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WorksheetsCauses of Infection
Total questions: 96
Worksheet time: 48mins
What are microorganisms?
Large living bodies visible to the naked eye
Minuscule living bodies that cannot be seen without a microscope
Non-living particles
Chemicals in the body
Microorganisms that cause infection in humans are referred to as _________.
pathogens
antibodies
enzymes
nutrients
What is the term for microorganisms that live in and on our bodies?
Pathogens
Normal flora
Viruses
Bacteria
Which of the following is a function of normal flora?
Cause infection
Protect us from harmful pathogens
Make us sick
None of the above
Normal flora help break down and ________ food.
digest
store
color
freeze
Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteria?
One-celled microorganisms
Very tiny parasites that live within the cells of the host
Cannot be treated with antibiotics
All viruses potentially cause illness
Antibiotics can treat which type of pathogen?
A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Both
D) Neither
Fill in the blank: Multiple ________ organisms exist among bacteria.
drug-resistant
photosynthetic
multicellular
parasitic
Which of the following statements is true about viruses?
Viruses are endemic to the human body
All viruses potentially cause illness
Antibiotics can treat viruses
Viruses are one-celled microorganisms
Very few ________ medications exist for treating viruses.
antiviral
antibacterial
antifungal
antiparasitic
Protozoa are ________-celled animals that live in water.
Single
Double
Triple
Multiple
Protozoa are treated with which type of drugs?
Antifungal drugs
Antiparasitic drugs
Antibiotics
Antiviral drugs
Fungi may be made up of ________ or more cells.
one
ten
hundred
thousand
Fungi are treated with antifungal medications that come in which forms?
Creams, ointments, oral, and IV forms
Only oral forms
Only creams
Only ointments
Helminths are ________ worms that inhabit the GI tract.
Parasitic
Beneficial
Photosynthetic
Saprophytic
Helminths are treated with which type of medications?
Antifungal medications
Antiparasitic drugs
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics
Antibiotics
According to Table 14-1 Common Diseases Caused by Microorganisms, which microorganism is responsible for causing boils, toxic shock syndrome, osteomyelitis, and MRSA?
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
According to Table 14-1 Common Diseases Caused by Microorganisms, what are some diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
Boils, toxic shock syndrome, osteomyelitis, and MRSA (a significant nosocomial infection—both HA and CA forms)
Tuberculosis, leprosy, and scrofula
Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever
Influenza, measles, and mumps
According to Table 14-1 Common Diseases Caused by Microorganisms, how is Staphylococcus aureus treated?
Antibiotics, although most strains are not killed by penicillin; HA-MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics and is treated with selected IV antibiotics
Vaccination with live attenuated virus
Antiviral medications and supportive care
Surgical removal of infected tissue only
Which disease(s) can be caused by Streptococcus group A (gram-positive coccus)?
Neonatal infections
Strep throat, ear infections, scarlet fever, and endocarditis
Tuberculosis
Influenza
What is the treatment for diseases caused by Streptococcus group A (gram-positive coccus)?
Antivirals
Vaccination
Antibiotics
Surgery
Which microorganism is associated with neonatal infections, especially in premature births, causing pneumonia, meningitis, or septicemia in newborns?
Streptococcus group B (gram-positive coccus)
Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacillus)
Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive coccus)
Listeria monocytogenes (gram-positive bacillus)
What is the recommended treatment for infections caused by Streptococcus group B (gram-positive coccus)?
IV antibiotics
Oral antifungals
Topical antivirals
Supportive care only
Fill in the blank: The microorganism Clostridium perfringens (gram-positive bacillus; spore forming) causes gas gangrene in contaminated wounds, and the treatment is ________.
Amputation of affected limb
Oral rehydration therapy
Antiviral medication
Insulin injection
Fill in the blank: The microorganism Clostridium difficile (gram-positive bacillus; spore forming) causes severe diarrhea, often develops with antibiotic therapy, and is treated with ________.
vancomycin and metronidazole
amoxicillin and clavulanate
azithromycin and ceftriaxone
ciprofloxacin and doxycycline
Fill in the blank: The microorganism Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacillus) is normally found in the colon but can cause infection if it enters the urinary tract or other parts of the body, and is treated with ________.
Antibiotics
Antivirals
Antifungals
Vaccines
Which microorganism causes infection of the colon resulting in bloody diarrhea and kidney failure, often from consuming undercooked ground meat?
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (gram-negative bacillus)
Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive cocci)
Salmonella typhi (gram-negative bacillus)
Clostridium difficile (gram-positive bacillus)
What is the treatment for tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacillus)?
Antituberculosis medications
Antiviral drugs
Antifungal agents
Antihistamines
What is the microorganism responsible for this disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Plasmodium falciparum
Which disease is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii (bacillus)?
Chickenpox
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Shingles
Genital herpes
What is the treatment for Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii?
Antivirals such as acyclovir
Antibiotics
No treatment
Vaccination
Type 1 of Herpes simplex virus causes _________
fever blisters
chickenpox
measles
mumps
Which virus causes chickenpox and shingles?
Herpes simplex
Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster)
Rickettsia rickettsii
Influenza virus
What is the recommended treatment for infections caused by Herpes simplex or Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster)?
Antibiotics
Antivirals such as acyclovir
Painkillers
Surgery
Which microorganism causes the disease with symptoms such as aching muscles, fever, respiratory congestion, and cough?
Influenza
Streptococcus
Salmonella
Plasmodium
What is the recommended treatment for Influenza?
Antivirals such as Tamiflu and Relenza. Prevention: annual flu immunization.
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin.
Steroids and immunosuppressants.
Surgical removal of infected tissue.
Which disease is spread by Aedes mosquitoes and can be transmitted from mother to unborn infant through sex?
Zika
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya
What are the symptoms of Zika?
Fever, headache, joint pain, and muscle aches.
Rash, sore throat, and blurred vision.
Chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing blood.
Severe abdominal pain, vomiting blood, and yellowing of the skin.
What is the recommended treatment for Zika?
Antipyretics, NSAIDS, and fluids.
High-dose antibiotics and antivirals.
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Insulin and beta-blockers.
Which disease is transmitted through infected blood, body fluids, and large droplet respiratory secretions, and has symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, fever, severe headache, fatigue, and muscle weakness?
Ebola
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Influenza
What is the recommended treatment for Ebola?
Provide IV fluids and electrolytes, and maintain oxygen saturation.
Administer antibiotics to cure the virus.
Recommend only bed rest and herbal remedies.
Treat with high doses of vitamin C supplements.
What disease is caused by the West Nile virus?
Ringworm
Yeast infections
Virus found in birds and spread by mosquitos; causes headache and confusion in some but may be asymptomatic in others
Athlete’s foot
What is the recommended treatment for infections caused by Microsporum epidermophyton?
Antivirals
Antifungals
Antibiotics
Supportive care
Which microorganism is responsible for yeast infections and can cause pneumonia and heart infections?
West Nile
Microsporum epidermophyton
Candida albicans
Athlete’s foot
Which disease is caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
Amoebic dysentery
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Cholera
Which microorganism causes giardiasis?
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica
Plasmodium falciparum
Trichomonas vaginalis
What is the treatment for malaria?
Antimalarials
Antibiotics
Antivirals
Antifungals
Which of the following is treated with antibiotics?
A. Amoebic dysentery
B. Giardiasis
C. Malaria
Plasmodium causes destruction of red blood cells and anemia.
True
False
Which microorganism can cause abscesses in body organs such as the liver, lungs, and brain?
Entamoeba histolytica
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Plasmodium falciparum
What is the treatment for diseases caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
Amebicides and antibiotics
Antivirals and vaccines
Antifungals and corticosteroids
Painkillers and antihistamines
Which disease is often found in water but may also be spread through food prepared by people who have a mild case of the illness?
Giardiasis
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Chickenpox
Which microorganism causes pinworms, which look like white threads and grow in the intestine, and is the most common parasitic worm in the United States?
Enterobius
Taenia
Giardia
Plasmodium
What is the treatment for infections caused by Enterobius (pinworms)?
Antihelminthics
Antibiotics
Antivirals
Antifungals
Which microorganism may enter humans through undercooked meat containing worm cysts, attaches to the wall of intestines, and causes bloating, constipation, or diarrhea?
Enterobius
Taenia
Trichinella
Ascaris
What is the treatment for infections caused by Taenia (tapeworm)?
Antihelminthics
Antibiotics
Antivirals
Antifungals
What type of pathogens live in water?
Viruses
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths
Which of the following are single-celled animals that live in water, can be ingested by humans through water or food, and cause intestinal illnesses?
Bacteria
Protozoa
Viruses
Fungi
Fill in the blank: The first link in the chain of infection is the _________
Infectious agent
Portal of exit
Susceptible host
Mode of transmission
Fill in the blank: The place where the infectious agent lives and multiplies is called the _________?
Reservoir
Vector
Host
Carrier
Fill in the blank: The way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir is called the _________?
Portal of exit
Portal of entry
Mode of transmission
Susceptible host
Fill in the blank: The method by which the infectious agent is transferred from one host to another is called the _________.
Mode of transmission
Incubation period
Portal of entry
Host immunity
Fill in the blank: The way the infectious agent enters a new host is called the _________.
Portal of entry
Mode of transmission
Reservoir
Incubation period
Fill in the blank: The person who can become infected is called the _________.
Susceptible host
Carrier
Vector
Reservoir
Fill in the blank: A health-care associated (HAI) infection is a __________ infection.
Health-care acquired
Community acquired
Genetic
Congenital
Fill in the blank: A primary infection is an infection caused from a __________.
pathogen
antibody
vaccine
antibiotic
Fill in the blank: A secondary infection is an infection caused by a __________ pathogen.
different
same
primary
weakened
Fill in the blank: A ______ infection is located in one area of the body.
Localized
Systemic
Chronic
Opportunistic
Fill in the blank: A ______ infection is an infection that spreads in the bloodstream.
Systemic
Localized
Topical
Chronic
Fill in the blank: Intact ______ protects the body from microbes.
skin
bone
muscle
hair
Which of the following produces sticky mucus that traps invading pathogens?
Skin
Mucous membranes
Gastrointestinal system
Fill in the blank: The ______ system provides entry into the gastrointestinal system and contains some bacteria.
gastrointestinal
respiratory
nervous
circulatory
What do white blood cells release during the inflammatory process?
histamine
insulin
hemoglobin
adrenaline
Dilation during the inflammatory process results in which of the following?
Redness and warmth
Pain and swelling
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
During the inflammatory process, blood vessels become more permeable to allow which cells to consume pathogens?
phagocytes
erythrocytes
platelets
neurons
Which of the following is a secondary defense against infection?
Elevated temperature
Antibody production
Skin barrier
Mucous membranes
When invading pathogens are detected in the body, what is released?
Complement
Insulin
Hemoglobin
Melanin
What is complement?
A) A type of white blood cell
B) A group of specialized proteins that attack the pathogens
C) A type of antibody
D) A type of bacteria
What type of cells are specialized to defend against infection?
Specialized white blood cells
Red blood cells
Muscle cells
Nerve cells
What are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response?
B or T cells
Neutrophils or Eosinophils
Macrophages or Dendritic cells
Monocytes or Basophils
Tertiary Defenses Against Infection: What is the function of lymphocytes in the immune response?
Produce antibodies only
Signal phagocytes to destroy pathogen invaders
Attack red blood cells
None of the above
Tertiary Defenses Against Infection: Lymphocytes hold a major role in which immune response?
A) Antigen–antibody response
B) Blood clotting
C) Oxygen transport
D) Hormone regulation
An elevated temperature is a secondary defense against infection
True
False
The body responds to invading pathogens by creating an environment that is hostile to them. The increase of body temperature to 101°Fahrenheit or higher is too warm for most invading microorganisms to live and multiply.
True
False
Fill in the blank: The immune systems of infants and young children are not yet well developed and cannot assist with defense against infection as well as the immune systems of older children and adults. In elderly individuals, the immune system gradually decreases in effectiveness, leaving them more vulnerable to invading pathogens. This factor is known as _________.
Age
Diet
Exercise
Sleep
Which factor impairs the body's defenses and ability to fight infection due to toxicity?
Age
Chemical Exposure
Chronic Illness
Lack of Exercise
Fill in the blank: The body’s defenses are responding on a frequent basis to chronic illness and have no reserves to react effectively to a new infection. This is due to _________?
Chronic Illness
Acute Injury
Seasonal Allergies
Physical Exercise
Which factor decreases the flow of lymph and phagocytes, interfering with their ability to destroy invading pathogens?
Lack of Exercise
Lack of Rest
Chemical Exposure
Age
Fill in the blank: The body needs adequate rest to repair damage and restore energy. Lack of rest increases the chance of infection occurring because the immune system cannot repair itself and function at its highest capacity. This factor is known as _________.
Lack of Rest
Overhydration
Excessive Exercise
Balanced Diet
Fill in the blank: When the body is frequently reacting to stressors, immune function can be impaired, which increases the risk of illness and infection. This factor is known as _________.
Increased Stress
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Dehydration
Fill in the blank: Open wounds, such as surgical wounds, skin tears, and pressure ulcers, provide a portal of entry for microorganisms. This factor is known as _________
Nonintact Skin
Intact Immunity
Sterile Technique
Closed Lesion
Fill in the blank: A diet that is lacking in fruits, vegetables, and certain dairy products negatively affects the body’s defenses because it lacks vitamins and support for normal flora. This factor is known as _________.
Poor Nutrition
Excessive Exercise
Adequate Hydration
Genetic Mutation
It is the responsibility of all health-care workers to break the chain of infection.
True
False
What are standard precautions?
Measures to treat patients
A group of safety measures performed to prevent the transmission of pathogens found in the blood and body fluids
A type of medication
None of the above
Transmission-based precautions are used when a patient has a ________ illness that can be spread through contact, respiratory droplets, or air.
communicable
chronic
hereditary
non-infectious
The difference between standard precautions and transmission-based precautions is:
Standard precautions are used for all patients, while transmission-based precautions are used for patients known or suspected to be infected with specific pathogens.
Standard precautions are only used in surgical settings, while transmission-based precautions are used in outpatient clinics.
Transmission-based precautions are used for all patients, while standard precautions are only used for those with infections.
Standard precautions require isolation rooms, while transmission-based precautions do not.
