Direct Evidence comes from______?

Indirect evidence comes from _______

rocks drilled from deep inside Earth allow geologists to make inferences about conditions.

produced by earthquakes; allows scientist to measure the speed in which they travel giving clues to the structures of the planet

What are the three main layers of Earth?

The three main layers of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core) all vary greatly in size, composition(what they are made of) temperature and pressue

layer of solid rock that forms Earth's outer "skin"

The crust includes both ______ and ______ floors.

The crust can be broken down into two types?

this part of the crust consists mostly of basalt

this part of the crust forms the continents; consisting mainly of granite

layer of solid rock 40 km beneath the surface

The mantle is divided into three layers?

upper most part of the mantle and the crust that's forms a ridge layers about 100km thick

soft part of the mantle; below the lithosphere which is hotter and under increased pressure

part of the mantle that's solid material extending all the way to Earth's core

made mostly of the metal iron and nickel and consist of two layers

What are the two layers of the core?

layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core

dense ball of solid metal

The movement of the liquid outer core creates Earth's _________?

Name the three types of heat transfer:

the transfer of energy through empty space, has no direct contact between the heat source and an object (examples: sunlight warming the Earth's surface)

heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter

(example: metal spoon heating up in a pot of soup)

transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid (includes liquids and gases)

Heat transfer by convection is cause by differences in ________ and _______ with in a fluid.

measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance

Define convection current?

Convection current flow in the ________ of the Earth.

The heat source of the convection current comes from the Earth's ______ and _______?

These convection currents have been acting like a conveyor belt moving the _________ above for the past 4 billion years.

Who are the two scientists who helped discovered evidence to explain how the planet looks today?

This Scientist hypothesized that at one time all the continents were once joined together in a single landmass he named Pangea, and have since drifted apart

Alfred Wegener gathered evidence to support his hypothesis. Name the 3 types he used?

Could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the push or pull of the continents, therefore his hypothesis was initially rejected

This scientist proposed a radical idea suggesting a process of seafloor spreading.

seafloor spreading apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added. Ocean floor moves like a conveyor belt, carrying continents along with them

Harry Hess's theory of seafloor spreading included 3 types of evidence

With continental drift and seafloor spreading; eventually the ocean floor sinks into deep, underwater canyons called __________ where ________ take place, which allow part of the ocean flood to sink back into the mantle, over tens of millions of years.

when part of the ocean floor sinks back into the mantle, over tens of millions of years

A Canadian scientist that proposed the lithosphere is broken into separate section called plates.

J. Tuzo Willson was a Canadian scientist that proposed the lithosphere is broken into separate sections called ______?

Who is credited with proposing that the lithosphere is divided into separate sections called plates?

What did J Tuzo Willson combine to create a single scientific theory?

Explains the formation, movement and subduction of Earth's plates.

The Theory of plate tectonics highlights four main things.

What is it called when edges of plates meet at lines?

What is it called when rocks slip past each other along these plate boundaries.

Name the three types of plate boundaries?

This type of boundary is a place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions and are associated with earthquakes

a boundary where two plates move apart, of diverge, usually occurs at the mid-ocean ridge

is a boundary where two plates come together, or converge, causing a collision

(type of convergent boundary) when two plates of oceanic crust collide or when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, one plate is subducted beneath the other forming a ______

(a type of convergent boundary) when two continental plates collide, they form _________

The upper mantle consist of?

continental crust is about ______ thicker and oceanic crust

brittle rocky outer layer of Earth, least dense layer of the Geosphere,

Identify this boundary associated with this picture and it definition.

Identify this boundary and its definition:

Identify this boundary and its definition

occurs when a deep valley is formed along a divergent boundary that develops on land

breaks in the Earth

Identify this boundary and its definition

Identify this boundary and its definition