Wakefield and Tuney note '"Increases in the incarceration rate are fairly transparently linked to

___"

According to Wakefield and Tuney, for Garland, both high crime and mass incarceration

share a common source:

Wakefield and Tuney argue high rates of crime and punishment are so difficult to tackle simultaneously without making racial disparities in punishment worse because mass incarceration resulted from...

Wakefield and Tuney state that mass incarceration is the results of racialized politics that emerged in response to the ___

Wakefield and Tuney say that the U.S. pursued paths of ___ in the post-war period.

conditions for a carceral state according to Wakefield and Tuney

Muller states that "In 1970, the US imprisonment rate -- excluding jails -- stood at roughly 100 per 100,000 people. Forty years later, it had grown ___ times as large"

Muller states, "For most of the nearly four decades of prison growth, Black Americans were imprisoned at roughly ___ times the rate of white Americans"

Muller says that demand for black labor was relatively ___ in the mid 20th century

Muller says the high demand for black labor in the mid 20th century collapsed in the second half of the 20th century because of...

Muller says young black men's labor force participation fell and crime rose amid a conservative reaction to...

Today, Muller says, many of the economic changes that hit Black Americans first are hitting white Americans, whose incarceration rate is ___

Even though the odds of Black people perpetrating violence were 85% higher compared to Whites, ___ could be explained by neighborhood social context, family life, and immigration status.

Blacks are ___ times more likely to die by homicide than Whites.

Homicide is the leading cause of death in young ___

Latinos experience lower rates of violence despite being generally poorer than ___.

A typical Black in Chicago lives in a neighborhood that is ___% Black.

Black violence is ___ times that of Whites.

the level of violence committed is ___ for recent immigrants.

According to Alexander, more then ___% of criminal cases are never tried before a jury.

In Hamelin v Michigan life in prison for first time drug offenders was considered...

Muller discusses two things that shape Black inequality:

Under slavery and convict leasing, incarceration of Black people is ___.

When labor demand is high, incarceration rates are ___.

declines in labor demand, partly due to mechanization, means ___

In the North, employers wanted to ___ Black people.

In the South, employers wanted to ___ Black people.

_ _ _ politics after the Civil Rights movement framed Black communities as criminal, and increased Black arrest rates

In 1970 the imprisonment rates was about 100 per 100,000 people, but in 2010 this rate was about ___ times as large.

the demand for black labor collapsed with ___

the boll weevil case caused which of the following to occur:

The 1st Great migration caused two effects on the Black incarceration rate:

Within 20 years, a 95% increase in mechanized cotton harvesting occurred. This led to:

Black Americans with high levels of education and income are more likely than White Americans with low levels of education and income to experience incarceration of a family member or live in a community with high rates of incarceration.

The NCRP tracks imprisonment by county, ___, race, and ___. And didn't start in a preliminary way until 1983.

The data is provided by the ___ for the NCRP.

_ _ _ are distant, and lead to chain reactions that eventually affect the incarceration rate

_ _ _ are closer, that often directly cause a change to the incarceration rate

big picture changes include:

Big changes in the life course for men: erosion of ___ led both to more serious crime and drug crimes.

The ___ meant to equate blackness and civil rights with criminality. There was also a broader rightward shift in the South.

Phase one:

Phase two:

phase three:

included in phase one:

included in phase two:

included in phase three:

From 1990 to 2010, the state incarceration rate grew ___

_ _ _ refers to the temporal growth in inequalities that magnify preexisting differenced between individuals and groups

arrest is no longer tied to actual crime offending

in 1979 arrest is ___ and linked to crime, whereas in 1997 arrest is ___ and not linked to crime.

in 1997, black men not reporting crime were more likely to be arrested than white people who did report crime

percentage increase between 1979 and 1997 of the arrest rate of black men who did not commit crime

Even though in St. Louis the population is 49% black and 46% white, drug arrests are ___% black and 26% white.

In St. Louis, black people are arrested for drug offenses ___ times more than white people.

In St Louis, arrests are ___% possession and 11% sale and manufacturing.

_ _ _ % of neighborhoods in St. Louis are racially homogeneous

In St. Louis, ___% of arrests are proactive policing, and 26% are reactive policing.

The UCR is crime reported by:

NCVS reports way ___ crime than the UCR

Even though the U.S population is 75% white and 12% black, ___% of people charged with a felony were black compared to 30% white.

contact with the police increases your chances of criminal conduct

Even though crack cocaine use is 70% white and only 8% black, crack cocaine arrests are ___% Black and only 8.6% white.

Seattle has the highest black white ratio in drug arrests of:

Approximately what was the average imprisonment rate (per 100,000 people) in the U.S. between 1930 and 1970?

Which race is attributed to the greatest number of people who have ever committed a felony in the U.S.?

What is the age range of highest imprisonment in the U.S. in 2022?

A 4 year sentence for a felony crime would put someone in a...

The combined state and federal imprisonment rate (per 100,000 people) in the U.S. by the end of 2022 was...

What increased in the U.S. in the 90s?

People imprisoned for violent offenses spend an average of ___ years in prison.

As of 2022, what percent of prisoners were held in private facilities?

What is the most common familial incarceration?

In 2005, about ___ of incarcerated people were arrested within their first year of release, and ___ were arrested within 10 years of their release.

What percent of people are eventually released from incarceration?

Professor would guess that the war on drugs is ___ of the increase in incarceration rates.