Which hormone is primarily released with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which reflex involves mechanoreceptors detecting changes in pressure?

Which reflex describes increased venous return stretching receptors of the right atrium, sending vagal signals to the medulla, and resulting in increased heart rate?

Which reflex uses chemosensitive cells that respond to changes in pH status and blood oxygen tension?

Which maneuver involves forced expiration against a closed glottis, producing increased intrathoracic pressure, increased venous pressure, and decreased venous return?

The contraction phase of the heart is called:

The relaxation/repolarization phase of the heart is called:

Which term describes the volume of blood ejected by each contraction of the left ventricle (normal range 60–80 ml)?

Which term describes the amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per minute (normal at rest 4.5–5 L/min; during exercise up to 25 L/min)?

Which term describes the amount of blood that returns to the right atrium each minute?

Which blood component is the liquid portion that consists of water, electrolytes, and proteins, helping regulate blood pressure and temperature?

Which blood cells contain hemoglobin, give blood its red color, and bind with oxygen?

Which condition is described as too few red blood cells, resulting in fatigue and weakness?

Which condition is described as too many red blood cells, making blood too thick and increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack?

Which blood cells are also called thrombocytes, functioning in clotting and forming plugs to seal blood vessels?

Which condition is described as low platelet count, increasing risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding?

Which condition is described as too many platelets, increasing the risk of thrombosis, stroke, or heart attack?

Which blood cells, also called leukocytes, protect the body against infections?

A condition with low white blood cell count, increasing risk of infection is called:

A condition with increased white blood cell count, often indicating infection or leukemia is called:

Which of the following are the five main types of white blood cells?

Which type of WBC protects the body against infections by ingesting bacteria and debris?

Which type of WBC includes T cells and natural killer cells (fighting viruses and cancer) and B cells that produce antibodies?

Which WBCs ingest dead or damaged cells and defend against infectious organisms?

Which WBCs kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses?

Which WBCs participate in allergic responses?

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, often caused by chronic hypertension or connective tissue disease, is called:

Which condition may present with generalized abdominal or low back pain?

Which condition may present with pulsations near the navel?

Which condition may present with sudden severe headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, seizure, loss of consciousness, or double vision?

A condition described as transient chest pressure or discomfort from myocardial ischemia is called:

Which type of angina occurs predictably with exertion or stress and responds to rest or nitroglycerin?

Which type of angina is more intense, lasts longer, occurs at rest, and is progressive?

Which condition involves the accumulation of fatty plaques in artery walls, restricting blood flow and potentially causing clots?

Which condition describes damage to veins and valves in the lower extremities, impairing return of blood to the heart?

Which condition, also called pulmonary heart disease, involves hypertrophy of the right ventricle due to pulmonary pathology?

Which condition involves narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaques?

Which condition describes a blood clot in deep veins of the lower extremities that can result in pulmonary embolism?

Which condition is a progressive inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output, often from LV weakness?

Signs and symptoms: heart palpitations, SOB, chest pain, coughing, ankle swelling, and fatigue

What condition does this describe?

Which condition is a disease of the heart muscle causing enlargement, thickening, or stiffening, making pumping less efficient?

Etiology: HTN, high cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes.

Signs and symptoms:

Coronary arteries: angina pectoris

Cerebral arteries: numbness, weakness, difficulty speaking, drooping face

Peripheral arteries: intermittent claudication

What condition does this describe?

Etiology: obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing.

Signs and symptoms: leg swelling, varicose veins, aching, heaviness or cramping, itching, redness, skin ulcers.

What condition does this describe?

Etiology: pulmonary hypertension.

Signs and symptoms: SOB with exertion, fatigue, palpitations, atypical chest pain, swelling of LE, dizziness, syncope.

What condition does this describe?

Etiology: high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity.

Signs and symptoms: angina; >70% occlusion may cause heart attack.

What condition does this describe?

Etiology: prolonged sitting or bed rest, pregnancy, cancer, hormone therapy, overweight/obesity, smoking.

Signs and symptoms: swelling, pain, redness, warmth in affected leg.

What condition does this describe?

Etiology: CAD, HTN, DM, MI, abnormal valves, cardiomyopathy.

Signs and symptoms: SOB, fatigue, swelling in legs/abdomen, irregular heartbeat, persistent cough, weight gain from fluid retention.

What condition does this describe?

Etiology: often unknown. Secondary form may be due to renal disease.

Signs and symptoms: S4 heart sound, chest pain, dyspnea, CNS symptoms (confusion, seizures).

What condition does this describe?

A patient with a history of right ventricular myocardial infarction presents with swelling in the lower extremities, jugular vein distention, enlarged liver and spleen, ascites, cyanosis, fatigue, nausea, and weight gain from fluid retention. What is the most likely condition?

A patient presents with shortness of breath, difficulty breathing when lying down, nocturnal dyspnea, spasmodic cough with pink frothy sputum, fatigue, diaphoresis, tachycardia, and decreased urine output. What is the most likely condition?

A patient is prescribed low-level exercise, including warm-up and cool-down, with careful monitoring of vital signs before, during, and after activity. The patient is advised to avoid isometric exercises or heavy lifting. What is the purpose of this exercise prescription?

Which blood pressure reading is considered normal?

Which blood pressure range is considered elevated?

Which blood pressure range represents Stage 1 Hypertension?

Which blood pressure range represents Stage 2 Hypertension?

Which blood pressure range represents Hypertension Crisis?

A patient presents with chest pressure and severe pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. Workup reveals irreversible necrosis of the myocardium caused by reduced or blocked blood flow through the coronary arteries. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient complains of fatigue, aching, and numbness in the calf during walking. Physical exam shows poor wound healing in the feet, trophic skin changes, and hair loss on the legs. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient is found to have blood leaking backward through a valve due to improper closure. Imaging also shows stenosis from thickened and stiffened valve leaflets that do not open fully. Which condition is this?

A patient is prescribed a medication that causes dilation of arterioles and veins, lowering blood pressure. What type of drug is this?

Cardura is an example of which type of drug?

Minipress is an example of which type of drug?

A patient is prescribed medication that decreases blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Which type of drug is this?

Vasotec is classified as what type of drug?

Capoten is classified as what type of drug?

A patient is given medication that inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, also known as a “blood thinner.” Which drug type is this?

Coumadin is classified as which type of drug?

Heparin is classified as which type of drug?

A patient with high cholesterol is prescribed medication that lowers LDL and triglycerides while raising HDL. What drug class is this?

Lipitor belongs to which drug class?

Zocor belongs to which drug class?

A patient with a recent stent placement is prescribed a drug that inhibits platelet aggregation to prevent clot formation. What type of medication is this?

Plavix is an example of which drug type?

Bayer is an example of which drug type?

A patient with hypertension is prescribed a medication that reduces myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing heart rate and contractility. What drug class is this?

Lopressor belongs to which drug class?

Tenormin belongs to which drug class?

A patient is prescribed a medication that decreases calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation and reduced oxygen demand of the heart. Which drug class is this?

Procardia is classified as which type of drug?

Cardizen is classified as which type of drug?

A patient is prescribed a medication that increases sodium and water excretion, reducing plasma volume and blood pressure. What drug class is this?

Lasix is an example of which drug type?

Diuril is an example of which drug type?

A procedure involving a balloon-tipped catheter expanded inside a stenotic artery, often followed by stent placement to reduce risk of restenosis. What is this called?

A surgically implanted, battery-powered device placed in the left anterior chest to prevent slow heart rate, fatigue, and fainting is known as:

A surgical procedure rerouting blood around narrowed or occluded coronary arteries using grafts from the saphenous vein, internal thoracic artery, or radial artery is called:

Replacement of a failing heart with a healthy donor heart in patients with end-stage heart failure, CAD, or valvular disease is called:

A miniature pump implanted in the chest that provides mechanical support to the ventricles, often used while waiting for a transplant, is called:

What angina pain scale rating describes mild, barely noticeable pain?

What angina pain scale rating describes moderate, bothersome pain?

What angina pain scale rating describes moderately severe, very uncomfortable pain?

What angina pain scale rating describes the most severe or intense pain ever experienced?

If a patient’s ABI value is greater than 1.4, what does this indicate?

An ABI rating between 1.0–1.4 is classified as:

An ABI rating between 0.8–0.99 indicates:

An ABI rating between 0.4–0.79 indicates:

An ABI rating less than 0.4 indicates:

Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the aortic area?

Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the pulmonic area?

Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the mitral area?

Where do you place the stethoscope to listen to the tricuspid area?

Which heart sound (lub) represents closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the onset of ventricular systole?

Which heart sound (dub) represents closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the onset of ventricular diastole?

Which heart sound is normal in children but abnormal in adults, often associated with heart failure, and called a “ventricular gallop”?

Which heart sound is linked to vibration during atrial contraction, associated with HTN, stenosis, or MI, and called an “atrial gallop”?

A soft, blowing, swishing sound heard due to blood flow disruption past a stenotic or regurgitant valve is called:

Leaflets that fail to close tightly, allowing backward blood flow, describe which condition?

What BMI classification corresponds to < 18.5?

What BMI classification corresponds to 18.5–24.9?

What BMI classification corresponds to 25–29.9?

What BMI classification corresponds to 30–34.9?

What BMI classification corresponds to 35–39.9?

What BMI classification corresponds to > 40?

Applying pressure to a nail bed until it blanches, then releasing and measuring the time it takes to regain color, tests for:

What capillary refill time is considered normal?

What capillary refill time indicates compromised blood flow?

A 12-lead recording that graphically represents the heart’s electrical activity and is used to assess cardiac rhythm, ischemia, or infarction is called:

Which ECG wave represents atrial depolarization?

Which ECG interval represents atrial depolarization and conduction from the SA node to the AV node?

What is the normal duration of the PR interval?

Which ECG waveform represents ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization?

What is the normal duration of the QRS complex?

Which ECG interval represents the time for both ventricular depolarization and repolarization?

What is the normal duration of the QT interval?

Which ECG segment represents the isoelectric period after the QRS when ventricles are depolarized?

Which ECG wave represents ventricular repolarization?

What is the term for a heart rate less than 60 bpm?

A heart rate between 60–100 bpm with normal conduction from the SA node is called:

A heart rate greater than 100 bpm is called:

A sinus rhythm with slight beat-to-beat variation in rate due to impulse formation in the SA node is called:

Intermittent failure of SA node impulse formation or AV node conduction, resulting in absence of P or QRS waves, is called:

An exercise test that monitors ECG, HR, BP, and symptoms while treadmill or cycle workload increases is called:

Which of the following is an absolute indication for terminating an exercise test?

Passive dorsiflexion of the foot with the knee straight causing pain in the calf or popliteal space is a positive test for:

What is the test called when you perform passive dorsiflexion of the foot with the knee straight causing pain in the calf or popliteal space?

Where do you palpate the dorsalis pedis artery?

A patient develops angina during a treadmill stress test. The pain is rated as moderately severe (3 on angina scale). What should the clinician do?

During an exercise stress test, a patient shows nervous system symptoms such as ataxia and dizziness. What is the appropriate action?

A patient demonstrates cyanosis and pallor while exercising during a cardiac stress test. This indicates:

During exercise stress testing, sustained ventricular tachycardia is observed on the ECG. The proper response is:

Which of the following ECG findings is an absolute indication to terminate an exercise stress test?

A patient performing an exercise stress test complains of fatigue, shortness of breath, wheezing, leg cramps, and claudication. The appropriate action is:

A patient’s blood pressure rises to 260/120 mmHg during exercise stress testing. This is considered:

What is the normal resting heart rate for an infant?

What is the normal resting heart rate for a child?

What is the normal resting heart rate for an adult?

A heart rate pulse grade of 3+ indicates:

A heart rate pulse grade of 2+ indicates:

A heart rate pulse grade of 1+ indicates:

A heart rate pulse grade of 0 indicates:

Which measure is calculated by multiplying heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) to estimate myocardial oxygen demand?

Which scale is commonly used to measure a patient’s subjective perception of exertion during exercise?

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 7 corresponds to:

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 9 corresponds to:

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 11 corresponds to:

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 13 corresponds to:

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 15 corresponds to:

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 17 corresponds to:

On the Borg RPE scale, a rating of 19 corresponds to:

Which functional test requires the patient to walk along a 100-foot track or treadmill for six minutes while monitoring vitals and exertion?

How is maximum heart rate (HRmax) commonly estimated?

Which of the following is a normal cardiorespiratory response to acute aerobic exercise?

Which of the following occurs with DBP during normal aerobic exercise?

During normal aerobic exercise, which of the following best describes oxygen consumption?