In lab you smell citrus and instantly remember breakfast at your grandmother’s house. Which structure most directly links smell with memory?

A classmate touches a hot lamp and his hand withdraws before he looks. Which CNS region primarily mediates that immediate reflex?

While mapping nerves, you identify cranial and spinal nerves leaving the CNS. Those peripheral fibers are part of the:

Holding an ice cube, you sense cold in your palm and the signal travels inward. The sensory (afferent) division’s primary job is to:

After a calm breathing exercise your pulse slows. Which autonomic branch increases during relaxation?

On a stained brain slide you see multilayered myelin wrapping several axons. Which glial cell made that myelin in the CNS?

Observing a slide after a simulated “clean-up,” you identify small cells that engulf cellular debris. Which glial cell is responsible?

Which cell type lines the ventricles and helps form and move cerebrospinal fluid?

The star-shaped glial cells that support neurons and help form the blood–brain barrier are:

Compared with other cell types, neurons are uniquely specialized to:

A mechanical stimulus causes graded potentials that travel toward a neuron's cell body along which structure?

Once an action potential is generated at the axon hillock, the impulse is carried away from the cell body along the:

When two neurons communicate chemically, the tiny space that neurotransmitters cross is called the:

Which of the following terms refers to the entire junction where two neurons meet (including presynaptic ending, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane)?

You inspect a peripheral nerve cross-section and see Schwann cell nuclei wrapped around axons. Schwann cells function to:

Which neurons carry information from skin receptors toward the spinal cord and brain?

In the spinal cord you trace a short neuron that links sensory input to motor output. This connector cell is called a(n):

A motor neuron has one axon and numerous dendritic branches reaching into muscle-controlling networks. This shape classifies it as:

Photoreceptor pathways in the retina often use neurons with one axon and one dendrite. These are called:

The property that allows a neuron to respond to a stimulus (i.e., to be excited) is called:

The rapid transmission of an action potential along a neuron’s membrane is known as:

A neuron at resting membrane potential (higher Na⁺ outside, higher K⁺ inside) is described as:

During the rising phase of an action potential, the ion that rapidly enters the neuron is:

During repolarization (returning to resting potential) which ion moves out of the neuron?

The classic knee-jerk “patellar” response that makes the leg kick outward is an example of a:

While peeling back the meninges you see the thin layer tightly adhering to the brain’s surface. That membrane is the:

When the head moves, CSF cushions the brain from impact. Which description best matches CSF’s mechanical role?

Which of the following small, lipid-soluble molecules can cross the blood–brain barrier more easily than large ions?

The toughest, outermost meningeal layer that protects the spinal cord and brain is the:

Which cranial nerve is the principal sensory nerve of vision?

A friend looks to the left quickly — which cranial nerve abducts the eye laterally?

When you smile broadly for a selfie, which cranial nerve primarily moves your facial muscles?

You hear a familiar song and steady yourself on one foot. Which cranial nerve conveys both hearing and balance information?

Which cranial nerve supplies taste to the posterior third of the tongue and motor fibers to the pharynx for swallowing?

During deep breathing and voice control, which cranial nerve carries motor and sensory fibers to the larynx and many thoracic organs?

Your instructor asks you to stick out your tongue; which cranial nerve controls that movement?

A short interneuron in the spinal cord relays information between sensory and motor neurons. These short connectors are called:

Which part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body toward effectors or other neurons?

On a myelinated axon you observe regular gaps that allow saltatory conduction. These gaps are called: