
Flocculation
Neutralization
The process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form larger complexes when specific antibody is present is called:
sensitization
precipitation
agglutination
flocculation
The measurement of light scattered at an angle by the antigen-antibody complexes in a solution is called:
turbidimetry
nephelometry
agglutination
equivalency
Which immunoglobulin is more efficient in agglutination?
IgA
IgG
IgM
IgD
A serological test that uses RBCs coated with exogenous antigens such as bacterial polysaccharides as a method to detect patient antibodies against those exogenous antigens is called:
latex agglutination.
hemagglutination.
neutralization.
complement fixation.
Which of the following is true of a reverse agglutination test?
The antigen is a natural particle.
Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles.
Antibody is attached to particles.
The antigen-antibody reaction is competitive (no agglutination indicates a positive result).
Which best characterizes agglutination inhibition reactions?
The antigen is naturally expressed on particles.
Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles.
Antibody is attached to particles.
No agglutination indicates a positive result.
Which of the following best describes competitive binding assays?
A limited number of binding sites are present.
The concentration of patient antigen is directly proportional to the label detected.
All patient antigen present is allowed to bind.
Labeled and unlabeled analyte are present in equal amounts.
Which of the following best describes homogeneous assays?
A washing step is not necessary.
The concentration of patient antigen is always directly proportional to the label detected.
The reagent antibody has an enzyme tag.
Labeled and unlabeled analyte are present in equal amounts.
Point-of-care testing is performed most easily using:
homogeneous enzyme immunoassay.
immunochromatographic assay.
The signal measured in a fluorescence polarization immunoassay is the:
wavelength of absorbed light
angle of light scattering
intensity of light emission
orientation of emitted light waves.
Which compound would be an appropriate label in a chemiluminescent assay?
Horseradish peroxidase
Iodine-125
Fluorescein
Ruthenium derivative
An immunoassay is performed in the following way: Antigen is bound to a solid support. Patient serum is added, and patient antibodies bind to the antigen. The well is washed, and enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are added. The well is washed, and enzyme substrate is added. Enzyme activity is determined. Which immunoassay is described?
Capture
Competitive
ELISA
Homogeneous
The “sandwich” in the sandwich immunoassay testing techniques is between:
Two reagent antibodies
Two reagent antigens
Reagent antigen and patient antibody
Reagent antibody and patient antigen
An antigen is fixed to a microscope slide, then incubated with patient serum. After washing, fluorescently labeled anti-human immunoglobulin is applied. After an additional wash, the slide is inspected with a fluorescent microscope. This technique is called:
direct immunofluorescence
indirect immunofluorescence
fluorescence polarization
autofluorescence.
Which assay poses the greatest risk of exposure to biohazards? (LO 14, T1)
Radioimmunoassay
Enzyme immunoassay
Fluorescence polarization
Chemiluminescent immunoassays
For a probe to hybridize to the target, which condition must be met?
The target must be double-stranded.
The target can only be RNA.
The target must have the same bases.
The target must have complementary bases.
Which type of RNA is used to directly translate the DNA code into making functional proteins?
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
Probe RNA
Select the probe sequence that will hybridize to the following nucleic acid sequence: C G A T A T T G T C
T A G T A C A A G A
C G A T A T T G T C
G T C A A G A C C T
G C T A T A A C A G
Select the strand of RNA that is complementary to this single strand of DNA: A T T A G C C G T A T
T A A T C G G C A T A
U A A U C G G C U A U
T U U T C G G C A U A
T A A T U G G U A T A
The individual nucleotides along a single strand of DNA are held together by:
phosphodiester bonds.
disulfide bonds.
hydrogen bonds.
peptide bonds.
Complementary strands of the DNA are held together by:
phosphodiester bonds.
disulfide bonds.
hydrogen bonds.
peptide bonds.
Which method is utilized for HLA typing?
RT-PCR
TMA
SDA
NGS
DNA replication requires which enzymes?
DNA polymerase and primase
Reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase
Nuclease and primase
Nuclease and DNA polymerase
What is the difference between a mutation and a polymorphism?
A mutation can exist in a single person; a polymorphism must exist in at least 2% of the population.
A mutation involves a single base pair; a polymorphism involves many base pairs.
Mutations affect cell function; polymorphisms do not.
Mutations do not change DNA structure; polymorphisms distort the helical structure.
What is meant by “gating” in flow cytometry?
The chromatic arrangement of cellular populations
The process by which one cell population adheres to another population
An electronic window separating subpopulations of cells
As measured in flow cytometry, cells that are the smallest and have the least granules would be identified as:
lymphocytes.
granulocytes.
monocytes.
dendritic cells.
In flow cytometry, if there are two light detectors, what does the amount of side scatter indicate?
Size of the cell
Granularity of the cell
Surface markers
Shape of the cell
Identify the difference between batch and random-access analyzers.
Batch analyzers are not automated.
Random-access analyzers only analyze one sample at a time.
Batch analyzers only do one type of analysis at a time.
Random-access analyzers cannot be used for stat samples.
The lowest measurable amount of an analyte is called:
accuracy.
precision.
analytic sensitivity.
analytic specificity.
Which description best describes the reportable range?
Span of test result values over which the laboratory can establish or verify the accuracy of an instrument or test system
Range of test values found in a healthy population of people
Variation observed in repeated measurements of the same sample
Difference in concentration between the highest and lowest standards used in the standard curve
In flow cytometry, forward scatter provides a measure of:
cell size.
cell granularity.
membrane receptor expression.
intracellular complexity
Flow cytometry is commonly used to:
measure serum protein concentrations.
identify microbes.
determine the stage of leukocyte differentiation.
measure complement activation.
The ability to consistently reproduce the same result on repeated testing of the same sample is called:
accuracy.
precision.
analytic sensitivity.
analytic specificity.
Random access analyzers were designed to do which of the following?
examine multiple samples for one analyte
measure numerous analytes for multiple samples
examine one sample for multiple analytes
measure one analyte on multiple samples
