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WorksheetsUrinary System - Nephron Function and GFR
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
What does the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) reabsorb?
sodium, chlorine, glucose, amino acids, water (~65-70%)
urea, creatinine, and uric acid only
bile salts and vitamin B12
only potassium and phosphate
What does the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) secrete?
hydrogen, Ammonium toxins, drugs
glucose, amino acids, water
bile, urea, creatinine
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
Which limb of the Loop of Henle reabsorbs water?
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Which limb of the Loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium and chlorine (not water)?
Ascending limb
Descending limb
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
What does the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) reabsorb?
sodium (via aldosterone), calcium (via PTH)
glucose and amino acids
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
urea and creatinine
What does the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) secrete?
potassium, hydrogen
sodium, chloride
glucose, amino acids
bicarbonate, calcium
What does the Collecting Duct reabsorb?
Water (via ADH), sodium (via aldosterone)
Glucose and amino acids
Bicarbonate and potassium
Urea and creatinine
What does the Collecting Duct secrete?
potassium, hydrogen
sodium, chloride
glucose, amino acids
calcium, phosphate
Which pressure pushes fluid out of the glomerulus as the main force?
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
Interstitial Fluid Pressure (IFP)
Which pressure opposes Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)?
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
Atmospheric Pressure
Pulmonary Hydrostatic Pressure
Which pressure pulls fluid back into capillaries in the glomerulus?
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
Interstitial Fluid Pressure (IFP)
What happens to reabsorption when Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) increases?
Less time for reabsorption → more water, nutrients, and ions lost
More time for reabsorption → less water, nutrients, and ions lost
No change in reabsorption
Reabsorption stops completely
What happens to reabsorption when Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) decreases?
More time for reabsorption → waste may be retained
Less time for reabsorption → more waste excreted
No change in reabsorption
Reabsorption stops completely
What is the effect of the myogenic mechanism on glomerular filtration rate when blood pressure increases?
Constriction of afferent arteriole leads to decreased glomerular filtration rate
Dilation of afferent arteriole leads to increased glomerular filtration rate
Constriction of efferent arteriole leads to increased glomerular filtration rate
Dilation of efferent arteriole leads to decreased glomerular filtration rate
What is the primary function of diuretics?
Increase urine output by blocking sodium/water reabsorption
Decrease heart rate by blocking beta receptors
Increase blood glucose by stimulating insulin release
Suppress immune response by inhibiting T-cells
Which of the following is NOT found in the filtrate in nephron tubules?
Water
Salts
Glucose
Proteins
What are the main components found in blood?
Proteins, cells, nutrients, wastes
Bones, muscles, nerves, skin
Air, water, minerals, vitamins
Enzymes, hormones, cartilage, fat
What are the main components found in ureter/bladder (urine)?
Water, urea, creatinine, electrolytes
Glucose, proteins, red blood cells, platelets
Bile salts, fatty acids, enzymes, vitamins
Hemoglobin, white blood cells, hormones, starch
Which hormone retains sodium and increases blood pressure and volume?
Aldosterone
Insulin
Cortisol
Glucagon
What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) retain?
Water
Glucose
Sodium
Amino acids
Which hormone adds aquaporins to collecting duct cells and increases collecting duct permeability to water?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Insulin
Glucagon
What is the function of renin in the kidney?
Starts Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone System pathway, releases aldosterone and ADH, retains sodium and water, increases BP
Breaks down proteins in the nephron
Directly filters blood in the glomerulus
Produces erythropoietin for red blood cell formation
Acidosis is caused by:
Too much hydrogen
Too much hydrogen carbonate
Too little hydrogen
Too little hydrogen carbonate
Alkalosis is caused by too much ________.
hydrogen carbonate
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
ammonia
Buffers help resist changes in ________.
pH
temperature
pressure
volume
What percentage of body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
65%
80%
35%
50%
What percentage of body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
35%
20%
50%
60%
What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin resistance
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (no insulin)
Excessive urination
ADH deficiency
What is the cause of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin resistance (cells don’t respond to insulin)
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
ADH deficiency
Increased blood osmolarity
List two symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus.
Polyuria (excess urine), polydipsia (thirst)
Blurred vision and hearing loss
Joint pain and skin rash
Frequent headaches and nosebleeds
What is the cause of Diabetes Insipidus?
Insulin resistance
ADH deficiency or insensitivity
Kidney infection
Increased blood osmolarity
Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus include excessive urination, dehydration, and very dilute urine, but blood glucose is _______.
normal
high
low
fluctuating
What triggers the micturition reflex?
Increased blood osmolarity
Stretch of bladder walls
Decreased blood volume
Insulin resistance
Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that can cause which of the following symptoms?
Fever and back pain
Excessive urination
High blood glucose
Increased blood osmolarity
Azotemia is defined as elevated _______ wastes in blood.
nitrogenous
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
Thirst is triggered by increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood volume/BP.
True
False
Short-term inhibition of thirst is caused by _______ of mouth/throat.
moistening
drying
warming
cooling
What are the symptoms of high sodium (hypernatremia)?
Thirst, confusion, neuromuscular irritability
Bradycardia, weight loss, hair growth
Night sweats, joint pain, rash
Low blood pressure, dry cough, blurred vision
What hormone regulates sodium by retaining Na+?
Aldosterone
Insulin
Cortisol
Glucagon
What are the symptoms of low sodium (hyponatremia)?
Weakness, headache, nausea, confusion
Increased thirst, dry mouth, rapid heartbeat
Fever, chills, cough, sore throat
Joint pain, rash, blurred vision
What are the symptoms of high calcium (hypercalcemia)?
Muscle weakness, kidney stones, arrhythmia
Frequent nosebleeds, joint swelling, blurred vision
Dry cough, itchy skin, hair loss
Night sweats, frequent sneezing, sore throat
What are the symptoms of low calcium (hypocalcemia)?
Muscle spasms, tetany, convulsions
Increased appetite and weight gain
Excessive thirst and urination
High blood pressure
Which hormone increases calcium levels in the blood?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Insulin
Thyroxine
Aldosterone
What are the symptoms of high potassium (hyperkalemia)?
Arrhythmia, muscle weakness
Bradycardia, dry skin
Polyuria, weight gain
Jaundice, blurred vision
What are the symptoms of low potassium (hypokalemia)?
Muscle cramps, fatigue, heart irregularities
Increased appetite, weight gain, excessive sweating
Blurred vision, frequent urination, dry mouth
Joint pain, skin rash, hair loss
Which hormone regulates potassium by secreting K+?
Aldosterone
Insulin
Cortisol
Vasopressin
Which type of immunity is the 1st and 2nd line of defense?
Innate Immunity (nonspecific)
Adaptive Immunity (specific)
Passive Immunity
Artificial Immunity
Which type of immunity involves B cells producing antibodies?
Adaptive Immunity (specific)
Innate Immunity (nonspecific)
Passive Immunity
Cell-mediated Immunity
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange – O2 in, CO2 out
Digestion of food
Production of hormones
Regulation of body temperature
Which zone of the respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles?
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone
Exchange Zone
Alveolar Zone
What is the main function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?
Filter, warm, and humidify air; conduct air to lungs
Exchange gases between air and blood
Produce sound for speech
Absorb nutrients from inhaled air
Which zone of the respiratory system is responsible for the site of gas exchange?
Respiratory Zone
Conducting Zone
Transitional Zone
Dead Space
The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are included in which zone of the respiratory system?
Respiratory Zone
Conducting Zone
Transitional Zone
Dead Space Zone
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nose?
Filter air
Warm and humidify air
Gas exchange
Smell detection
Name the bones that make up the hard palate.
Maxilla & palatine bones
Zygomatic & temporal bones
Frontal & occipital bones
Mandible & vomer bones
What is the function of the cilia in the nose?
Move mucus and trapped debris upward to pharynx for swallowing
Produce sound for speech
Detect odors directly
Secrete digestive enzymes
Which part of the respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx?
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Which part of the respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs?
Lower Respiratory Tract
Upper Respiratory Tract
Digestive Tract
Circulatory System
What is the function of the pharynx?
Passageway for air and food
Production of digestive enzymes
Absorption of nutrients
Storage of bile
Which section of the pharynx is for air only?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Which sections of the pharynx are for both air and food?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
What is the function of the larynx (voice box)?
Produces sound, routes air/food, protects airway
Regulates blood pressure, filters toxins, stores bile
Absorbs nutrients, produces insulin, stores vitamins
Pumps blood, oxygenates tissues, removes carbon dioxide
Where is the epiglottis located?
Above the larynx
Below the diaphragm
Inside the stomach
In the nasal cavity
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Covers glottis during swallowing to prevent aspiration
Produces sound during speech
Absorbs nutrients from food
Regulates blood flow to the brain
What is the function of the trachea (windpipe)?
Conducts air to bronchi
Pumps blood to the lungs
Absorbs nutrients from food
Produces digestive enzymes
Where is the trachea located in relation to the esophagus?
Anterior to esophagus
Posterior to esophagus
Lateral to esophagus
Inferior to esophagus
What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
Allows for tracheal diameter to change during coughing/swallowing
Produces mucus to trap dust particles
Contracts to move vocal cords
Secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension
What is the function of the tracheal fork (carina)?
Divides trachea into right and left bronchi; sensitive to irritants
Produces mucus to trap dust particles
Contracts to aid in swallowing
Filters air entering the lungs
Why is a tracheotomy performed?
Emergency airway when upper airway is blocked
To treat a broken leg
To improve vision
To reduce high blood pressure
What is intubation?
Inserting tube through mouth/nose into trachea to keep airway open
Removing a tube from the trachea
Giving medication through an IV
Measuring blood pressure
Where are the lungs located?
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
What is the hilus of the lung?
Medial area where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter lung
Outer surface of the lung exposed to the pleura
Lower tip of the lung resting on the diaphragm
Uppermost part of the lung near the clavicle
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
2 lobes
4 lobes
1 lobe
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes + cardiac notch
3 lobes
1 lobe
4 lobes
Which lung is larger?
Right lung
Left lung
Middle lung
Upper lung
Which lung is smaller?
Left lung
Right lung
Both lungs are equal
None of the above
What is the function of the bronchial tree?
Distributes air to lungs
Produces digestive enzymes
Pumps blood to the body
Filters waste from the blood
Aspirated objects are more likely to enter which bronchus?
Right bronchus
Left bronchus
Middle bronchus
Superior bronchus
What is the main function of alveoli?
Produce surfactant
Site of gas exchange
Control breathing rate
Store oxygen
What does surfactant do in the alveoli?
Increases blood flow speed
Reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
Increases oxygen storage
Stimulates diaphragm contraction
Newborns may lack surfactant, which can lead to ________.
respiratory distress
jaundice
hypoglycemia
congenital heart defect
The blood flow speed in alveoli is ________ enough to allow full gas exchange.
slow
fast
irregular
turbulent
Which of the following is NOT a function of the pleura?
Reduce friction
Create pressure gradient for lung inflation
Compartmentalize lungs
Increase oxygen binding to hemoglobin
The main muscle of inspiration is the ________.
diaphragm
biceps
trapezius
rectus abdominis
Which of the following are accessory muscles of breathing?
SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, abdominals, internal intercostals
Diaphragm only
Heart and liver
Triceps and biceps
What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Rapid breathing
Holding breath while straining (e.g., during lifting or defecation)
Deep inhalation
Forced expiration
Neural control of breathing is managed by the ________ and ________.
medulla and pons
cerebellum and hypothalamus
thalamus and hippocampus
frontal lobe and occipital lobe
Voluntary control of breathing is managed by the ________ cortex.
motor
visual
auditory
somatosensory
Hyperventilation leads to ________ alkalosis due to decreased ________.
respiratory, CO₂
metabolic, HCO₃⁻
respiratory, O₂
metabolic, CO₂
During inspiration, ______ volume leads to ______ pressure, causing air to move in.
increased; decreased
decreased; increased
decreased; decreased
increased; increased
During expiration, ______ volume leads to ______ pressure, causing air to move out.
decreased; increased
increased; decreased
increased; increased
decreased; decreased
Which of the following best describes inspiration?
Passive (diaphragm relaxes)
Active (diaphragm contracts)
Both A and B
None of the above
Which of the following best describes expiration?
Passive (diaphragm relaxes), unless forced
Active (diaphragm contracts)
Both A and B
None of the above
In pneumothorax, air enters the ______ space, causing the lung to collapse.
pleural
pericardial
abdominal
peritoneal
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of pneumothorax?
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Increased breath sounds
Decreased breath sounds
Alveolar air has less ______ and more ______ than atmospheric air.
O2; CO2
CO2; O2
N2; O2
O2; N2
Which gas diffuses easier across the respiratory membrane?
O2
CO2
Both diffuse equally
Neither
Inhalation occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure.
less
greater
equal to
much higher
Exhalation occurs when intrapulmonary pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure.
greater
less
equal
lower
What happens to oxygen unloading when ambient PO2 is lower?
More unloading occurs when ambient PO2 is lower.
Less unloading occurs when ambient PO2 is lower.
Oxygen unloading is unaffected by ambient PO2.
Oxygen loading increases when ambient PO2 is lower.
