organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

the process of gradual change in a population or species over time

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

suggested explanation for an observation, which one can test

large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules

chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

individual living entity

single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane

method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

total number of protons in an atom

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution

substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes' sides

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules

process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension

change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an organism's skin

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen

WEAK bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution

type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions

substance capable of dissolving another substance

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules

A protein’s monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods' cellular exoskeleton

polysaccharide that comprises the plants' cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary information

two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in wate

smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

biological macromolecule that carries the cell's genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cell's functioning

membranes' major constituent; comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains

long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those in naturally occurring lipids

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

lipid comprised of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

rigid cell covering comprised of various molecules that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell

plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis

structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material

entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

protein fiber network that collectively maintains the cell's shape, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

(singular = mitochondrion) cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in producing ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule

cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesi

compartment or sac within a cell

phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, and separates the cell's internal content from its surrounding environment

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transport