All of the following are disease that present as dilated cardiomyopathy EXCEPT?

which of the following is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

which of the following is NOT a symptom or clinical finding associated with infective endocarditis?

a pericardial effusion may form due to

in dilated cardiomyopathies:

each answer is a characteristic of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) EXCEPT for:

what type of murmur is heard with aortic valve stenosis?

in cardiac tamponade, the MV inflow ______ with inspiration and _____ with expiration

which tumor is most common benign tumor found in the adult heart?

which tumor is most common benign tumor found in pediatrics?

this image demonstrates which type of pathology?

which classification of aortic dissection involves just the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta?

which cardiac pathology may present with mid-systolic aortic valve closure?

what coronary artery perfuses the wall segment indicated by the arrows?

what is the most common etiology of pulmonic stenosis?

a complication of this cardiomyopathy is:

significant pulmonary regurg is a:

MVP is considered present when any portion of the leaflet protrudes beyond the mitral annulus by

the connective tissue disease that manifests as "stretchy" skin, hypermobile joints, and easy bruising:

this type of tumor results in the TV being thickened, retracted and immobile as shown below:

which is NOT a possible cause of an aortic aneurysm?

to differentiate between restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis, this parameter may be used:

untreated systemic HTN can cause

when color Doppler is applied to this image, what would be the most likely finding:

the velocity measurement of 4.2 m/s and area of 0.7 cm^2 through the aortic valve would indicate:

a characteristic in PSAX of RV pressure overload is

the three layers of the pericardium include epicardium, myocardium and pericardium.

a "spongy" appearance of the myocardium with prominent ventricular trabeculations describes:

dilated cardiomyopathies create a pressure overload.

the right sinus of valsalva is more prone to aneurysm than the left sinus of valsalva.

echocardiography cannot rule out the presence of acute PE

MR associated with SAM would have a posteriorly directed jet.

decreased LV preload will augment dynamic outflow obstructions.

amyloid and sarcoid are what type of cardiac abnormalities?

a 2D echo finding associated with RV volume overload:

Eisenmenger's syndrome may be associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

the Chiari network is found in the:

surgical intervention of the aorta is considered when there is a rapid change in dilation of ____ mm per year

increases in preload cause dialtion

venous return decreases with inspiration

which of the following is not included in the aortic root?

which pathology is a delayed form of pericarditis; occurring 1-12 weeks after MI?

3 month post-op echo post MV replacement, you notice excessive rocking motion of the sewing ring. this is called what

patient undergoes valve replacement for endocarditis. which of the following is an ABNORMAL post-op finding?

what is the classic 2D finding associated with cardiac tamponade?

during which part of the cardiac cycle can a bicuspid aortic valve be diagnosed?

which side of the MV will a vegetation likely appear on?

what is a common cardiac auscultory finding for constrictive pericarditis?

which cardiac disease creates concentric hypertrophy?

what is NOT a complication of the pathology pictured?

what is the best definition of PHTN?

iron overload that can affect multiple organ systems:

which of the following values indicate PHTN

what is the difference between idiopathic and secondary PHTN

which best defines the etiology of PHTN?

increased pressure of pulmonary arteries leads to an enlarged RV

which is the best definition of a murmur?

what does a crescendo-decrescendo murmur indicate?

what does a holosystolic murmur indicate?

what does an early diastolic/decrescendo murmur indicate?

what does a mid-late diastolic murmur indicate?

which is a key feature of PHTN?

what would you see on an EKG in a patient with PHTN?

what class of medications (and drugs) are considered first line of treatment for PHTN?

which of the following is a classic finding of MS?

MR associated with MS is most likely due to

signs and symptoms of MS include murmur, dyspnea, fatigue, dizziness, CP, syncope, and may worsen with exercise

what contributes to the doming effect?

choose the statement that supports the pressure halftime as it related to MS

MVA =

if the MV PHT = 200 ms, the patient most likely has (hint: calculate the MVA to get the answer, you have 2 mins to answer)

choose a WELL KNOWN cause of MR

chronic MR leads to decreased pulmonary artery pressure

what does pulmonary venous systolic flow reversal indicate

what type of AS originates at the aortic valve cusps and moves out toward the commissures?

which of the following can over or underestimate AS

proximal to the aortic valve:

the thickening of the valve because of accumulation of sugar chains

MVP must be greater than ___ beyond the annulus in systole

combination of ASD and MS is what disease

which is a secondary finding in MR

the mean pressure in the LA is

chronic MR is a pressure overload

acute MR can happen due to a MI

with acute MR, you can have normal size chambers

stroke volume is related to

what is the most common MS etiology

Frank Starling law is associated with afterload

early closure of the PV is seen in

4TRv^2 is used to calculate RVSP

reversal of cardiac shunts from left to right to right to left

change in the structure of the RV due to abnormal pulmonary circulation in long standing PHTN

what will you see in the short axis pap view with pressure overload:

PE is defined as:

a tumor or thrombus can cause or mimic MS

PE can be fatal if left untreated

MS always causes MR

MS over time causes LAE

you should check for LA thrombus in the presence of MS

which is a primary finding of MS

which is a secondary feature of MS

which is a complication of MS

severe MS valve area

elevated pressures in the arterial vessels in the body is called

normal blood pressure

systemic HTN is known as the "silent killer" when left untreated

essential HTN is

all are risk factors for HTN EXCEPT:

which pathology can happen due to untreated, prolonged HTN

diabetes is a comorbidity for HTN

HTN can not cause a heart attack or stroke:

HTN can cause aortic dissection or aneurysm

all of the following are treatments for HTN EXCEPT:

smoking will lower blood pressure

which of the following is considered PHTN?

congestion in the vascular bed of the lungs

glycogen storage disease within the myocardium

multisystem disorder characterized by extra cellular interstitial deposits of protein

inflammatory masses formed by granulomas that are deposited into multiple organs including the myocardium of the heart

endomyocardial fibrosis is also known as the "heart of africa"

excessive alcohol use can result in dilated cardiomyopathy

which of the following is also known as congestive cardiomyopathy

the most common cardiomyopathy is known as RCM

LV thrombus is a primary finding of DCM

Takotsubo is also known as

Chagas disease is a genetic disease

what is the inner layer of the arterial wall

congenital defect that impacts the connective tissue in the body

tear in the intimal lining of the aorta

the ascending aorta only dissection is classified as Type I

aortic dissection can be fatal if not treated

DCM requires transplant in end stages

which echo method is most commonly used to estimate pressure gradients across valves?

what doppler technique is required for accurate gradient assessment in stenotic valves?

in severe AS, the mean transvalvular gradient is typically

the peak velocity threshold for severe AS is

pressure half time is most useful for quantifying the severity of

a MVA <1.0 cm^2 with a mean gradient >10 mmHg suggests

in TR, the peak regurgitation velocity is used to estimate

the mean transmitral gradient in mild MS is usually

the vena contracta width of >0.7 cm in MR responds to

which parameter is least dependent on heart rate when assessing MS

PS is considered severe when the peak doppler velocity is

in AI, pressure half time of <200 m/s indicates

what is the hemodynamic consequence of overestimating doppler angle in stenosis assessment?

which gradient is more clinically relevant in valve stenosis assessment?

a patient with MS has a pressure half time of 300 m/s. what is the estimated valve area? (hint: calculate the MVA, you have 2 minutes to answer)

the gorlin equation is based on

in MR, an effective regurgitant orifice area ≥ 0.40 cm^2 indicates

PI severity is best assessed by

what additional parameter must be added to TR gradient to estimate PASP

in low flow, low gradient AS, dobutamine stress echo helps determine true vs pseudo-severe stenosis

MR jet area by color doppler is less reliable because it is highly dependent on

severe TS usually presents with a mean gradient of

for severe MS, which combination is correct

CW doppler across the aortic valve shows a (Vmax) of 4.2 m/s. what is the peak instantaneous pressure gradient? (you have 2 mins to answer so you can calculate)

CW Doppler across the AV shows a mean transvalvular gradient of 45 mmHg (sinus rhythm, no tachycardia). severity? (you have 2 mins to answer for your valvulation

CW Doppler across the pulmonic valve shows a peak velocity (Vmax) of 3.8 m/s. what is the severity of pulmonic stenosis? (you have 2 mins to answer and to calculate)

An adult in sinus rhythm with normal SV has a mean aortic valve gradient of 32 mmHg on CW Doppler. Severity? (you have 2 mins to calculate and answer)