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WorksheetsC Disease Detectives Practice SciOly
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 51mins
Which of the following is the best reason for why a retrospective cohort study design may be advantageous over a case-control study design?
It allows for calculation of incidence rates of the outcome
It requires less time and resources than case-control study
It is less prone to recall bias than a case-control study
It ensures a higher level of control over confounding variables
It is more effective in studying rare outcomes than a case-control study
A study in which groups are compared to identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, and identify causes
analytic study
case-control study
cohort study
cross-sectional study
experimental study
3. Age
a. Time
b. Place
c. Person
The HIV Virus is a retrovirus that attacks Helper T cells in the host.
True
False
Not all protists contain chlorophyll.
True
False
According to WHO, which of the following is the leading cause of vector-borne diseases?
Global travel and trade
Unplanned urbanization
Environmental and social factors
Education and wealth
Who was the first epidemiologist to run an ecological study?
Louis Pasteur
Carlo Urbani
John Snow
Sir Ronald Ross
How do breathing passages help keep pathogens out of the body?
Mucus and cilia trap pathogens
Chemicals kill some pathogens
Phagocytes in the breathing passages destroy pathogens
They produce antibodies that kill pathogens
When the outbreak has been successfully contained, the outbreak team should:
Congratulate each other on a job well done
Inform the facility manager or communicable disease officer
Prepare and distribute a report summarizing their findings and recommendations
Tell the laboratory to destroy all the samples/specimens
Which of the following components of the Public Health Approach correlates with the core action: Risk factor identification
What works?
What is the problem?
How do you do it?
What is the cause?
Where did it start?
A cluster map is used to:
Track disease transmission in the body
Display geographic locations of cases within an outbreak
Show the timeline of disease onset
Identify individuals' risk factors
In 1954, which scientist was responsible for the largest formal human trial examining the polio vaccine?
Edward Jenner
William Farr
Louis Pasteur
Jonas Salk
John Snow
A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area affecting an exceptionally high proportion of people.
epidemic
exposure
infection
pandemic
outbreak
Match the level of prevention: Primary
Immunization and case-finding, to avoid spread
Early and effective treatment of infected people
Prevention the entry of infectious cases into healthy population
Intervention of patients may slow the disease rate
Match the following terms to their definitions. Histamine
Severity of a disease that an agent causes.
A person who is specifically appointed to make medical decisions and give informed consent for a patient who is unable to do so.
A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody.
A physical object that can transmit infectious agents from person to person.
What the body produces when lymphocytes encounter an allergen.
Air pollution, particularly ground-level ozone, is most closely linked to which of the following health issues?
Skin cancer
Asthma and worsened lung function
Diarrheal diseases
Gastrointestinal infections
Scientists trace the beginnings of an outbreak to a dinner. Everyone who attended the dinner was asked to participate in a study where questions concerning demographic information and the food consumed at the dinner were asked. It was found that, among other things, raw carrots and romaine lettuce were served. What is this study considered?
Case-control study
Ecological study
Directional target study
Cohort study
There was lots of debate in the media about using hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 symptoms. If the drug had functioned as its proponents claimed it did, it would be an effective example of what type of prevention?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Match 'Antibodies transferred through breast milk' with the type of immunity it produces.
Naturally acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What was the incidence rate for people who ate the brats?
3.3%
20%
25%
75%
The fraction 50/54 is a/an
Attack rate
Food-specific attack rate
Incidence proportion
Proportion
Which of the following people developed the first smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
Jonas Salk
Louis Pasteur
Anthony Fauci
Public health officials recommend that _____ of the population be immunized against common infectious diseases, in order to provide the herd immunity necessary for the protection of those who were not immunized.
60%
70%
80%
85%
You take a simple random sample of infants from the following groups: low frequency of breast-feeding, intermediate frequency of breast-feeding, and high-frequency of breast-feeding and record the total number from each group that meets your case definition.
Retrospective cohort study
Prospective cohort study
Case control study
Cross sectional study
Ecological study
What is the definition for 'Zoonoses'?
c. a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in the population for a given area
b. any animal, person, plant, soil, or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives
d. an aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than expected
a. a pathogen's capacity for transmission to other hosts
g. infectious diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans
Examples of these pathogens include molds, mildews, and yeasts.
fungi
helminthes
prions
protozoa
bacteria
An initiative to fortify milk with Vitamin D follows an increase in cases of rickets.
Clinical
Public Health
Which of the following would be an appropriate method of adjusting this data?
c and d only
direct age adjustment
t test
chi square
Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio
Communicable and infectious diseases can be spread across humans without a vector.
True
False
Identify the question as being answered by applying either
Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytical Epidemiology
A previously undiscovered mosquito borne disease has been detected in Florida. Cases have been determined to be caused by domestic transmission. Which US public health agency is primarily responsible for resolving this problem?
CDC
FDA
USDA
EPA
NIH
Polio is caused by a:
Virus
Bacterium
Fungus
Protozoan
Usually, pandemic disease spread among
people.
animals.
insects.
states.
continents.
Hospitals report cases of influenza to their local Health Department as part of protocol.
Passive surveillance.
Active surveillance.
Sentinel surveillance.
Syndromic surveillance.
Who is recommended to get the flu vaccine?
Infants, at birth
Patients 6 months and older
Patients 1 year and older
Patients 4 years and older
A disadvantage of COHORT study is:
Not so useful for rare diseases.
Allow outcomes to be explored over time.
Can examine the effects of more than one exposure.
Incidence in both exposed and non exposed groups can be measured.
A disease is most effective at spreading through a population when it has:
Low infectivity and low virulence
High infectivity and low virulence
Low infectivity and high virulence
High infectivity and high virulence
Every year, CDC officials and local public health officials track seasonal flu symptoms in order to detect early outbreaks. What type of surveillance is this?
Active
Passive
Sentinel
Syndromic
Medical
Who invented a vaccination for smallpox?
Ignaz Semmelweis
John Snow
Albert Sabin
Edward Jenner
Which of the following are correct regarding the study by the CDC? Circle the letter of all that are true.
Vitamin E acetate must be together in the vaping product with THC to cause lung damage.
Vitamin E acetate, among the products tested, has the highest correlation with EVALI
The CDC recommends that Vitamin E acetate not be added to vaping products.
The CDC determined that the epidemic peaked in the summer of 2019.
Vitamin E acetate might cause lung injury.
Which of the following is not an example of a biological vector?
the Ixodes tick for borreliosis
the Anopheles mosquito for malaria
the Aedes mosquito for yellow fever
the Musca fly for salmonellosis
A biologic transmission is:
General ability of a host to resist developing a particular disease
Disease transmission in which an infectious organism undergoes some morphologic or physiologic change during its passage through the vector
Pulmonary form of disease caused by infection with Legionella pneumophila
When do pathological changes occur?
Stage of Susceptibility
Stage of Subclinical Disease
Stage of Clinical Disease
Stage of Recovery, Disability of Death
None of the Above
You hypothesize that these patients were exposed to asbestos. You carry out a study where you compare those with mesothelioma to those without it and look back in time for exposure. What type of study is this?
Cohort study
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
An individual's genetic makeup can only increase but not decrease susceptibility.
True
False
A representative sample of Toronto residents was surveyed by telephone and asked whether they smoke with any regularity and whether they have been diagnosed with heart disease.
Experimental
Observational cohort
Observational case-control
Observational cross-sectional
Not an analytical or epidemiologic study
Extinction
Restricting disease spread through intentional efforts
Reduction to zero of the incidence of a disease in a defined geographic area due to intentional efforts
Ending transmission of infections as a result of extermination of the infectious agents
Infectious agents no longer exist in natural or laboratory settings
According to the information above, what kind of study was secondarily used to determine the cause of disease?
Case-Control
Cross-sectional
Randomized Controlled Trial
Quasi Experiments
Cohort
Which study provides information on prevalence rather than incidence?
Cohort Study
Experimental Study
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
The incidence rate measures the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time.
True
False
Name the type of study that is described in each of the below scenarios. Expectations for coronary death from the experience in the United States and northern Europe greatly exceeded observed deaths in southern Europe for men of their age, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking habits, physical activity, and relative weight.
Cohort Study
Case Control Study
Ecological Study
Cross-sectional Study
Type II Diabetes
Bacteria
Virus
Fungus
Protist
Other
What is the definition of Pathology?
The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.
A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person
Refers to the proportion of infected persons who develop clinical disease
Refers to the proportion of persons with clinical disease who become severely ill or die
Disease or condition present among a population at all times
Below are the first six steps of an Outbreak Investigation, out of order. Verify the diagnosis Perform descriptive epidemiology Find cases systematically and record information Prepare for field work Construct a working case definition Establish the existence of an outbreak What is the correct order of these activities when conducting an investigation?
4, 6, 1, 5, 3, 2
4, 3, 5, 2, 6, 1
6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
A(n) ___, also known as an antigenic determinant, is part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.
Epitope
Sentinel
Nosocomial
Dose-response relationship
Health Indicator
Match the term to the appropriate definition. Which term is defined as 'non-human organism that carries a disease from reservoir to susceptible host without feeling the effects of the disease'?
nosocomial
epidemic
outbreak
vector
fomite
Current Surgeon General
George Soper
Dr Rochelle Walensky
Dr Anthony Fauci
Dr Vivek Murthy
Which of the following describes research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions?
Case-control study
Clinical trial
Cross-sectional study
Ecological study
The growth rate for a given period could be expressed as
Natality + Mortality
Mortality - Natality
Natality - Mortality
Natality x Mortality
What is the primary focus of quaternary prevention?
Preventing the occurrence of new cases of a disease.
Identifying and treating diseases in their early stages.
Preventing the unnecessary medicalization of individuals.
Minimizing the impact of a disease on affected individuals.
A two-year-old child is brought to the emergency department by his parents after three days of diarrhea and vomiting. The diarrhea started first, with 10-20 mucous-containing stools per day, but no blood. The child has had a mild fever for three days, as well. On exam, the child is febrile and appears very dehydrated. There are no other notable findings. Which pathogen could be a cause of this child's illness?
Alphavirus
Flavivirus
Rhinovirus
Rotavirus
Which type of surveillance is most appropriate for outbreaks or when a disease has been targeted for elimination?
Passive surveillance
Active surveillance
Sentinel surveillance
Syndromic surveillance
The Healthy Worker effect is more likely to skew data in descriptive studies than in analytic studies.
True
False
The index case is the last patient in an epidemiological study.
True
False
Which other vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine?
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine
MMR combined vaccine
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
Rabies vaccine
Which of the following statements about public health surveillance is FALSE?
It involves the continuous, systematic collection of health-related data.
It is used to identify health problems and prioritize interventions.
It focuses exclusively on infectious diseases.
It includes analysis and dissemination of findings to guide action.
Improper food handling is not the main causative reason for foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States.
True
False
A case of influenza or influenza-like illness is defined as:
a person with coughing, sneezing and/or a runny nose
a person with a fever over 37.8oC (orally) plus coughing during the flu season
a person with a fever over 37.8oC (orally)
a person with a fever over 38.3oC (orally) plus sneezing during the flu season
none of these are correct
A new office building is being constructed in Calvin's town of residence. His friend Tom works at the construction site of this building while Calvin works as a butcher on the opposite side of town. Since Tom has a closer proximity to air pollution due to his occupation, he has a higher probability of having lung cancer than Calvin.
Consistency of Findings
Biological Gradient
Strength of Association
Temporality
Specificity of the Association
Label the type of the pathogen to its specific name: Listeria monocytogenes
Virus
Prion
Fungus
Parasite
Bacteria
Undercooked chicken, to Clostridium perfringens
Case Fatality Rate
Endemic
Vehicle
Agent
Attack rate
Cholera is a disease caused by a virus.
True
False
For which of the following diseases/conditions would a screening test's positive result from among people who are known to have the condition best identify all people with the said condition?
Shoulder pain
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Peripheral artery disease
Aspiration risk following stroke
This statistic describes the probability that someone selected at random from the population will have the disease in question.
Prevalence
Incidence
Risk Ratio
Risk Difference
Attributable Fraction
All of the following bacteria release endotoxin EXCEPT
Salmonella typhi
Neisseria meningitidis
Clostridium botulinum
Haemophilus influenzae
For which gender group is the death rate highest?
Male
Female
Male and Female are equal
Nosocomial infections are usually caused by
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
Viruses
Select all of the following types of immunity.
Herd immunity
Passive immunity
Reactive immunity
Active immunity
Personal immunity
In 2014, there were 19 cases of E. Coli reported in CA, UT, ID, MI, MT, & WA from contaminated raw clover.
Epidemic
Cluster
Sporadic
Outbreak
Pandemic
Which of the following randomization strategies was employed by the authors in the Toferson study?
Simple randomization
Unstratified restricted randomization
Stratified randomization
Simple randomization followed by poststratification
Mary Mallon is probably the most famous _______ in American History
Chronic Carrier
Transient Carrier
Asymptomatic Agent
Transmitent Individual
Which of the following is a surveillance method used by epidemiologists?
Morbidity and mortality reports
Reviews of laboratory results
Demographic data on populations
All of the above
The Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine is an example of a:
Live (attenuated) vaccine
Inactivated vaccine
Biosynthetic vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Should you wash fresh fruits and vegetables before eating them?
No - the bacteria on the surface of the vegetables can spread to kitchen surfaces
No - washing vegetables can rinse away important nutrients
Maybe - Only if you aren't going to peel them
Yes - washing produce washes away potentially harmful bacteria
The risk of a smoker developing lung cancer was found to be 10 times higher than that of a non-smoker in Arizona. Since Arizona has over 103 naturally occurring asbestos sites and several mines, the researchers suspected asbestos mining was a confounder. When the researchers adjusted for the confounding effect of working in the asbestos mines, they found that smokers were only 7 times more likely to develop lung cancer. What was the magnitude of confounding in this study, and was the relationship between smoking and lung cancer truly confounded by asbestos mining exposure?
Asbestos mining made the the relationship between smoking and lung cancer appear 43% higher than it truly was because the percent difference between the crude and adjusted measures of risk was more than 10%, confounding was present.
Asbestos mining made the the relationship between smoking and lung cancer appear 30% lower than it truly was because the percent difference between the crude and adjusted measures of risk was more than 10%, confounding was present.
Asbestos mining made the the relationship between smoking and lung cancer appear 43% lower than it truly was because the percent difference between the crude and adjusted measures of risk was more than 10%, confounding was present.
Asbestos mining made the the relationship between smoking and lung cancer appear 42% higher than it truly was because the percent difference between the crude and adjusted measures of risk was more than 10%, confounding was present.
Match the following words to their definitions: Case-Control
compare people with and without exposures to see what happens to each
research similarities with traditional experimental design without elements of random assignment to treatment/control
compares people with and without disease to find common exposures
comparisons of geographical locations
human experiments
The primary goal of an outbreak investigation is to:
Identify the source and prevent additional cases
Develop a vaccine immediately
Notify the media of a new disease
Treat patients in isolation
The number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period is known as a/an:
vector.
incidence.
prevalence.
surveillance.
The population-based approach of this type of prevention is relatively inexpensive and non-invasive, as it aims to affect the whole population with a small absolute change.
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Quaternary prevention
Primordial prevention
Providing occupational therapy after a stroke would be what level of disease prevention?
Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Vertical transmission refers to an older individual transmitting an infectious disease like influenza to a younger individual.
True
False
A person-time is a unit of measurement for incidence.
True
False
Which type of prevention is used in the stage of subclinical disease?
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Quaternary prevention
Match each person to their contributions in epidemiology. c. John Gaunt
a. John Gaunt: Published a landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662
b. John Gaunt: Discovered the smallpox vaccine
c. John Gaunt: Developed the germ theory of disease
d. John Gaunt: Introduced antiseptic surgery
What is the danger zone for food?
Food below 40 F
Food above 140 F
A and B
None of the above
Health-care providers might be important sources of surveillance data used by public health officials, and they should receive feedback to close the surveillance loop as a courtesy; however, the results almost never have any relevance to patient care provided by those health-care providers.
True
False
Nematodes have a life cycle that includes larvae transforming into cysts inside the muscle cells of hosts they infect.
True
False
Obese children often become obese adults, and are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. The phenomenon of obese children becoming obese adults is called-
Tracking
Congenital
Adiposity
Unpreventable obesity
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of data the CDC uses to link illnesses to contaminated foods?
Epidemiologic data
Food and environmental testing
Traceback data
Risk data
Match the following
Active Natural immunity
contract a flu virus
Active artificial immunity
getting the flu vaccine
Passive natural immunity
antibodies passed to baby by breastmilk
Passive artificial immunity
blood serum with covid antibodies
