The capsule of the kidney is a ________ membrane cover.

On the medial side of the kidney, what enters and exits?

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The renal artery arises from the ________.

Each renal artery divides into smaller branches, each forming an ________ arteriole.

Afferent arteriole divides into a capillary network called the ________.

Blood is filtered through hydrostatic pressure in which part of the kidney?

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

What percentage of electrolytes is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Which part of the nephron is responsible for MOST of renal water reabsorption?

What is the function of the descending loop of the nephron?

What is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of the nephron?

The ureters join the renal pelvis at the ________ junction.

The ureters join the bladder at the ________ junction.

Fill in the blank: The muscle of the bladder is called ________.

What is the length of the female urethra?

What is the length of the male urethra?

Between ages 30 and 90, size and weight of kidneys decrease by what percentage?

By the seventh decade, there is a loss of ________% glomerular function.

Atherosclerosis accelerates the ________ of renal size with age.

Fill in the blank: Decreased renal blood flow results in decreased ________.

Physiologic changes in the urinary system include loss of ______ and muscle support.

During physical exam of the urinary system, which of the following is rarely palpable?

Percussion during urinary system assessment may include a kidney punch to check for ______ tenderness.

Fill in the blank: The bell should be placed at the _______ angle to listen for bruits in the kidneys during auscultation.

Fill in the blank: Urinalysis should ideally be performed on the _______ and examined within 1 hour.

Fill in the blank: Creatinine clearance is measured by collecting a _______-hour urine specimen and closely approximates GFR.

Which factors are involved in the stone formation of renal calculi?

Fill in the blank: Obstruction with urinary _______ is a factor in the pathophysiology of renal calculi.

Fill in the blank: Types of calculi include calcium phosphate and calcium _______.

Which of the following is NOT a type of urinary tract calculus?

Fill in the blank: Struvite stones are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and _______.

What is the term used to describe the movement associated with severe pain due to kidney stones?

Which diagnostic study is used to assess for hematuria and crystalluria in patients with renal calculi?

List two serum measurements that are important in the diagnosis of renal calculi.

Which medication is mentioned as a treatment for acute attacks of kidney STONES?

Which of the following is NOT a part of patient education for kidney stone prevention?

What is the purpose of lithotripsy in the management of kidney stones?

Select the following types of lithotripsy used to treat renal calculi:

How much urine should be produced per day to ensure adequate fluid intake for prevention of renal calculi recurrence?

Which of the following is part of education on management of acute episodes of renal calculi?

Straining all urine is recommended in the management of acute episodes of renal calculi.

What is the most common bacterial infection in women?

At least ___% of women will develop a UTI in their lifetime.

What is the term for colonizing bacteria in the bladder of healthy individuals that does not justify treatment?

Which is the most common pathogen causing UTI?

E. coli can come from which of the following sources?

Urine bacterial counts greater than or equal to ___ CFU (colony forming units)/mL indicate significant UTI.

Urine bacterial counts as low as ___ CFU/mL with s/s are indicative of UTI.

Which of the following are at-risk patients for UTIs?

Upper urinary tract infection involves which organs?

Lower urinary tract infection usually has which type of manifestations?

What are the two main types of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Uncomplicated UTI usually involves only the _______.

Which of the following is NOT a condition that coexists with complicated UTI?

The urinary tract above the urethra is sterile in healthy people.

Which of the following is a defense mechanism that helps prevent UTIs?

Complete emptying of the _______ is a defense mechanism against UTIs.

SATA: Select the following factors that increase urinary stasis.

How are organisms most commonly introduced to cause UTIs?

Which are less common routes for organisms to cause UTIs?

Gram negative bacilli normally found in the GI tract is a common cause of UTIs.

What does urologic instrumentation allow bacteria to enter?

Kidney infection occurring from hematogenous transmission is always preceded by what?

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of kidney infection from hematogenous transmission?

Which organism is often responsible for hospital-acquired UTIs?

Catheter acquired UTIs/CAUTIs are caused by bacteria biofilms developing on what?

In a patient with renal calculi, pain will slowly move to the lower quadrants of the abdomen as the stone nears the _______.

A patient is recovering from renal calculi. Which substance should the RN suggest the patient remove from their diet?

SATA: Select all of the coexisting complications that may be present with a complicated UTI.

Urine pH is ______ as a defense mechanism against UTIs.

UTI symptoms are related to bladder ______ or bladder _______.

SATA: Select all of the UTI manifestations that relate to bladder STORAGE.

A UTI that presents with chills and fever is likely associated with infection of the ______ urinary tract.

In older adults, fever is MORE likely for both upper and lower tract UTIs.

Typical signs and symptoms of UTIs are often ______ in older adults.

SATA: Urine dipstick urinalysis can identify the presence of:

While a standard clean catch urine sample is good, a specimen obtained from ______ or suprapubic needle aspiration will yield the most accurate results.

How long will an antibiotic regimen be for a patient with uncomplicated cystitis?

How long will an antibiotic regimen be for a patient with a complicated UTI?

What is the purpose for using phenazopyridine (Pyridium) for UTIs?

When a patient is receiving phenazopyridine (Pyridium), what may happen to their urine?

When a patient defecates, how should they wipe to avoid contracting UTIs?

SATA: What are the MOST important things health care workers can do to avoid nosocomial UTIs?

What do patients with indwelling catheters REQUIRE EVERY SHIFT to prevent UTIs?

What is a normal voiding pattern?

Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the renal _______ caused by an infection.

A patient with untreated pyelonephritis can develop ______, which is life threatening.

What is vesicoureteral reflux?

SATA: Most manifestations of pyelonephritis can subside in a few days after onset, even without treatment. However _____ and ______ will remain if untreated.

Patients with pyelonephritis will have a urine sample sent for cultures. If the HCP suspects bacteremia, _______ may also be ordered.

Once a patient with pyelonephritis is being treated with effective therapy, their symptoms will typically improve in _______ hours.

Prompt treatment of cystitis is crucial to prevent ______ infections.

Empiric antibiotic therapy means:

A noncontrast spinal CT scan is a preferred diagnostic imaging study for:

SATA: Which clinical manifestations of UTIs are associated with bladder EMPTYING?

Patients with obesity are _____ likely to contract UTIs.

The RN should educate patients recovering from UTIs to always void after intercourse.

Which type of pathogen is the MOST common cause of pyelonephritis?