the first microscope is (a)   ft. long and was extremely heavy

He used the compound microscope to observe cork

(a)  

What did Robert Hooke observed that gave birth to the word "cells"

(a)  

The cork is composed of small, hollow compartments like those rooms in the monastery which is why he called them (a)  

when did Hooke discovered the cell?

(a)  

He used pondwater as his specimen, which made him the first scientists to refer to living cells

(a)  

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek's specimen

(a)  

single-celled organisms

(a)  

Leeuwenhoek's microscope can magnify up to (a)  

He is known for his research in protozoa

(a)  

he compared diverse kinds of plant specimen and found out that they are all composed of a dark dense spot which he called the nucleus

(a)  

stated that all plants are made of cells

(a)  

Mattias Schleiden stated that

(a)  

Theodor Schwann stated that

(a)  

He concluded that all animals are made of cells

(a)  

He stated that all cells come from cells

(a)  

all cells came from cells

(a)  

He discovered two infectious bacteria— cholera bacilli and tubercle

(a)  

What did Robert Koch discover?

(a)  

He designed the first electron microscope but didn't built it.

(a)  

they built the first electron microscope

(a)  

the first electron microscope can magnify up to (a)  

an instrument used in science laboratories to visualize very minute objects

(a)  

carries the optical parts of the microscope

(a)  

acts as the microscope's support; carries the microscopic illuminators

(a)  

connects the base to the head; and the eyepiece to the base of the microscope

(a)  

also known as ocular. The part used to look through the microscope

(a)  

standard magnification of eyepiece

(a)  

carries the eyepiece, could be monocular or binocular

(a)  

holds the objective lenses

(a)  

Revolving nosepiece is also known as (a)  

section where the specimen is placed for viewing. Has stage clips to hold the specimen in place.

(a)  

controls how far the stages should go, preventing the objective lenses from getting too close damaging the specimen

(a)  

smaller knob used for sharp and fine focusing of the object; for accurate and sharp focusing

(a)  

large knob used for moving the body tube up and down.

(a)  

major lenses used for specimen visualization

(a)  

light source of the microscope located at the base

(a)  

controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen

(a)  

lenses that are used to collect and focus light form the illuminator into the specimen

(a)  

designed for high quality microscopes; has a very high magnification of 400x

(a)  

moves the condenser up and down thus controlling the focus of light on the specimen

(a)  

hole on the microscopic stage, through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage

(a)  

membrane-bound structure within a cell. can be related to the human's organs

(a)  

cell's boundary/gatekeeper. it has a phospholipid bilayer, which allows materials to go in and out of the cell

(a)  

keeps the organelles separate from each other; made up of jelly-like material called cytosol

(a)  

gives shape, structure to the cell and moves the organelles around the cell

(a)  

synthesizes the spindle fiber that pulls apart the chromosomes during cell division; is only found in animal cell

(a)  

the control center of the cell; contains chromosomes, made up of DNA

(a)  

is inside the nucleus, makes ribosomes

(a)  

site of protein synthesis, is made by the nucleolus

(a)  

found near the nucleus and is made of cisternae; has ribosomes attached to it; transports proteins sythesized by the ribosomes

(a)  

does not have ribosomes; sythesizes lipids and fats; detoxifies the cell

(a)  

stores, modifies and packages proteins; its enzymes manufacture and attach carbohydrates to protein and lipids

(a)  

break down waste and it contains digestive enzymes

(a)  

powerhouse of the cell; breaksdown food to provide energy

(a)  

energy currency of the cell

(a)  

rigid barrier around the plant, bacterial and fungal cells

(a)  

stores food, water, proteins, wastes, etc.

big in plant cells, small and many in animal cells

(a)  

site of food (glucose) production in plants

(a)  

green pigment in plants

(a)  

stores pigment and food in plant cells, contains its own DNA, and absorbs visible light

(a)  

are smaller and simpler; single-celled organisms (unicellular); no membrane bound nucleus

(a)  

shape of bacteria: round or spherical

(a)  

shape of bacteria: cell is in between round and rod shape

(a)  

shape of bacteria: rod or cylindrical

(a)  

shape of bacteria: spiral, elongated, loosely-coiled

(a)  

shape of bacteria: comma-shaped, curved cell

(a)  

shape of bacteria: spiral shape, tightly-coiled

(a)  

a sticky outer layer that provides protection, prevents the bacteria from drying out or being engulfed by larger organisms

(a)  

a rigid wall that gives the cell its structure and protects the plasma membrane (PC)

(a)  

a gel-like material in which the ribosomes and the genetic material are suspended

(a)  

contains genetic material, is separated at the nucleoid region

(a)  

a mass of genetic material, DNA in one big loop

(a)  

hair like structures that help the bacteria attach to surfaces and other bacteria

(a)  

structure that helps the bacteria move around and sense their environment; for swimming

(a)  

nucleus bound membrane, possess many organelles, ar emor ebig and complicated, can be multicellular

(a)  

it is the process by which generic cells change to different types of cells to be able to perform special or specific functions

(a)  

cells that can divide and produce the cells and have the potential to develop into many different types of cells

(a)  

carries oxygen throughout the body, has a biconcave shape, contains hemoglobin

(a)  

plays an important role in the immune system, has irregular shape, can produce antibodies and antitoxins

(a)  

fertilize an egg cell to make a baby, has long tail to swim, has numerous mitochondria

(a)  

carries genetic material, is large and bulky; a chemical change in the membrane prevents fertilization of more than one sperm

(a)  

carries nerve impulses throughout the body

(a)  

a cell that facilitates movement, elongated and elastic, has numerous mitochondria

(a)  

this cell regulates rate of transpiration, cell wall has varying thickness

(a)  

absorbs water and minerals from the soil, long and thin with large surface area

(a)  

produces food through the process of photosynthesis

(a)  

transports water and minerals from the roots to other part of the plants

(a)  

adaptations or changes acquired by the cell after cell division that aids the cell in various beneficial ways

(a)  

hair-like organelles extending from the cell surface

(a)  

long, whip-like, tail-like structures made of protein filaments; aids in movement

(a)  

small, slender, vascular, finger-like projections; increases surface area to increase absorption

(a)  

false feet, temporary extension of the cytoplasm

(a)  

groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform a specific function

(a)  

a system of tissues that work together on a larger scale to do certain jobs within an animal's body

(a)  

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

(a)  

a recognizable, self-contained individual

(a)  

example of unicellular organism

(a)  

type of tissue that is commonly seen outside the body

(a)  

individual cells closely attached to each other; cells are closely packed; does not contain blood vessels

(a)  

one layer of cells

(a)  

cells arranged in two or more layers

(a)  

falsely appear to be layered

(a)  

SHAPE OF CELLS: thin and flat

(a)  

SHAPE OF CELLS: small cubes in cross-section

(a)  

SHAPE OF CELLS: tiny columns

(a)  

flat cells with a non-regular outline, closely fitted together to form a sheet. prevalent in the alveoli, endothelium of blood vessels, pericardium and peritoneum

(a)  

it has a box-shaped structure with brush border in its cell lining. commonly found in kidney cells which aids in excretion

(a)  

cylindrical with a noticeable height plus a striated border, has goblet cells that secretes mucus, commonly found in the stomach

(a)  

a multilayer of cell groups, often found in the skin that protects the organism from bacteria invasion

(a)  

forms the epidermis of the skin, and a small.amount is also found in the mouth

(a)  

primarily involved in protecting against abrasion, reducing water losses. commonly found in vagina, esophagus, larynx, cornea, anal canal and mouth

(a)  

may just look stacked because of varying heights, commonly found in the lining of the respiratory tract

(a)  

group of tissue in the body that maintains the form of the body and its organs, and provides cohesion and support

(a)  

made up of plasma, containing water salts and dissolved proteins

(a)  

made yp of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin

(a)  

conective tissue that stores fats which functions to insulate the body and store energy

(a)  

characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in the chondroitin sulfate, acts as a cushion between bones

(a)  

are cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate

(a)  

serves as a shock absorber that allows the smooth movement of bones and joints, commonly found in the nose, trachea and end of long bones

(a)  

contains type 2 collagen and is found in the intervertebral discs and knee

(a)  

most flexible cartilage found in the ears

(a)  

mineralized connective tissue made by osteoblasts which deposit collagen

(a)  

is found in the shaft (diaphysis) of the long bone and the surface of flat bones

(a)  

is organized into rings called osteons

(a)  

rings of (a)   surround the haversian canal

between the lamellae are cavities called (a)  

(a)   are microchannels connecting the lacunae together

is found in the end (epiphysis) of long bone

(a)  

spongy bone is made of plates called (a)   that serves as struts that gives structure

composed of long cells that allow the move voluntary or involuntary

(a)  

TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUE: made up of long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells

(a)  

TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUE: composed of elongated, branched individual cells that are parallel to each other. involuntary, vigorous, rythmic contraction

(a)  

TYPE OF MUSCLE TISSUE: they are the largest at their midpoint and taper towards their end. involuntary muscle of the digestive tract

(a)  

composed of nerve cells called neurons

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: receive signals

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: organizes and keeps the cell functional

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: protects the cell

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: generates impulse in the neuron

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: allow diffusion of cells

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: produces myelin sheath

(a)  

PARTS OF A NEURON: fomrs junction with other cells

(a)  

special molecules that are released form the ends of axon terminals, earning a big role in transmitting messages from one neuron to another

(a)  

relays information from the PNS to the CNS (receives the stimuli)

(a)  

send signals from the CNS to PNS, thse signals provide the sensory neurons to tell them what to do. located at the brainstem and spinal cord

(a)  

highly controlled and ordered process through which cells replicate and make two new cells

(a)  

area where sister chromatids are held together

(a)  

each of a pair of identical DNA, they are joined at the centromere

(a)  

fibers that attach to the chromosomes and moves the chromosomes apart during anaphase

(a)  

one pair of cellular organelles that forms spindle fibers

(a)  

a specialized structure on the centromerr to which the spindle fibers attach during cell division

(a)  

in this stage, cells accomplish most of their growth (they increase in mass / size)

(a)  

prevents cells from proceeding to S-phase with the presence of DNA damage and functions

(a)  

if the cell cannot divide again, it enters a resting phase, also known as

(a)  

in this stage, replication of cellular DNA happens

(a)  

in this stage, the cell replenishes its energy stores and sythesizes necessary for chromosome manipulation. additional cell growth

(a)  

ensures that the DNA replication is S phase has been succesfully completed

(a)  

uncondensed form of DNA

(a)  

in this stage, the cell begins to divide

(a)  

PHASES OF MITOSIS:

• nuclear envelope starts to disintegrate

• spindle forms at the opposite poles of the cell

• nucleoulus disappears

PHASES OF MITOSIS

• nuclear membrane breaksdown

• chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

spindle checkpoint; ensures that all chromosomes are attached to a spindle fibers

(a)  

PHASES OF MITOSIS

• sister chromatids separate at their junction point

• chromosomes moves to either poles of the cell

PHASES OF MITOSIS

• daughter chromosomes complete their migration to the poles.

• nuclear membrane reforms

• chromosomes uncoil

PHASES OF MITOSIS

• division of the cytoplasm

super-dividing cells form masses called

(a)  

tumors that are not cancerous, does not damage other parts of the body

(a)  

tumors that are cancerous, destroy healthy tissues (metastasis)

(a)