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WorksheetsUNIT 3: CELL CYCLE, CANCER, DNA STRUCTURE and REPLICATION - PAP
Total questions: 81
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
What is a common result of a disruption in the cell cycle?
Increased cell specialization
Development of diseases such as cancer
Enhanced DNA replication
Faster cell aging
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Ligase
Helicase
Polymerase
Primase
During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis by checking for DNA errors?
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
What is the main function of the cell cycle in multicellular organisms?
To produce energy
To allow growth and repair
To digest nutrients
To remove waste
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
Unwinds the DNA
Adds nucleotides to the new DNA strand
Joins Okazaki fragments
Removes primers
How does the process of cell differentiation contribute to the development of tissues in an organism?
By producing identical cells
By allowing cells to become specialized for specific functions
By causing cell death
By preventing cell division
Why is DNA replication considered a semi-conservative process?
Each new DNA molecule contains two new strands
Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand
Both strands are completely new
Only one strand is copied
What is the significance of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
They speed up cell division
They ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next stage, preventing errors
They stop DNA replication
They cause cell differentiation
Which of the following best explains why cancer cells are able to grow uncontrollably?
They have more mitochondria
They ignore cell cycle checkpoints and signals to stop dividing
They have larger nuclei
They undergo more differentiation
How does the process of DNA replication ensure genetic continuity between generations of cells?
By creating random DNA sequences
By copying the exact DNA sequence from the parent cell to the daughter cells
By deleting unnecessary genes
By changing the genetic code
A mutation occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. What is a possible consequence of this mutation if it is not repaired?
The cell will always die
The mutation may be passed on to daughter cells, potentially leading to diseases like cancer
The cell will become specialized
The cell will stop dividing
Why is it important for multicellular organisms to regulate the cell cycle?
To ensure all cells are identical
To maintain proper growth, development, and tissue repair
To prevent cell differentiation
To increase mutation rates
A scientist observes that certain cells in a tissue are dividing uncontrollably and forming a mass. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
The cells are undergoing normal differentiation
The cell cycle has been disrupted, leading to tumor formation
The cells are in the G0 phase
The cells are dying
A scientist is studying two models of DNA replication: conservative and semi-conservative. Which evidence would best support the semi-conservative model?
Each new DNA molecule contains two new strands
Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand
Both strands are completely new
DNA is not replicated
A tissue sample shows cells with abnormal shapes and rapid division. What is the most likely cause?
Proper cell differentiation
Disruption of the cell cycle leading to cancerous growth
Normal DNA replication
Environmental factors causing cell death
If a cell bypasses the G1 checkpoint despite having DNA damage, it may (a) , increasing the risk of mutations.
The cell will stop growing
The cell will repair the damage bef
The cell will differentiate into a
The cell may replicate damaged DNA,
What is the likely result if DNA polymerase introduces an error during replication and it is not corrected?
The cell will immediately die
The mutation may be passed to daughter cells
The cell will stop the cell cycle
The error will be eliminated during mitosis
What is the primary function of the M phase in the cell cycle?
Cell growth
Gene expression
DNA replication
Cell division
Which of the following best describes cancer at the cellular level?
Cells that stop dividing
Cells that divide uncontrollably
Cells that differentiate normally
Cells that undergo apoptosis
What role do checkpoints play in the cell cycle?
They cause cell differentiation
They speed up cell division
They prevent DNA replication
They ensure the cell cycle progresses without errors
What is the result if a cell fails to repair DNA damage before entering mitosis?
The cell may pass mutations to daughter cells
The cell will differentiate
The cell will not divide
The cell will become a stem cell
What can result if the mechanisms that control the cell cycle fail?
Improved tissue repair
Uncontrolled cell division leading to tumor formation
Faster metabolism
Decreased mutation rates
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
To ensure the cell has enough nutrients
To remove waste from the cell
To verify that critical processes are completed before the next phase
To speed up cell division
During which phase does the cell prepare for mitosis by checking for DNA damage and ensuring all DNA is replicated?
G2 phase
M phase
G1 phase
S phase
What is a likely consequence if a mutation occurs during DNA replication?
The cell will stop dividing forever
The cell will become a stem cell
The cell will always die immediately
The mutation may be passed to daughter cells
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
M phase
G1 phase
G2 phase
S phase
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase
Primase
DNA polymerase
Ligase
What is the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
To destroy damaged cells immediately
To ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next stage
To speed up cell division
To replicate DNA
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
DNA polymerase
Primase
Helicase
Ligase
Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA?
Single-stranded helix
Double-stranded helix
Triple-stranded helix
Linear chain of amino acids
Which process ensures genetic information is accurately passed to daughter cells during cell division?
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein synthesis
What role does DNA polymerase play in DNA replication?
It unwinds the DNA helix
It joins Okazaki fragments
It synthesizes RNA primers
It adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
Which of the following is a key difference between normal cells and cancer cells?
Cancer cells ignore signals to stop dividing
Normal cells divide uncontrollably
Normal cells have multiple nuclei
Cancer cells respond to cell cycle checkpoints
In which part of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
In which part of the cell cycle does the cell grow and carry out normal activities?
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
In which part of the cell cycle is the nucleus copied?
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
In which part of the cell cycle does the cell split into two?
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
What are the three parts of interphase? Select all three.
M
G1
G2
Cytokinesis
S
Which of the following processes is not regulated in cancer cells?
protein synthesis
diffusion
osmosis
cell division
Which of the following events would occur FIRST during mitosis?
Sister chromosomes break apart
Sister chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
The nucleus disappears
Two new nuclei form
Why are cell cycle checkpoints important?
They check for damage to DNA
They make sure that cell division is happening correctly
If they don't work properly the cell can become cancerous
All answers are correct
What is the term for the programmed death of cells?
kinase
cyclin
carcinogen
apoptosis
Two internal factors that are important in advancing the cell cycle are
kinases and cyclins.
hormones and enzymes.
phosphates and enzymes.
proteins and platelets
Which phrase best describes cancer?
absence of cyclins
multiple gene mutations
uncontrolled cell growth
presence of genetic defects
Substances known to produce or promote cancer are called
carcinogens.
kinases
cyclins.
malignancies.
How is a benign tumor different from a malignant tumor?
Malignant tumors do not spread; cells in a benign tumor break away and spread to other parts of the body
Benign tumors perform the specialized functions needed by the body; malignant tumors do not.
Malignant tumors exert pressure on surrounding tissues; benign tumors do not.
Benign tumors do not spread; cells in a malignant tumor break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Which stage of interphase is DNA replicated?
S phase
G1 phase
G2 phase
Go phase
Which phase of mitosis is this?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
_____ is the uncontrolled growth of cells, often resulting in a tumor or mass of abnormal cells
Cancer
Apoptosis
Radiation
Apoptosis is
programmed cell death
mysterious cell death
programmed cellular mutation
mysterious cellular mutation
What is the process called in which a cell duplicates its DNA?
Transcription
Mitosis
Translation
Replication
What rule does DNA replication follow to produce two new complementary strands?
Rule of independent assortment
Rule of segregation
Rule of base pairing
Rule of dominance
What is the result of DNA replication?
Two completely new DNA molecules
One DNA molecule and one RNA molecule
Two DNA molecules identical to each other and to the original molecule
Two DNA molecules different from each other
Match each enzyme with its correct function during DNA replication.
Primase
Synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis
Helicase
Unzips the DNA molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds
RNA polymerase
Synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription
DNA ligase
Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
What is the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
Helicase
Topoisomerase
Single-strand binding protein
The role of telomerase in DNA replication is (a) .
How does DNA replication differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells replicate DNA in the nucleus, while eukaryotic cells replicate DNA in the cytoplasm
There is no difference in DNA replication between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells replicate DNA from a single point, while eukaryotic cells replicate DNA from multiple points
Prokaryotic cells replicate DNA from multiple points, while eukaryotic cells replicate DNA from a single point
What triggers the beginning of DNA replication in most prokaryotic cells?
Regulatory proteins binding to a single starting point on the chromosome
The unwinding of the DNA helix by helicase
The cell entering prophase of mitosis
The presence of telomerase enzyme
During DNA replication, if the base on the old strand is adenine, what is added to the newly forming strand?
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine
What happens to the chromosomes produced by replication in eukaryotic cells before cell division?
They are degraded and synthesized anew
They immediately separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
They remain closely associated until the cell enters prophase of mitosis
They fuse together to form a single chromosome
The picture below shows the steps of DNA replication beginning with step one and ending with step three.
Because you are reusing the old, or parent, DNA strand DNA replication is said to be
Semi- Conservative
Semi-discontinuous
Continuous
Fully-Conserveative
The picture below shows an enzyme unwinding and unzipping DNA.
What is the name of this enzyme?
DNA Helicase
DNA Ligase
DNA polyermase
RNA Polymerase
Adenine in DNA pairs with (a) .
Match he nucleotide with its complementary nucleotide. (DNA to DNA).
Cytosine-
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Which enzyme is responsible for adding the free nucleotides to the replicating DNA?
DNA Helicase
DNA Ligase
DNA polyermase
RNA Polymerase
Which is the first step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which is the second step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which is the third step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which is the fourth step?
DNA Helicase unwinds original DNA strand
RNA Primase lays down RNA primer for new nucleotide bases.
DNA polymerase builds new strands by bring in new nucleotide bases.
Ligase knits together fragments on lagging strand
Which letter in the picture below depicts the leading strand in DNA replication?
A
C
B
None of the above
Which letter in the picture below depicts the lagging strand in DNA replication?
A
C
B
None of the above
Which letter in the picture below depicts the replication fork in DNA replication?
A
C
B
None of the above
If a person suffered from a disorder where their DNA fragments were unable to fill in the missing slots in between the fragments of the lagging strand, they would most likely have a disorder that affected which enzyme?
DNA Helicase
DNA Ligase
DNA polyermase
RNA Polymerase
DNA replication runs from (a) ' to (b) ' and is said to be (c) .
Okazaki fragments appear on which strand of DNA during DNA replication?
lagging
leading
The directionality of DNA is said to be ___________, because it is side by side by goes in opposite directions.
Anti-directional
Parallel
Anti-parallel
Anti-uniform
