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WorksheetsIntro to Epidemiology Exam Review
Total questions: 97
Worksheet time: 1hrs 9mins
Which of the following study designs is also referred to as a prevalence survey?
case survey
case series
cross sectional study/survey
randomized control trial (RCT)
What type of survey is a cross sectional survey that is conducted routinely (ex: every few yrs)?
(a)
What type of data is referred to as 'dichotomous'? (has only yes or no- 2 possible answers)
(a)
When new cases of a disease occur rapidly over a short period of time in a well-defined population, the incidence rate is referred to as (a) rate
Family history is a modifiable risk factor of heart disease
true
false
Which of the following would be a form of primary prevention?
removal of abnormal moles
engaging in cognitive behavioral therapy
receiving yearly mammogram
taking prenatal vitamins during pregnancy
36 cases of giardiasis over 6 weeks traced to occasional use of a supplementary reservoir (incubation period is 3-25 days, usually 7-10 days). Which type of epidemic spread is this most likely an example of?
(a)
In the word epidemiology, demos means
study of
people
on, upon or befall
demographics
In the definition of epidemiology, determinants refers to
frequency of health outcomes
causal factors
frequency of health events
pattern of health events
If 43 cases of norovirus infection occur over 2 days are traced to the ice machine of a cruise ship, what type of epidemic spread is it most likely?
Note: Incubation period is usually 24-48 hrs
(a)
If 21 cases of shigellosis occur among children/workers at a daycare over a period of 6 weeks w/ no external source identified, which type of epidemic spread has most likely occurred?
Note- Incubation period is usually 1-3 days
(a)
If fewer than_____% of children are vaccinated for a contagious disease, the danger of serious outbreaks or local epidemics remains
75%
70%
78%
80%
In chronic diseases, the incubation period is referred to as the (a) period
What term describes a pathogen's ability to cause disease?
(a)
What is the field of science that studies causes of disease and their mode of operation?
(a)
The Framingham Study advanced which of the following study designs/approaches?
morbidity statistics
mortality statistics
cohort tracking
carrier tracking
Which of the following used applied statistics to learn and improve upon medical/surgical practices?
Bernardo Ramazzini
Florence Nightengale
Mary Mallon
Alice Hamilton
Which vitamin is produced in the body when sunshine acts on its fats?
D
E
A
K
Bernardini Ramazzini suggested _______ to prevent public health problems?
adding limes to the diet of seamen
ensuring proper ventillation in workplaces
tracking active carriers of disease
washing hands btwn seeing patient
If someone has a weaker strain of cowpox, then they would not get the full disease later on. This is termed (a)
Which of the following was shown to be a waterborne disease?
Yellow fever
small pox
rickets
cholera
Scurvy results from a diet deficient of:
meat
bread
all of the above
citrus
John Snow observed the following as the association between city size and the length of an epidemic:
As the city size ___________, the length of the epidemic ______________
increased; decreased
decreased; increased
decreased; decreased
increased; increased
An invading substance that stimulates the immune system is a:
(a)
John Salk suggested that herd immunity required what level of immunity for polio in the population/group?
85%
50%
95%
75%
The incubation period is equivalent to which of the following?
stage of recovery, disability or death
stage of susceptibility
stage of clinical disease
stage of presymptomatic disease
Malaria being spread by mosquitos is an example of which type of disease transmission?
airborne/repiratory
vector-borne
fomite borne
intestinal discharge (aka alvine)
Latency period is a term used in the context of which of the following?
noncommunicable acute disease
chronic disease
infectious acute disease
infectious disease
Pathogens include all of the following except:
a non-microscopic parasite capable of prod disease
a microorganism that causes disease
a source of/cause of communicable disease
all of these are pathogens
a virus that prod disease
What type of study design is preferred in epidemiology?
(a)
Which data type best describes the variable mRNA vaccine dosages in mcg?
nominal data
discrete data
continuous data
ordinal data
The fraction (# of deaths from COVID-19 in 2020)/(# of all deaths in 2020) is a
proportion
ratio
rate
none of these
A __________ involves making comparisons btwn variables where the unit of analysis is aggregated data on the population level
cross-sectional survey
case report
ecologic study
case series
point prevalence is a
proportion
rate
ratio
none of these
Which descriptive study design would you use to collect exposure and disease data at the individual level and calculate prevalence estimates?
cross sectional
case series
ecologic
prevalence is not estimated w/ any of the above
Which of the following types of data provide order among the categories?
discrete
ordinal
nominal
continuous
What kind of population pyramid is characterized by high birth and death rates?
(a)
What kind of population pyramid is characterized by a low birth and death rate, but longer life expectancy?
(a)
____________ is the excess risk of outcome among the exposed group compared w/ the unexposed group
risk ratio
rate ratio
relative risk
risk difference
Which study design is appropriate for determining the incidence of disease?
case series
case control
cross-sectional
cohort
An odds ratio greater than 0 indicates a positive association btwn exposure and disease?
true
false
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate way to minimize loss to follow-up?
provide incentives for continued participation
have periodic contact w/ participants
exclude those not likely to remain in the study
all of these can be done to reduce loss to follow-up
In a case-control study it is not good practice to select cases and controls from the same population?
true
false
A measure of strength of the association btwn the exposure and disease in case-control studies is the:
rate ratio
risk ratio
odds ratio
relative risk
What is the primary limitation w/ using a non-randomized clinical trial?
a comparison group is not available
patients may be assigned to intervention groups they do not prefer
not effective at controlling for measured confounding variables
not effective at controlling unmeasured confounding variables
A component cause is also called which of the following?
epidemiological triangle
risk factor
all of these are correct
web of causation
Which of the following is the criterion that states that an exposure must precede a disease for a causal association to be established?
coherence
biological plausibility
temporality
specificity
For each of the following risk factors and health outcomes, identify whether they are necessary, sufficient, and/or component causes.
Risk factor: Obesity/high BMI
Health outcome: Heart disease
(a)
For each of the following risk factors and health outcomes, identify whether they are necessary, sufficient, and/or component causes.
Risk factor: Infection w/ SARS-CoV2 virus
Health outcome: COVID 19
(a)
For each of the following risk factors and health outcomes, identify whether they are necessary, sufficient, and/or component causes.
Risk factor: Smoking
Health outcome: Breast cancer
(a)
What kind of factor facilitates the occurance of a disease?
predisposing factors
reinforcing factors
enabling factors
precipitating factors
__________ refers to a conclusion about a population based on sample data?
statistical inference
confidence interval
indirect causal association
causal inference
Webs of causation play a more useful role when one is trying to describe disease etiology for which type of disease?
infectious
two of these are correct
chronic
acute
The primary concern in RCTs is:
misclassification
loss to follow-up
selection bias
observer bias
Information on the at-risk population from which cases are derived (denominator) should be combined with disease frequency data to calculate attack rates.
true
false
Typhoid fever is an example of:
chemical poisoning
none of these is correct
food poisoning
food infection
A "good" final report in a field investigation should include all of the following except
a review of the course of the epidemic in the form of a case study
tables, graphs and charts
a description of the intervention and its effects
a comparison of the hypotheses with the established facts
Which of the following best describes the null hypothesis?
none of these is correct
an informal basis for a statistical test of association
a best guess formulated using a statistic
indicates no difference btwn groups or no association
A (a) is an aggregation of cases of a disease or other health-related condition, that are closely grouped in time and place.
Each of the following tend to characterize an epidemiological field investigation except
a timely response may be required
the epidemiologist's presence in the field is required to solve the problem
all are true
the problem is unexpected
Which of the following is a key reason for conducting a cluster investigation?
ID whether the number of cases is above what is expected
if possible ID causal relationships
confirm reported disease cases
each of these is a key reason for conducting a cluster investigation
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?
early detection of disease-ex: yearly cancer screenings
taking a multivitamin
therapy for existing arthritis
reducing the risk of overmedicalization
Which of the following lists the correct order of the chain of infection?
infectious agent--> reservoir --> portal of entry --> mode of transmission --> susceptible host --> portal of exit
infectious agent--> portal of exit --> mode of transmission --> portal of entry --> susceptible host
infectious agent--> reservoir --> portal of exit --> mode of transmission --> portal of entry --> susceptible host
infectious agent --> reservoir --> portal of exit --> susceptible host --> portal of exit
A healthy carrier is also referred to as a (a) case
Which term describes the habitat of the infectious agent that it depends on for survival?
(a)
What term describes the first disease case brought to the epidemiologist's attention?
(a)
What form of disease transmission is characterized by the spread of a disease from one person to another
vertical transmission
transverse transmission
horizontal transmission
congenital transmission
What term describes the period when disease is at its maximum severity?
(a)
What term describes the period where illness symptoms are declining, and as such, patients feel as though they are recovering
convalescence
defervescence
defection
fastigium
What stage of illness is characterized by signs and symptoms of a disease first appearing?
(a)
Zoonosis can occur in BOTH invertebrate and vertebrate animals
true
false
What term describes the ability of the antigen system to have the ability to respond to disease effectively?
(a)
What term describes any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological, or anatomic structure/fx?
(a)
What term is characterized by the diminished capacity to perform w/in a prescribed range?
(a)
Which of the following is the most widespread disease outbreak/event?
endemic
epidemic
pandemic
panegenome
What term describes the rate of new cases occurring among people coming into contact with people who are known cases of a disease?
(a)
What ratio describes the relationship between those who are retired and those who are working age and as such, can support themselves?
(a)
What phenomenon occurs in cohort studies where workers represent the exposed group and a sample from the general population represents the unexposed group, resulting in a possibly inaccurate study?
(a)
What term describes the long term change in morbidity/mortality rates for a given health related state/event in a specific pop?
cyclical trend
selective trend
secular trend
seasonal ternd
What term describes the systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and sharing of health data?
health surveillance
medical surveillance
population health surveillance
public health surveillance
Neonatal mortality rate is for the number of deaths from _______________ in a specific time period/ # of live births from the same time period x 1000
birth to 1.5 yrs
birth to 30 days of life
birth to 29 days of life
birth to 27 days of life
What term describes when the exposure/status of the health related state/event is inaccurately assigned- ex: if a person in a case control study is incorrectly assigned to a group based on their exposure status?
(a)
Which form of bias involves both cases and controls in a case control study being selected from hospital patients, possibly affected the odds ratio?
Berkson's Bias
Reynard's Bias
Giuseppi's Bias
Neyman's bias
Which of the following trials is used to assess new treatment methods?
propylactic trial
therapeutic trial
clinical trial
community trial
In which of the following studies are the participants, investigators and people analyzing the data blinded in some fashion to the interventions?
single-blind
triple-blind
quadruple-blind
double-blind
The purpose of which phase of trial is to determine tolerability, safe dosage and side effects of a drug/device?
(a)
Which of the following factors are present in the host and present a susceptibility/disposition to a disease/condition without causing it?
enabling factors
predisposing factors
reinforcing factor
precipitating factors
What term describes the idea that an exposure is associated with only one disease, or that the disease is only associated w/ one exposure?
(a)
What condition occurs as a result of preformed toxins being present in foods before they are consumed?
(a)
What term describes the occurrences of unexpected health-related events/states that result from specific, recognized causes?
(a)
What term describes when the boundary where a possible disease cluster exists is ill defined, increasing the apparent risk by focusing mostly on cases that make up the cluster?
(a)
What term describes a food borne illness that occurs as a result of chemical contamination of food and drink?
(a)
Each of the following tend to characterize an epidemiology field investigation except
the problem is unexpected
a timely response may be needed
the epidemiologist's presence in the field is needed to solve the problem
when there are several confirmed cases, it may be sufficient to ID other peple as cases if they have the same signs and symptoms
all of the above
What is the most common stat to use to investigate an outbreak?
(a)
What term describes when a substance is changed from one chemical to another by a chemical reaction in the body?
(a)
What term describes the time when a disease is present but not symptomatic or detected?
(a)
What term describes the study of how a substance enters the body and the course it takes while in the body, along with what the body does with that substance?
(a)
