WorksheetsExam 2 Review study guide: Ch. 8-11
Total questions: 113
Worksheet time: 59mins
Allosteric feedback inhibition is best described by which of the following statements?
A molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing a change in enzyme activity.
A substrate binds directly to the active site of an enzyme, increasing its activity.
An enzyme is permanently deactivated by a covalent modification at the active site.
A product of a reaction binds to the active site, blocking substrate binding.
Which of the following produces the NADH and ATP? You can pick more than one.
Transition reaction
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transfer Chain
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC for aerobic respiration?
H+
NAD+
O2
ADP
Anaerobic respiration includes all the following characteristics except?
Can produce up to 36 ATP
A different final electron acceptor than O2
Goes through the same steps as aerobic respiration
Needs oxygen to move the electron down the membrane in the electron transport chain
Differentiate between oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation, and identify when each occurs in cell respiration.
Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain and occurs in the mitochondria, while substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Both oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation occur only during glycolysis.
Substrate-level phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain, while oxidative phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis.
Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation are identical processes that occur simultaneously throughout cell respiration.
The overarching chemical equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O, and for photosynthesis it is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. Which of the following correctly matches the equations and the molecules oxidized/reduced?
Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose oxidized, oxygen reduced); Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular respiration: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (CO2 oxidized, water reduced); Photosynthesis: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (oxygen oxidized, glucose reduced); Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular respiration: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose reduced, oxygen oxidized); Photosynthesis: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Prokaryotic cells produce more net ATP from glucose than eukaryotes because:
they do not use ATP to transport pyruvate into mitochondria
they don't have an investment stage
they use a different type of glucose
they lack glycolysis
There are two major types of fermentation. Which of the following correctly describes both types, their purpose, and their result?
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation; both convert glucose to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen, producing either alcohol and CO2 or lactic acid as a result.
Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation; both require oxygen and produce water as a result.
Alcoholic fermentation and acetic acid fermentation; both convert proteins to amino acids, producing alcohol and vinegar.
Lactic acid fermentation and butyric acid fermentation; both use sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.
The reactions that occur in the mitochondria (cellular respiration) are related to photosynthesis in which of the following ways?
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis use the same energy source.
Photosynthesis occurs only in mitochondria, just like cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration produces oxygen, which is used in photosynthesis.
Some factors that can affect an enzyme's function include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors. Which of the following is an example of a factor that can affect enzyme function?
Temperature
Color
Shape of container
Amount of light
What temperature profile fits that of microbes that are part of the human microbiota?
Profile 2 (mesophiles, optimal temperature around 37°C)
Profile 1 (psychrophiles, optimal temperature around 10°C)
Profile 3 (thermophiles, optimal temperature around 60°C)
Profile 4 (hyperthermophiles, optimal temperature above 80°C)
The process by which bacteria reproduce is called:
Binary fission
Mitosis
Budding
Fragmentation
Is a culture enters death phase, all cells will eventually die.
True
False
A type of cell that may be able to survive the death phase is:
Endospore-forming cell
Lysed cell
Senescent cell
Autolysed cell
Is oxygen used by all bacteria? What is one method bacteria use to neutralize harmful oxygen radicals
Yes, all bacteria require oxygen and use catalase to digest nutrients
No they use superoxide dismutase to convert oxygen into oxygen radicals into less harmful substances
No they avoid oxygen by forming spores
Yes but they only grow in anaerobic enviorments
In which way can temperature affect bacterial growth.
Temperature can increase or decrease the rate of bacterial growth.
Temperature has no effect on bacterial growth.
Temperature only affects viruses, not bacteria.
Temperature causes bacteria to change color.
Hyperthermophile
80-110*C
20-40*C
0-15*C
4-25*C
Mesophile
20-40*C
80-110*C
0-15*C
50-80*C
Psychrophile
0-15*C
20-40*C
80-110*C
50-80*C
Psychotroph
4-25*C
0-15*C
80-110*C
20-40*C
Thermophile
50-80*C
4-25*C
0-15*C
20-40*C
Based on temperature profiles, human pathogens are typically which type of bacteria?
Psychrophiles
Thermophiles
Mesophiles
Hyperthermophiles
Bacteria associated with food contaminants include which of the following?
Salmonella
Streptococcus
Lactobacillus
Rhizobium
__________ would be able to contaminate salted fish.
Halophiles
Thermophiles
Acidophiles
Psychrophiles
Which of the following is the most common category of bacteria?
acidophiles
alkaliphiles
extreme alkaliphiles
neutrophiles
What term best describes H. pylori?
Acidophile
Psychrophile
Neutrophile
Alkaliphile
Barophile
________ is when the cell membrane moves away from the cell wall due to osmosis occurring within the cytoplasm.
Plasmolysis
Turgor pressure
Cytolysis
Endocytosis
Quorum sensing always occurs between members of the same species.
True
False
This method of bacterial communication is involved in the formation of biofilms by:
enabling bacteria to coordinate gene expression and behavior for biofilm development
preventing bacteria from adhering to surfaces
destroying the extracellular matrix of biofilms
inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms in the environment
Characteristics of biofilms that complicate the treatment of infections involving biofilms include:
Increased resistance to antibiotics
Rapid cell division
Lack of extracellular matrix
Enhanced immune system recognition
The bacterium that causes Hansens disease (leprosy), Mycobacterium leprae, infects mostly the extremities of the body: hands, feet, and nose. Can you make an educated as to its optimum temperature of growth.
25-37°C
0-15°C
80-100°C
-20-20°C
The ideal disinfectant has these characteristics:
Expensive, non-toxic, non-corrosive, Fast-acting, stable, and easy to use.
Expensive, difficult to store, stable during storage, and highly toxic.
Inexpensive, Fast-acting, Stable during storage, capable of controlling microbial growth while being harmless to humans, animals, and objects
Inexpensive, Unstable, corrosive, and harmful to humans.
The D value stands for which of the following, and what does it measure?
Decimal reduction time; it measures the time required to reduce a microbial population by 90%.
Density value; it measures the mass per unit volume of a substance.
Diffusion rate; it measures the speed at which molecules spread.
Dilution factor; it measures the concentration of a solution.
Some targets of antimicrobials include:
Cell wall synthesis
Photosynthesis
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse transmission
Do targets of antimicrobials change depending on the organism? Why?
Yes, it changes depending on the organism because different organisms have different structures and metabolisms
No, it remains the same for all organisms regardless of their type.
Yes, but only for plants and not for animals.
No, it only changes depending on the environment, not the organism.
Enveloped viruses are more susceptible than nonenveloped viruses because:
their lipid envelope is easily disrupted by environmental factors.
they have a stronger protein coat than nonenveloped viruses.
they replicate faster than nonenveloped viruses.
they are resistant to disinfectants.
Environmental factors that can alter the effect of antimicrobials include:
Temperature, pH, and presence of organic matter
Color of the antimicrobial agent
Shape of the microorganism
Time of day the antimicrobial is used
Refrigeration slows down the growth of most microbes, but which ones are not affected by this process?
Psychrophiles will not experience this effect.
Thermophiles will not experience this effect.
Mesophiles will not experience this effect.
Halophiles will not experience this effect.
Examples of using osmotic pressure as a microbial control method include:
Salting meat to preserve it
Boiling water to kill microbes
Using UV light for sterilization
Autoclaving surgical instruments
Organisms that are more resistant to these methods are known as:
Bacterial spores
Vegetative bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
What must be taken into consideration when choosing chemical method for antimicrobial control?
Effectiveness, safety, and compatibility with the material being treated
The color of the chemical
The taste of the chemical
The price only
Iodophors might be considered optimal antimicrobials because they are effective and less irritating, but what might make them non-optimal?
They can be inactivated by organic matter
They are always toxic to humans
They are not effective against any microbes
They are only used for water purification
Rank the different antimicrobials as low, medium, and high-level.
Low-level: Quaternary ammonium compounds; Medium-level: Alcohols; High-level: Glutaraldehyde
Low-level: Alcohols; Medium-level: Glutaraldehyde; High-level: Quaternary ammonium compounds
Low-level: Glutaraldehyde; Medium-level: Quaternary ammonium compounds; High-level: Alcohols
Low-level: Alcohols; Medium-level: Quaternary ammonium compounds; High-level: Glutaraldehyde
Which germicide classification is correct?
High level = kill all pathogens including endospores
Intermediate level = kill fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses, pathogens, bacteria
Low level = kill vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, some viruses
High level = kill vegetative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, some viruses
Intermediate level = kill all pathogens including endospores
Low level = kill fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses, pathogens, bacteria
Rank Most resistant to Most susceptible
A)Gram + Bacteria B)Mycobacteria C)Active Stage Protozoa D)Prions
E)Bacterial Endospores F)Cysts of Protozoa G)Fungi H)Enveloped Viruses
I)Nonenveloped Viruses J)Gram - Bacteria
D, E, B, F, C,
J, G, I, A, H
H, A, I, G, J,
C, F, B, E, D
A, B, D, J, I,
E, C, F, G, H
Prions are more susceptible than Mycobacterium
T
F
Prion = Most Resistant
Enveloped Viruses = Most Suceptible
T
F
Gram - are more resistant than Gram + bacteria
T
F
Non enveloped viruses are more susceptible than enveloped viruses
F
T
Where do theses fall on the scale?
Most resistant (1) - (10) Most susceptible
(1) Prions
(2) Bacterial Endospores
(3) Mycobacteria
(4) Cysts of Protozoa
(5) Active Stage Protozoa
(6) Gram - bacteria
(7) Fungi
(8) Nonenveloped Viruses
(9) Gram + Bacteria
(10) Enveloped Viruses
(1) Prions
(2) Mycobacterium
(3) Bacterial Endospores
(4) Fungi
(5) Gram - Bacteria
(6) Gram + Bacteria
(7) Enveloped Viruses
(8) Active Stage Protozoa
(9) Cyst of Protozoa
(10) Non enveloped Viruses
Disinfection
Reduces or destroys microbial load of an inanimate object through heat or antimicrobial chemicals
Reduces microbial load of inanimate item to safe public health levels through application of heat or antimicrobial chemicals
eliminates all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from inanimate object
Sanitization
Reduces microbial load of an inanimate item to safe public health levels through application of heat or antimicrobial chemicals
Reduce microbial load on skin or tissue through application of an antimicrobial chemical
Completely eliminates all vegetative cells, endospores and viruses from an inanimate object
Sterilization
Completely eliminates all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from an inanimate object
Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through gentle or firm scrubbing and use of mild chemicals
Reduces or destroys microbial load of an inanimate object through application of heat or antimicrobial levels
Antisepsis
Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through application of an antimicrobial chemical
Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through gentle to firm scrubbing and use of mild chemicals
Reduces microbial load of an inanimate object through application of heat antimicrobial chemicals
Degerming
Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through gentle scrubbing and use of mild chemicals
Reduces microbial load on skin through application of an antimicrobial chemical
Cleaning surfaces like lab benches, clinical surfaces, and bathrooms
disinfection
sanatization
degerming
chlorine bleach, phenols, glutaraldehyde
disinfection
sanitization
sterilization
commercial dishwashing of eating utensils, cleaning public restrooms
sanatization
antisepsis
disinfection
detergents contaning phosphates, industrial strength cleaners
containing quaterary ammonium compounds
Sanitization
Sterilization
Degerming
Prep of surgical equipment, needles for injections
Sterilization
Sanatization
Degerming
Pressurized steam, chemicals, radiation
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis
Boric acid, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen perioxide, iodine
antsepsis
degerming
disinfection
Soap, Alcohol Swab
Degerming
Sanatization
Disinfection
Handwashing
Degerming
Antisepsis
Sterilization
Cleaning skin broken due to injury, cleaning skin before surgery
Antisepsis
Sanitization
Degerming
Catabolism
Anabolism
Break larger molecules
Synthesize larger molecules
Synthesize larger molecules
Break larger molecules
Metabolism = The sum of controlled biochemical rxns
within a cell, ultimate function is to reproduce the cell
T
F
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
ETC/Chemiosmosis
substrate level
substrate level
oxidative
oxidative
oxidative
substrate level
Oxidation = ____
Reduction = ____
lose
gain
gain
lose
Glycolysis products
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD
Substrate level phosphorylation
transfer of phosphate
ADP + Pi = ATP
ATP ---> ADP + Pi
driven by chemiosmosis
Entner-Douoroff Pathway products
2 Pyruvate
1 NADH
1 NADPH
1 ATP
1 FAD
Entner-Duoroff Pathways is used by some bacteria
T
F
Pentose- Phosphate pathway products
2 NADPH
1 ATP
precursor metabolities
1 FAD
Krebs products (per glucose)
2 ATP
2 FADH2
6 NADH
4 Co2
4 FAD
transition to krebs products (per glucose)
2 acetyl-CoA
2 Co2
2 NADH
2 FAD
Krebs occurs in ____ of prokaryotes and _____ in eukaryotes
cytosol
matrix of mitochondria
matrix of mitochondria
cytosol
In aerobic respiration ___ serves as the final electron acceptor
In anaerobic respiration ___ serves as the final electron acceptor
O2
NO3^- / SO4^2- / CO3^2-
NO3^- / SO4^2- / CO3^2-
O2
NADH yeild ___ ATP
FADH2 yeild ___ATP
3
2
2
3
ETC occurs in ___ for prokaryotes and ___
for eukaryotes
plasma membrane
mitochondrial membrane
mitochondrial membrane
plasma membrane
Light-dependent (light) rxs occur in _____
Ligh-independent (dark) rxs occur in ____
cytoplasmic membrane / thylakoid membrane
cytoplasm / stroma
cytoplasm / stroma
cytoplasmic membrane / thylakoid membrane
In light independent reactions, the steps of glycolysis go in reverse
T
F
light independent rxn product pathway
3 molecules of CO2 enter, 1 G3P leave, 2 molecules of G3P make one molecule of glucose
I molecule of glucose enter, 2 molecules of G3P leave, 1 G3P make 3 molecules of CO2
Phototrophs
use light energy to drive ATP production
depend on redox rxns of inorganic or organic compounds
carbon from organic molecules
use CO2 as carbon source
Chemotrophs
depend on redox rxns of inorganic or organic compounds
use light energy to drive ATP production
use CO2 as a Carbon source
Carbon from organic molecules
Autotrophs
use CO2 as a Crabon source
Carbon from organic molecules
depend on redox rxns of inorganic and organic molecules
use light energy to drive ATP production
Heterotrophs
Carbon from organic molecules
use CO2 as a Carbon source
depend on redox rxns of inorganic or organic compounds
use light energy to drive ATP production
Cyanobacteria, plants (Oxygenic)
Green Bacteria, Purple Bacteria (Anoxygenic)
Photoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Green bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria
Photoheterotroph
Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Iron-oxidizing bacteria
Photoheterotroph
Photoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Chemoautotroph
Fermentative bacteria, Animals, Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria
Chemoheterotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Photoautotroph
Oxygenic
Anoxygenic
produces O2
Doesnt produce O2
Doesnt produce O2
produces O2
grow between 6.5-7.5 ph
Neutrophiles
Acidophiles
Alkalinophiles
grow in ph 6 or less
neutrophiles
acidophiles
alkalinophiles
grow in 8.5 - 11.5
alkalinophiles
acidophiles
neutrophiles
molds and yeasts are
acidophiles
neutrophiles
Endospores and cysts cease most metabolic activity in dry enviorments from years
t
f
How does H. Pylori (a neurtophile) survive in the stomach
produces urease, which breaks down urea into amonium ions making the enviorment more neutral
It doesnt
produces lipase, which creates a phospholipid capsuke around itself protecting it from harsh stomach acids
salt loving organisms
Halophiles
Barophiles
organisms that live under extreme atmospheric conditions
Barophiles
Halophiles
____ Require high salt
_____Tolerate high salt
Obligate Halophiles
Facultative Halophiles
Facultative Halophiles
Obligate Halophiles
Require Oxygen, undergo aerobic repiration
Obligate Aerobes
Anaerobes
Microanaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
do not use aerobic respiration, tolerate but cant use oxygen, have enzymes that detoxify oxygens poisonous forms
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Anaerobes
Microanaerophiles
aerobes
Grow via fermentation, aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration when O2 not avaible
Faciltative anaerobes
Anaerobes
Areobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
unable to use O2 and most are harmed by oxygen radicals, do not use areobic respiration
Anaerobes
Aerobes
Obligate aerobes
Microareophiles
require a minimum O2 concentration (1-10%), lower than atmospheric air (21%), have a limited ability to detoxify hydrogen perioxide and superoxide radicals
Microaerophiles
Anaerobes
Aerobes
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes lack all 3 enzymes that break down toxic by products
Superoxide dismutase
Urease
Catalase
Perioxidase
Why measure microbial populations
determine how severe an infection is/ how far it has spread
food preservation techniques
evaluate disinfectants and antibiotics
measure H2O contamination
How does allosteric FB inhibition work?
Goes back and changes the first enzyme
Goes back and changes the first gene
Goes back and changes the first compound
chemical equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
The chemical equation for cellular respiration is C_H_O_ + _O2 → _CO2 + _H2O
6
12
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
6
6
The chemical equation for photosynthesis it is _CO2 + _H2O → C_H_O_ + _O2
6
6
6
12
6
6
6
12
6
6
6
6
