NEW
Font size
WorksheetsMultiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Block Cardiovascular 2025
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 40mins
Mrs. Humaeroah has atrial septum defect (ASD) in his heart. Dr. Ingrid detected (from echocardiography) there was a large defect of 2 cm with blood flow shunting left-to-right at the atrial septum. What will be the oxygen saturation of Mrs. Humaeroah (measured at the aorta)?
70 - 80%
>100%
80 - 90%
90 - 100%
60 - 80%
Phase 3 of myocyte action potential is the final phase of repolarization that returns the transmembrane voltage back to the resting potential. What is the ion current that responsible for this phase?
inward Na currents
outward Ca currents
outward K currents
outward Na currents
Inward K currents
Phase 1 of the action potential of myocytes is a brief episode of transient repolarization. The current/activity responsible for phase 1 is:
transient activation of potassium channels
transient activation of calcium channels
transient influx of potassium ions
transient outflow of sodium ions
transient influx of magnesium ions
You are recording your friend's EKG. The EKG result is as shown in the image below. You conclude that this is a sinus rhythm because:
a. The QRS segment is mostly positive in lead II
b. There is no Q wave at the ECG
c. The P wave is upright at lead II and negative at lead aVR
d. The QRS is regylar
e. The T wave is upright at most leads
Mr. Sederhana, 70 years old, experienced severe chest pain 1 hour before being admitted to the hospital. The EKG is shown below. What sign on the EKG supports the early onset of a myocardial infarction?
ST depression in lead III and aVF
Rhythm is still sinus
Inverted T waves in lead aVR
Heart rate is not too fast (<100 bpm)
T waves are tall and pointed in V2 to V6
During light microscopic examination of a tissue, you notice a vessel with endothelial cells
and a few layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following vessels are you examining?
a. Venule
b. Elastic artery
c. Large vein
d. Capillary
e. Arteriole
The correct order of the atherosclerosis process is:
Migration of LDL to the intima layer – endothelial dysfunction – oxidation of LDL – expression of scavenger receptors – adhesion of monocytes – migration of smooth muscle cells – formation of foam cells
Endothelial dysfunction – migration of LDL to the intima layer – oxidation of LDL – adhesion of monocytes – expression of scavenger receptors – migration of smooth muscle cells – formation of foam cells
Endothelial dysfunction – oxidation of LDL – migration of LDL to the intima layer – migration of smooth muscle cells – adhesion of monocytes – expression of scavenger receptors – formation of foam cells
Regarding the risk factors for ischemic heart disease:
The risk from smoking declines to almost normal soon after cessation
It is more common in obese people
Moderate consumption of alcohol reduces the risk of ischemic heart disease
Meditation has been proven to reduce the development of ischemic heart disease
Premenopausal women have almost the same risk as men in developing ischemic heart disease
Regarding the first heart sound all the followings are correct, Except:
a. The tricuspid component is heard at the lower end of the sternum.
b. It is caused by the sudden closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of
ventricular diastole.
c. The mitral component is heard better at the apex of the heart.
d. Is loud (accentuated) in tachycardia.
Tuan Nichols, 60 years old, enters the emergency department due to acute decompensated heart failure. From the physical examination of heart sounds, you hear a gallop after the second heart sound. What is the mechanism of this gallop?
Opening of the pulmonary valve
Opening of the mitral valve
Contraction of the atrium to the "stiff" left ventricle
Rapid filling of the ventricle into a non-compliant ventricle
Closure of the aortic valve
Coronary artery disease is caused by atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery. What is
the initial event of atherosclerosis formation?
a. Phagocytosis of LDL cholesterol by the macrophages
b. Migration of smooth muscle onto subintimal layer
c. Activation of the monocytes become macrophages
d. Activation of scavenger receptor in the macrophages
e. Disruption of the single layer endothelium
A 60-year old man with mitral valve regurgitation is undergoing echocardiography
examination. The flow Doppler from the echocardiogram can reveal the blood flow in the
heart. Which of the heart chambers will the regurgitating blood re-enter?
a. Right atrium during systole
b. Left ventricle during diastole
c. Left atrium during diastole
d. Left atrium during systole
e. Right atrium during diastole
Mr. Bowo, 50-year-old, suffered from anterior myocardial infarction 2 months ago. Previously healthy, now he is having shortness of breath due to heart failure. Chest X Ray revealed his enlarged heart. What can cause enlargement of the heart after myocardial infarction?
Increased afterload
Increased contractility
Chronic myocardial ischemia
Left ventricle remodeling
Increased preload
What is the normal electrical conduction pathway in the heart?
SA node, AV node, Purkinje, bundle branches, bundle of His
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje
SA node, bundle of His, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje
AV node, SA node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje
SA node, AV node, bundle branches, bundle of His, Purkinje
The main difference between the action potential of cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells is the presence of a plateau phase (phase 2). What actually happens during phase 2?
Inflow of potassium ions
Inflow of chloride ions
Rapid inflow of sodium ions
Inflow of calcium ions
Inflow of magnesium ions
What cell in the circulating blood is the precursor to macrophage and most
antigen-presenting cells?
a. Monocyte
b. Mast cell
c. Basophil
d. Lymphocyte
e. Eosinofil
Congenital heart lesions can be categorized as cyanotic or acyanotic. What is cyanosis
refers to?
a. a blue-purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by decrease
level of hemoglobin
b. a blue-purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by
left-toright shunt intracardiac
c. a blue-purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by stenosis
of pulmonary artery
d. a blue-purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an
elevated level of oxygenated hemoglobin
e. a blue-purple discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an
elevated level of deoxygenated hemoglobin
One of the medications prescribed to Mr. Vistom is shown here.
How do you interpret this?
a. This prescribed will be enough for 60 days
b. Ramipril should be taken after meal
c. Ramipril 5 mg to be taken two tablets each time
d. Ramipril 5 mg to be taken twice daily
e. Ramipril 5 mg was prescribed 10 tablets
A 50-year old woman thought that her heart was beating too slow. Her ECG showed a
complete record of P, Q, R, S, T waves in every cycle with an RR interval of 1200 msec. Her
heart rate was:
50
80
100
120
10
All are the functions of the intercalated disks EXCEPT:
a. Contain gap junctions that allow electrical continuity between cardiac cells
b. Provide strong union between fibers.
c. Connect two adjacent cardiac cells.
d. Connect actin filaments of adjacent cells at M lines.
Mr. Joko, 50-year-old, is known to have coronary artery disease. His doctor gave him
bisoprolol, a beta-blocker agent, as one of his regular medications. What is the mechanism
of this medication for his situation?
a. Decrease his anxiety about the disease
b. Reduce heart rate to decrease myocardial oxygen demand
c. Prevent thrombus formation at the atherosclerotic plaque
d. Prevent development of atherosclerotic plaque
e. Vasodilate the coronary artery to increase myocardial oxygen supply
While sitting in the plenary class of cardiovascular block, your name was mentioned to come forward. Your heart rate increased significantly from 60 beats per minute to 100 beats per minute. What is the mechanism of this increased heart rate?
Increased renin angiotensin system
Increased parasympathetic system
Reentry electrical signal in the heart
Enhanced automaticity of action potentials
Increased sympathetic system
Pacemaker cells are endowed with the property of automaticity. This property occurred due to certain characteristics of action potential which are different from those of myocyte action potential. Which property is not unique for action potential of pacemaker cell?
a. The ion channel through which the pacemaker current passes is different from the
fast sodium channel responsible for phase 0 of the myocyte
b. phase 4 of pacemaker cell action potential has an upward slope
c. the maximum negative voltage of pacemaker cell is less negative
d. All of those statements are correct
e. the phase 0 upstroke of the pacemaker cell action potential relies mainly on Na
influx
A patient with severe chest pain and bradycardia brought to Emergency room. The cardio X-ray CT revealed that the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was blocked 70%. What sulci is LAD artery located?
Posterior Interventricular
Coronary sinus
Anterior Intraventricular
Right Marginal
Left Marginal
The Frank-Starling mechanism is a special feature in the contractility of cardiac muscle. Which statement is true regarding the Frank-Starling mechanism?
In situations with increased contractility, the stroke volume will be the same as in a normal heart
Within physiological limits, the more the ventricle is distended during diastole, the lower the cardiac output
Cardiac output in heart failure can significantly increase with increased preload
In heart failure, increased end-diastolic pressure in the left ventricle can lead to dangerous conditions (pulmonary congestion) without a significant increase in stroke volume
The Frank-Starling mechanism works more efficiently in heart failure
When examining your friend's heart sounds, you hear physiological splitting of the second heart sound during deep inspiration. What is the mechanism of this physiological splitting?
Deep breathing causes delayed closure of the pulmonary valve
Deep breathing causes delayed closure of the aortic valve
Deep breathing causes earlier closure of the mitral valve
Deep breathing causes earlier closure of the tricuspid valve
Deep breathing causes delayed closure of the mitral valve
Which basic tissue type predominates in the tunica media?
Connective tissue
Muscle
Neuron
Epithelium
Nerve
Ventricular pressure is higher than the atrial pressure in all phases of the cardiac cycle except in:
isometric contraction phase
maximum ejection phase
reduced ejection phase
atrial systole phase
What is the normal pressure (cmH2O) of the heart chambers?
RA = 2-8 ; LA = 2-10; RV = 15-30/2-8; LV 100-140/2-10
RA = 2-8; LA = 2-10; RV = 100-140/2-8; LV 100-140/2-10
RA = 15-30 ; LA = 15-30; RV = 100-140/2-8; LV 100-140/2-10
d. RA = 15-30 ; LA = 15-30; RV = 15-30/2-8; LV 15-30/2-10
e. RA = 15-30 ; LA = 15-30; RV = 15-30/2-8; LV 100-140/2-10
Mr. Joko, 50 years old, is known to have ischemic heart disease. He experiences stable angina pectoris. How would you describe the typical characteristics of stable angina pectoris?
Chest pain can be localized with two fingers
Pain like being pinched in the left chest lasting one second
Retrosternal pain provoked by physical activity, improves with rest
Chest pain worsens with deep inspiration
Sharp pain like tearing in the back radiating to the abdomen
In the histology of myocytes, the sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit in the myofibril. Which labeling in this microscopic histology of myocytes indicates one sarcomere?
Segment A
Segment I
Segment M
Segment H
Segment Z-to-Z
Mr. Damar, 28 years old, is suffered from mitral stenosis. Lying down with head up 30 degree, the jugular vein was measured at 5 + 4 cmH2O. Blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg. Heart catheterisation revealed: pulmonary pressure (PA) pressure was 40/20 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure 26. Mean gradient trans-mitral was 19. Using the data above, describe the cardiac pressure of each chamber.
Right atrial = 9; right ventricle = 40/20; left atrium = 26; left ventricle = 110/70
Right atrial = 4; right ventricle = 40/9; left atrium = 26; left ventricle = 110/7
Right atrial = 9; right ventricle = 40/9; left atrium = 26; left ventricle = 110/70
Right atrial = 9; right ventricle = 40/9; left atrium = 19; left ventricle = 110/7
Right atrial = 9; right ventricle = 40/9; left atrium = 26; left ventricle = 110/7
ECG record gives valuable information about all of the following except:
Disturbance of rhythm and conduction
The influence of some drugs
Ischemic changes of the myocardium
Relative size of heart chamber
Cardiac output
During an action potential, there is a certain period in which muscle is refractory to restimulation. What is correct about the refractory periods?
The ventricular muscle cells has a shorter refractory period that the atrial cells.
The plateau phase of action potential in cardiac cells contribute to the absolute refractory period
This phenomenon is inherited in nerves, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
It is abnormal situation that may present in diseased cardiac cells
Any strong stimulation can induce activation at the absolute refractory period.
In which lead are you most likely to observe ST segment elevation during an acute and extensive infarction of the anterior and lateral walls of the heart?
Lead I, II, III
Lead I, aVL, and V1-V6
Lead II, III, and aVF
Lead aVR, aVL, and aVF
What is the afterload factor in the regulation of stroke volume?
contractile strength at a given muscle length, dependent of EDV
Varying degree of stretching of myocardium by EDV.
pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood
degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract
pressure that must be overcome for Atrial to eject blood
You are measuring the jugular vein pressure (JVP) of Mr. Bambang, 50-year-old. He has suffered from the congestive heart failure. The result of the JVP measurement was 5 + 4 cmH2O. What information contained in this measurement?
The vertical height of the external jugular vein was 4 cm above the sternal angle
The estimate right atrial pressure was 9 cmH2O
The sternal angle is located approximately 5 cm above the center of the left ventricle
The estimate left atrial pressure was 9 cmH2O
The estimate left ventricle pressure was 5 cmH2
Acute coronary syndrome occurs due to sudden occlusion of the coronary artery. What is the mechanism of the sudden occlusion?
Thrombosis process due to infection at the atherosclerotic plaque
Thrombosis process that was triggered by the ruptured plaque
Progressive thickening of the atherosclerosis plaque
Vessel wall rupture
Thrombosis process due to increased blood viscosity
An action potential was recorded in a myocyte, as revealed in the picture. What is the best
explanation of the occurrence of phase 0?
a. influx of calcium ion into the cell through fast channels
b. influx of potassium ion into the cell through fast channels
c. efflux of chloride ion out of the cell through fast channels
d. influx of natrium ion into the cell through fast channels
e. influx of magnesium ion into the cell through fast channel
EKG findings in bundle branch block (BBB):
Prolonged & deformed QRS complex
Slow HR rate
Double hump QRS complex occurs in V5 & V6 in right BBB
Related to the absence of P wave
When examining your friend's heart sounds, you hear the first and second heart sounds that are normal. You learn further that the first heart sound is associated with:
Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
Filling of the ventricles during early diastole
Opening of the aortic and pulmonary valves
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
Opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves
The following is NOT an instance of unstable angina
Anginal pain occurring for the first time
A sudden reduction in the distance the patient can walk without chest pain
Anginal pain occurring after meals
Chest pain on walking to the toilet 4 days after an episode of myocardial infarction
Prolonged angina at rest
A 56-year-old man with congestive heart failure comes to the Emergency Department due to pink frothy sputum. Which of the following blood vessels is most likely responsible for the patient's sputum?
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary lymphatics
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary trunk
Echocardiography was done to assess the cardiac valves problem for Mr. Hariono, 14-year-old. It shown that he suffered from mitral valve regurgitation. While performing
cardiac auscultation, you heard a systolic murmur of grade 5/6. What can be found while you do cardiac palpation examination?
a. Heaving
b. Thrill
c. Ictus cordis
d. Nothing
e. irregular heart rate
A 30-year-old man fell down from a tree. He felt pain on his upper left chest. He went to the
hospital, and an X ray photograph showed a fracture of his 5th left ribs near the cartilage joint. What nerve is most probably injured?
a. Intercostal nerve
b. Thoracic suprema nerve
c. Subcostal nerve
d. Phrenic nerve
e. Vagar nerve
A 50-year-old man is having a decompensated heart failure. During the examination at the
Emergency Department, you heard a gallop of fourth heart sound at heart auscultation. What is the mechanism of this sound?
a. Closing of aortic valve
b. Closing of mitral valve
c. Turbulence of aortic regurgitation
d. Turbulence of mitral regurgitation
e. Impaired compliance of left ventricle
Fast sodium channel is crucial in electrical depolarisation of cardiac cells. Which characteristic is true regarding the fast sodium channel?
a. in resting state, fast sodium channels are in open stated - allowing to sodium flow
through the cell
b. fast sodium channels are easier to be activated in less negative resting potential
membrane
c. fast sodium channels in pacemaker cells do not play a role in the generation of the
action potential
d. Fast sodium channel is activated by chemical trigger
e. all of those statements are correct
A 20-year-old lady was diagnosed with severe mitral stenosis. Her ECG was shown below.
She was told that her left atrium was enlarged. Which part of the ECG show that abnormality?
The ST segmen
The P wave
The T wave
The QRS wave
The PE interval
The resting membrane potential of myocardial cells is about -90 mV. Below are the reason why the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside, except?
a. Gradient concentration of Na+
b. Gradient concentration
of Ca++
c. Gradient concentration of Mg++
d. Gradient concentration of K+
e. Gradient concentration of Cl-
Echocardiography is an ultrasonography-based diagnostic tools in evaluating cardiac
problem. It can NOT be used to evaluate:
a. Congenital heart disease
b. Heart valves anatomy
c. left ventricle ejection fraction
d. Pericardial effusion
e. Stenosis of coronary artery
Fitri, a 39-year old pregnant woman presents with acute dyspnea. What is the NOT a likely
cause of her symptoms
Asthma
Mitral stenosis
Acute Myocardial Infraction
Pulmonary Embolism
Pneumonia
You are studying anatomy of an ECG. It was shown here. What happened in the marker 3 of the ECG?
Ventricular Repolarisation
Atrial Depolarisation
Atrial Repolarisation
Ventricular repolarisation
Atrioventricular delay
The heart muscle is supplied by a system artery named coronary artery. This is a figure illustrating anatomical course of main branch of coronary artery. Mention the name of
a. A = left circumflex artery; B = left anterior descending artery; C = right coronary
artery
b. A = left anterior descending artery; B = right coronary artery; C = left circumflex
artery
c. A = right coronary artery; B
artery
= left circumflex artery; C
= left anterior descending
d. A = left anterior descending artery; B = left circumflex artery; C = right coronary
artery
e. A = right coronary artery; B = left anterior descending artery; C = left circumflex
artery
Mr T, a 59 year old gentleman, came to an outpatient clinic near his house because in the past few days he felt that he was easily tired. He had been diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy with low ejection fraction of 34%. He admitted to the physician on duty that he failed to fulfil his prescription since his last visit 3 weeks prior. He is struggling with menial day-to-day tasks; even taking a bath or sweeping the floor, which he used to be able to do effortlessly, now leave him breathless that he had to ask his children to help him. According to the New York Heart Association, what is Mr. T current heart failure functional class?
NYHA II
NYHA I
NYHA IV
none
NYHA III
The cardiac cycle consists of precisely timed mechanical events. This figure displays the pressure of left-sided cardiac chambers during a normal cardiac cycle. Describe the events which occur at point A, B, C and D!
a. A = Mitral valve opens; B = aortic valve opens; C = aortic valve closes; D = mitral valve
closes
b. A = Mitral valve opens; B = aortic valve opens; C = aortic valve closes; D = mitral valve
opens
c. A = Mitral valve closes; B = aortic valve opens; C = aortic valve closes; D = mitral valve
opens
d. A = aortic valve close; B = aortic valve opens; C = mitral valve closes; D = mitral valve
opens
e. A = aortic valve opens; B = mitral valve opens; C = aortic valve closes; D = mitral valve
opens
This is ECG of Mr. Visek, 35 years old.
Statements below are correct about this ECG, except:
a. the rhythm is sinus
b. QRS duration is < 100 ms
c. there is no ST elevation
d. PR interval is 300 ms
e. there is no abnormal Q wave
Mr R, 53 yo, presented with dyspnea, swelling of both legs, and nausea. He has been diagnosed as kidney failure 3 years ago, and declined for dialysis recommendation Which electrolyte problem showed in his ECG?
none
What is the determinant of increased stroke volume?
decrease contractility
increase heart rate
increase cardiac output
increase afterload
increase preload
Histology of myocyte is different compared to smooth muscle cell and skeletal muscle cell.
Which property that characterizes the uniqueness of myocardial cells?
a. Cardiac muscle cells contract consciously
b. Myocyte contains only one or two centrally located nuclei
c. Myocyte does not connect at the intercalated disk
d. Myocytes are not arranged in sarcomeres and so are not striated
e. Myocyte does not have cross-striated banding pattern
A 63-year-old man, with a past history of myocardial infarction. He has been experiencing shortness of breath on exertion. His legs were edematous. At the Emergency Department, he was diagnosed with acute lung edema. What is the mechanism of his situation?
a. Increased permeability of the arteriole
b. Increased hydrostatic pressure
c. Increased oncotic pressure
d. Vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteriole
e. Impaired lymphatic drainage
Cardiac contraction is an excitation-contraction coupling phenomenon. Action potential conducted to the myocyte induce contraction of the myocyte. What is the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling?
a. Influx of Na ion into the cytoplasm trigger release of Ca ion
b. Influx of Ca at phase 2 trigger a process of inhibition of Troponin-Tropomyosin
c. Influx of Na+ induces ATP hydrolysis at myosin head
d. Depolarization phase 0 of action potential induces cross-bridging of actin and
myosin
e. Influx of K+ induces ATP hydrolysis at myosin head
Phase 2 of myocyte action potential is a relatively long plateau phase. What cause this long plateau phase?
the slow opening of L-type Na channels
the near equality of current from inward Na influx and outward K efflux
c. the near equality of current from inward Ca influx and outward K efflux
d. the resting state of all channels resulting in zero net current
e. long period of potassium channels
The contractile process of cardiac muscle cell initiated when myosin head is activated. What trigger activation of myosin head?
Activation of myosin head by actin
ATP hydrolysis
ADP hydrolysis
Activation of troponin I
The propagation of repolarization from the ventricular epicardium to the endocardium is
represented by the:
T wave
QT interval
TP period
QRS complex
Which is determined by ECG:
Effects due to changes in fluid electrolytes
Cardiac output
Mechanical performance of the heart
Systolic and diastolic information
Persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus following birth causes
Diastolic murmur
Systolic murmur
Gallop rhythm
Continuous murmur
During the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, you learned about the formation of foam
cell. What is the mechanism involved in the formation of foam cells?
a. b.
Migration of smooth muscle cell into the intimal layer
Macrophage engorgement of cholesterol particles, promoted by scavenger
receptors
Rupture of the intimal layer
Thrombus formation at the intimal layer
atelet activation at the intimal layer
Several distinct proteins are responsible for cardiac muscle cells contraction. The major
proteins contributing in cardiac muscle cells contraction are?
Actin & myosin
Troponin & myosin
Actin & tintin
Troponin & tintin
During fetal life, oxygenated blood leaves the placenta through the umbilical vein to the
fetus. There are shunts that allow most of the blood to bypass the liver and lungs. Which
shunt allows bypassing the liver to the inferior venous cava?
Ductus venosus
Truncus arteriosus
Foramen ovale
Septum secundum
Electrical signal in the heart is generated in the sinoatrial node; and then conducted
throughout the heart via anatomical conduction system. In which part of the conduction
system was the electrical signal delayed?
Atrioventrikular node
Left bundle branch
Right bundle branch
Atrium
Causes of diastolic murmur:
Stenosis of pulmonary valve
Stenosis of mitral valve
Stenosis of aortic valve
Intraventricular septal defect
Aortic of pulmonary valve
Left axis deviation of the ECG is described as:
Tidak ada yang benar
Right ventricle is enlarged.
The axis of the heart is from -30 o
to +90 o
The QRS is prominent positive in lead I and prominent negative in lead III
In the pathophysiology of heart failure, increasing the preload volume of left ventricular will
increase stroke volume slightly; much less than in normal heart
increase stroke volume significantly as seen in normal heart
increase heart rate significantly; as seen in normal heart
increase afterload significantly as seen in normal heart
A 20-year-old man was in a car accident. X-ray examination showed a fracture of sternum.
The heart surgeon opened the thorax to stop the bleeding. What vessel is most likely torn in
the anterior mediastinum?
Pulmonary artery
Internal thoracic artery
Subclavian artery
Intercostal artery
During a normal cardiac cycle, an amount of blood is ejected from the heart. Refer to this
figure, at which period is the ejection phase?
C to D
B to C
D to A
a to B
Immediately following birth, the neonate rapidly adjust to life outside the womb. As the
umbilical cord is clamped and the newly functional lungs replace placenta as the organ of
gas exchange, the transitional circulation occurs. Which of the following events is NOT
related the transitional circulation?
fall of pulmonary vascular resistance
increase in systemic vascular resistance
increase blood flow through the umbilical vein
rise in pulmonary blood flow
You are learning the basic hemodynamic of the heart. This figure illustrated left ventricular
pressure and volume relationship in a cardiac cycle. How do you explain the event that
happen during point A to point D?
Point A is the the end-systolic pressure of left ventricle
Both mitral valve and aortic valve are open.
The pressure at point A and point D is equal
This is a phase called isovolumetric contraction
You and your friend are doing hemodynamic measurement in clinical skill session. She has a
blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, heart rate of 60 beats/min and respiratory rate of 20
x/min. While assuming that the normal stroke volume was 50 mL, what was her cardiac
output?
7.2L/min
7200ml/min
3 L/min
1000l/min
3000L/min
Mr. Vistom, 65 yo, had suffered from heart failure. He was admitted the hospital. He had to
take a sitting position to breath. He went back the emergency department. Blood pressure
was 180/100 mmHg, heart rate of 120 bpm, oxygen saturation was 88%. Physical
examination revealed wet rales at both lung. What is his current hemodynamic profile?
Warm wet
Dry wet
Cool wet
Cool dry
Slowing of heart beat can be due to abnormal impulse formation or impaired impulse
conduction. Which of the arrhythmias below is due to abnormal impulse formation?
Total AV block
Second degree AV block
Sick sinus symdrome
Supraventricular takikardi
