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WorksheetsGrade 7 - EOT Part 1
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
Which is the best explanation of the change in energy ?
New energy is produced by plants during photosynthesis.
Large amounts of energy are released into the environment during photosynthesis.
Energy from sunlight is destroyed as it powers photosynthesis.
Energy input from the environment is stored in food molecules during photosynthesis.
Which form of energy powers photosynthesis?
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Light energy
Heat energy
What two substances enter the leaf for photosynthesis to occur?
Oxygen and sugar
Carbon dioxide and water
Oxygen and sunlight
Sugar and chlorophyll
What two products are released by the plant after photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide
Sugar and oxygen
Light and carbon dioxide
Energy and water
Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
The soil
The air
The Sun
The roots
What type of energy transformation happens during photosynthesis?
Heat → Light
Light → Chemical
Chemical → Electrical
Sound → Chemical
Which gas is released during photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
The sugar made by the plant during photosynthesis is mainly used for:
Reproduction
Energy and growth
Absorbing sunlight
Producing oxygen
Which of the following best describes the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
It absorbs water.
It transports oxygen.
It captures light energy from the Sun.
It stores glucose.
Which of the following shows the correct photosynthesis equation?
CO2+O2→H2O+C6H12O6
H2O+O2→CO2+C6H12O6
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O
Which of the following are the reactants in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water
Oxygen and sugar
Sugar and carbon dioxide
Water and oxygen
Which of the following are the products of photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide
Sugar and oxygen
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Water and sunlight
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water react in the presence of _____ to form sugar and oxygen.
Carbon
Heat
Light energy
Nitrogen
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between reactants and products in photosynthesis?
Products and reactants are the same substances.
Reactants (CO2 and H2O) combine using light energy to produce sugar and oxygen.
Products (CO2 and H2O) are broken down using light energy to produce sugar and oxygen.
Reactants are sugar and oxygen, and products are carbon dioxide and water.
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
In the nucleus
In the chloroplasts
In the mitochondria
In the cytoplasm
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. Which part of the plant mainly performs photosynthesis?
Roots
Stem
Leaves
Flowers
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. What cell structure contains chlorophyll and captures sunlight for photosynthesis?
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. In which parts of the cell does cellular respiration occur?
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
Nucleus and chloroplast
Cell wall and cytoplasm
Vacuole and ribosome
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. What is the name of the organelle where most energy (ATP) is produced during cellular respiration?
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. In which type of cells does cellular respiration occur?
Only in plant cells
Only in animal cells
In both plant and animal cells
Only in green cells
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. During which process does energy get stored in glucose molecules?
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Germination
Transpiration
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. During which process does energy get released from glucose molecules?
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Transpiration
Germination
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. Where does the first step of cellular respiration (glycolysis) occur?
In the cytoplasm
In the mitochondria
In the nucleus
In the chloroplast
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. What happens during the first step of cellular respiration?
Oxygen combines with glucose to form water
Glucose is broken down into smaller molecules and a little ATP is released
Carbon dioxide is absorbed
Energy is stored as sugar
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. Where does the second step of cellular respiration occur?
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. What happens during the second step of cellular respiration?
The smaller molecules from glycolysis react with oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP
Glucose is split into smaller parts
Light energy is absorbed
The plant stores glucose
Explain the process of chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. What is produced at the end of the second step of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide, water, and large amounts of ATP
Light energy and sugar
Hydrogen and water
List the organisms that are photosynthetic. List the organisms that perform cellular respiration. Which organisms can perform photosynthesis?
Fungi and bacteria
Only plants
Plants, algae, and some bacteria
Only plants
List the organisms that are photosynthetic. List the organisms that perform cellular respiration. Which cell structure allows photosynthetic organisms to capture sunlight?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Vacuole
List the organisms that are photosynthetic. List the organisms that perform cellular respiration. Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
Only animals
Only plants
All living organisms
Only green algae
List the organisms that are photosynthetic. List the organisms that perform cellular respiration. What is the main purpose of cellular respiration in organisms?
To make oxygen
To release energy from food
To absorb sunlight
To make carbon dioxide
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
To release energy from food
To make food using sunlight
To produce ATP directly
To break down glucose
Which of the following organisms perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Humans
Green plants
Mushrooms
Insects
Which of the following organisms perform only cellular respiration but not photosynthesis?
Green plants
Cyanobacteria
Fungi
Algae
Which organelle is responsible for energy release during cellular respiration?
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Ribosome
Vacuole
Which group of microorganisms can photosynthesize like plants?
Protozoa
Cyanobacteria
Yeasts
Molds
In which part of the plant does photosynthesis mostly occur?
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Classify producers, consumers, and detritivores by their source of energy and explain the relationship between consumers, producers, and detritivores in an ecosystem.
Producers produce energy mainly by cellular respiration; consumers absorb sunlight; detritivores eat living predators.
Producers use sunlight to make food; consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms; detritivores feed on dead matter and recycle nutrients back to producers.
Producers get energy by eating consumers; consumers carry out photosynthesis; detritivores stop nutrient cycling.
Producers and consumers both recycle nutrients; detritivores create energy for the ecosystem.
Define herbivore, carnivore, omnivore.
Herbivore eats plants; carnivore eats animals; omnivore eats both plants and animals.
Herbivore eats animals; carnivore eats plants; omnivore eats only plants.
Herbivore eats fungi; carnivore eats plants and animals; omnivore eats detritus.
Herbivore eats decomposers; carnivore eats plants; omnivore eats only animals.
What are the differences between a food chain, a food web, and a food pyramid?
Food chain shows interconnected feeding relationships; food web is a single path; food pyramid shows organisms only by size.
Food chain is a linear path of energy transfer; food web shows many interconnected chains; food pyramid represents energy decreasing at higher trophic levels.
Food chain shows energy amounts at each level; food web shows only producers; food pyramid is a list of consumers.
Food chain is circular; food web is random; food pyramid shows only numbers of organisms.
Nonliving parts that supply materials for producers are ______.
air, water, and soil
leaves and roots
animals and fungi
energy pyramids
In what direction does energy flow in an ecosystem?
From consumers → producers
From producers → consumers
Back and forth
Randomly
Which statement about energy flow is correct?
Energy is recycled.
Energy flows in one direction only.
Energy increases at each level.
Energy stays constant.
What role do decomposers play in the flow of energy?
They create energy.
They recycle nutrients to producers.
They stop energy loss.
They reflect sunlight.
Which of the following is a biotic part of an ecosystem?
Temperature
Fungi
Rocks
Water
Which of the following is abiotic?
Bacteria
Sunlight
Plants
Worms
How is energy lost at each trophic level?
Through heat during life processes
It disappears completely
It doubles at each level
It is recycled by decomposers
Which organism transfers solar energy into chemical energy?
Rabbit
Tree
Hawk
Mushroom
What percent of energy passes to the next trophic level?
100 %
50 %
10 %
1 %
In an energy pyramid, which level has the least available energy?
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Top predators
The arrows in a food web represent ______.
Matter flow
Energy flow
Direction of light
Amount of heat
When decomposers break down dead organisms, the nutrients ______.
leave the ecosystem forever
are released into soil, air, or water
turn into energy
disappear
Why can energy not be recycled in an ecosystem?
It changes to heat and escapes to the environment.
Decomposers trap it permanently.
Producers store it forever.
It becomes matter.
Which of the following best shows the correct energy path?
Decomposer → Producer → Consumer
Sun → Producer → Consumer → Decomposer
Consumer → Producer → Sun
Producer → Decomposer → Consumer
What happens to energy that is not transferred to the next trophic level?
It becomes part of the soil.
It is lost as heat to the surroundings.
It becomes recycled.
It returns to the Sun.
Which group of organisms changes sunlight into usable chemical energy?
Herbivores
Omnivores
Autotrophs
Decomposers
Why are decomposers important for producers?
They make oxygen.
They return nutrients to the soil that plants need.
They block sunlight to save energy.
They store food for other animals.
In a desert ecosystem, which of these is a nonliving factor affecting energy flow?
Cactus
Lizard
Heat
Scorpion
Which statement about matter and energy is true?
Both energy and matter cycle.
Energy flows in one direction; matter cycles.
Matter flows in one direction; energy cycles.
Both are destroyed in each process.
If the number of decomposers decreases, what will happen?
Nutrients will build up in dead matter.
Energy flow will increase.
More sunlight will be absorbed.
Oxygen will stop being produced.
Which of these animals is both a primary and a secondary consumer?
Rabbit
Frog
Hawk
Human
What would most likely happen if all producers disappeared from an ecosystem?
Consumers would increase.
The entire food web would collapse.
Decomposers would replace them.
Producers would replace them.
What connects producers, consumers, and decomposers together?
Flow of heat energy
Flow of nutrients and energy
Flow of water only
Flow of light only
Analyze the food web. Which statement is correct? The diagram shows the Sun, leaves, fruit, dead fruit, fungus, ants, butterfly, beetle, sloth, squirrel monkey, harpy eagle, and scarlet macaw connected by arrows indicating who eats whom.
The model tracks the transfer of energy as energy flows in this ecosystem.
The transfer of matter back into the environment occurs only at the detritivore level.
The model shows the transfer of heat energy only.
Decomposers in the model use matter but not energy as they recycle matter back into life processes.
In an energy pyramid, about 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is passed to the next level. Which statement best explains why this happens?
Consumers eat both producers and other consumers.
Organisms use most of the available energy to fuel their own life processes.
Predators eat more organisms in their own level than in other levels.
Producers exist only in the lowest level of the pyramid.
Which organism is a producer in an ecosystem?
Lion
Grass
Snake
Frog
What do producers use as their main source of energy?
Other animals
Sunlight
Soil
Oxygen
Which statement best describes a consumer?
It makes its own food.
It breaks down dead matter.
It eats other organisms to get energy.
It absorbs sunlight to grow.
Detritivores get their energy by:
Eating living plants
Breaking down dead plants and animals
Making food from sunlight
Hunting for prey
How are producers, consumers, and detritivores connected?
They all make their own food.
They recycle energy and nutrients in an ecosystem.
They only live in oceans.
What is a herbivore?
An animal that eats only meat
An animal that eats only plants
An animal that eats both plants and animals
An organism that breaks down waste
Which of the following is a carnivore?
Cow
Rabbit
Lion
Deer
Humans are examples of:
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Producers
Which of the following shows energy flow in the correct order?
Consumer → Producer → Sun
Sun → Producer → Consumer → Detritivore
Detritivore → Consumer → Producer
Producer → Sun → Consumer
Which statement about a food chain is correct?
It shows one single path of energy flow.
It shows all feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
It shows how nutrients recycle in the soil.
It shows the number of organisms in each level.
How is a food web different from a food chain?
It includes many food chains linked together.
It only includes producers.
It has no arrows to show energy flow.
It starts with a carnivore.
What does a food pyramid show?
The number of predators in each level
How energy decreases at each feeding level
The amount of water in an ecosystem
The temperature in a biome
In an energy pyramid, approximately 10 percent of the energy available in one trophic level is transferred to the next level. Which statement helps explain why this occurs?
Consumers eat both producers and other consumers.
Organisms use most of the available energy to fuel their own life processes.
Predators eat more organisms in their own level than organisms in other levels.
Producers exist in only the lowest level of the pyramid.
Describe the following cycles of matter: Which statement best describes the nitrogen cycle in Earth systems?
Nitrogen is created by plants and remains only in living tissues
Nitrogen continuously moves between the atmosphere, soil, and living things through processes such as fixation, uptake by plants, decomposition, and denitrification
Nitrogen exists only as nitrogen gas in the atmosphere and does not enter organisms
Nitrogen is stored underground and never returns to the atmosphere
Describe the following cycles of matter: Which statement best describes the carbon cycle in Earth systems?
Carbon moves in one direction only from plants to animals
Carbon cycles among the atmosphere, oceans, and living things through processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion
Carbon is created only by animals and remains in the atmosphere
Carbon changes into nitrogen as it moves through organisms
Describe the following cycles of matter: Which statement best describes the water cycle in Earth systems?
Water stays only in oceans and lakes
Water continuously circulates through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection across Earth
Water moves only upward into clouds and does not return to the surface
Water changes into carbon during photosynthesis
Describe the following cycles of matter: Which statement best describes the oxygen cycle in Earth systems?
Oxygen is produced only by animals and stored underground
Oxygen cycles between the atmosphere and living things as photosynthesis releases oxygen and respiration uses oxygen
Oxygen moves in one direction from plants to soil and never returns to air
Oxygen exists only as ozone and does not enter organisms
What is nitrogen fixation? Keisha and her classmates created a model of the nitrogen cycle. Their diagram is shown below. Based on the model, what is nitrogen fixation?
Storing nitrogen underground
Changing nitrogen gas into usable nitrogen compounds in the soil
Removing nitrogen from air
Adding oxygen to nitrogen
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?
Matter can be created but not destroyed
Matter changes form but is neither created nor destroyed
Matter disappears after a chemical reaction
Matter is always solid
Matter and nutrients move through the environment in:
Straight lines
One direction
Cycles
Chains
What is the main idea of the Carbon Cycle?
Carbon moves in one direction only
Carbon cycles between living organisms and the atmosphere
Carbon is created by plants
Carbon comes only from animals
During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide to produce:
Oxygen and glucose
Water vapor
Nitrogen
Proteins
Which process returns carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Transpiration
Nitrogen fixation
In the Water Cycle, which process changes liquid water to vapor (gas)?
Condensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Collection
What process releases water vapor from plant leaves?
Transpiration
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
What is precipitation?
Rain, snow, sleet, or hail falling from clouds
Water changing to gas
Clouds forming
Plants absorbing sunlight
In the Nitrogen Cycle, plants and animals cannot use nitrogen gas (N₂) directly because:
It is too heavy
It must first be changed into nitrogen compounds
It reacts with oxygen
It only dissolves in water
What is nitrogen fixation?
Storing nitrogen underground
Changing nitrogen gas into usable nitrogen compounds in the soil
Removing nitrogen from air
Adding oxygen to nitrogen
Which of the following can perform nitrogen fixation?
Fungi only
Root bacteria, lightning, and rain
Humans and animals
Oxygen from plants
In the Oxygen Cycle, photosynthesis and respiration are:
Opposite and balanced processes
Unrelated processes
The same process
Done only by animals
During respiration, organisms release:
Oxygen only
Carbon dioxide and energy
Nitrogen gas
Water vapor only
What adds oxygen to the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Evaporation
Nitrogen fixation
What do decomposers do in all matter cycles?
Destroy matter
Return nutrients to the soil
Produce oxygen
Prevent recycling
What is the function of the bacteria shown in the model?
They prevent the nitrogen from harming the plants
They remove the nitrogen from the soil
They remove the oxygen from the soil
They return the nitrogen to the system
Which of the following statements is NOT true about systems that cycle matter?
Living things play a role in the cycling of matter
Matter changes form as it cycles
Some matter is destroyed as it cycles through the environment
Matter is constantly cycling through the environment
Describe nitrogen cycle: Choose the statement that best summarizes the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen remains only as a gas and is not used by organisms
Nitrogen moves among the atmosphere, soil, and organisms through fixation, assimilation, decomposition, and denitrification
Nitrogen is produced solely by animals and stored in oceans
Nitrogen changes into carbon during photosynthesis
Describe water cycle: Choose the statement that best summarizes the water cycle.
Water stays only in lakes and does not move
Water circulates through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection across Earth
Water turns into oxygen in plants
Water travels only underground
Describe carbon cycle: Choose the statement that best summarizes the carbon cycle.
Carbon is created only by plants and remains in forests
Carbon cycles among atmosphere, oceans, and living things via photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion
Carbon does not enter the atmosphere
Carbon changes into nitrogen in animals
List reasons why populations would decrease: Which factor most directly causes a population to decrease?
High birth rate and abundant resources
Disease outbreak reducing survival
Immigration into the population
Expansion of suitable habitat
List reasons why populations increase: Which factor most directly causes a population to increase?
Severe drought reducing food
Predation pressure rising
Abundant resources leading to higher birth rates
Widespread disease
Define extinct. What characterizes extinction?
A species has very low numbers but still survives in some locations
A species is found only in zoos
No individuals of the species remain alive anywhere on Earth
A species migrates to a new habitat
Which of the following is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?
Tree
Frog
Water
Mushroom
Which of the following best describes a limiting factor?
Anything that increases a population without limit
Anything that stops or reduces how big a population can grow
The total number of organisms in an area
The largest amount of food available
Which of these is a biotic factor that affects population size?
Amount of rainfall
Soil pH
Predation and competition
Temperature
What is the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
The maximum number of organisms that can live in an ecosystem over time
The total amount of water available
The smallest possible population size
The number of predators in an ecosystem
What is meant by biotic potential?
The maximum growth possible if conditions are perfect
The number of animals living in one area
The limit beyond which a population cannot grow
The total amount of energy in an ecosystem
Which factor would most likely cause a population to decrease?
Plentiful food and water
Mild temperature
Drought and lack of resources
Increased space
A drought decreases the amount of grass in a prairie ecosystem. Which population would be most directly affected?
Predators that eat deer
Deer that eat grass
Birds that build nests in trees
Frogs that live in ponds
When a population becomes too large for the available resources, it is called:
Carrying capacity
Overpopulation
Extinction
Biotic potential
Which of the following could cause overpopulation?
Fewer predators
Limited food
Drought
Natural disasters
Which of these events would most likely cause a sudden population decrease?
Plenty of sunlight
Introduction of a new predator
Increase in space
Stable temperature
What is the difference between endangered and threatened species?
Endangered species are closer to extinction than threatened species.
Threatened species are already extinct.
Threatened species are completely safe from extinction.
Both mean the same thing.
Which of these would cause a species to become extinct?
Overpopulation of prey
Loss of habitat and pollution
Increased reproduction rates
Balanced resources
What is the main reason populations increase?
More predators
Availability of resources and favorable conditions
Lack of space
Spread of disease
Which graph pattern shows that a population has reached its carrying capacity?
A line that keeps rising without stopping
A line that rises then levels off
A line that drops to zero
A flat horizontal line at the bottom
When the number of individuals in a population exceeds its carrying capacity, what will most likely happen?
The population will remain the same.
The population will decrease due to lack of resources.
The population will grow faster.
The ecosystem will expand to fit more organisms.
Which is an example of a physical change in an ecosystem that affects population?
Drought or flood
New predator
Disease spread
Competition
Which is an example of a biological change that affects population size?
Volcanic eruption
Earthquake
Increase in predators or disease
Flood
What is a limiting factor that humans often affect?
Sunlight
Temperature
Space and resources through urban growth
Soil type
Why can overpopulation harm an environment?
It increases available resources.
It causes competition and resource shortage.
It reduces biodiversity.
Both b and c.
Which statement best describes how populations and resources are connected?
When resources increase, populations usually decrease.
When resources decrease, populations increase.
When resources decrease, populations also decrease.
Populations and resources are unrelated.
Study the graph of a coyote population in a habitat with plentiful food and no predators. Interpret what is happening to the population size at the one-year mark.
The population size is increasing.
The population size is decreasing.
The population size is remaining the same.
The population size cannot be inferred from the graph.
Which statement best explains what happened to the coyote population size when it reached its carrying capacity, and why?
The population size continued to increase because the ecosystem had not changed.
The population size stopped increasing because it had reached the largest number of coyotes the ecosystem could support.
The population size became zero because the ecosystem could no longer support the coyotes.
The population size can no longer be inferred from the graph once carrying capacity is reached.
What is a symbiotic relationship?
A relationship where one organism hunts another for food
A close and long-term interaction between organisms of different species
A competition between animals for sunlight and water
A short-term feeding interaction
In mutualism, both organisms:
Compete for the same resource
Benefit from the relationship
Harm each other
Remain unaffected
In parasitism, the organism that benefits is called the:
Prey
Host
Parasite
Predator
Which example shows commensalism?
A tick feeding on a dog
A clownfish and sea anemone
A bird building its nest in a tree without harming it
A wolf and a crow sharing a kill
Which relationship benefits one organism but harms the other?
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
Cooperation
Which of the following is an example of mutualism?
A flea living on a dog
Bees pollinating flowers
A lion hunting a zebra
Moss growing on a rock
Which statement best describes a predator-prey relationship?
Two species share food equally
One organism hunts and eats another
Both organisms benefit equally
One organism lives inside another
What is a competitive relationship?
When two or more organisms fight or struggle for the same resource
When two species live peacefully together
When one animal hunts another
When animals share food
Which is a correct example of competition?
Wolves and crows feeding on the same carcass
Bees and flowers exchanging nectar for pollination
A bird removing ticks from a buffalo
A snake eating a frog
Which describes a cooperative relationship?
Elephants working together to protect their young
Lions and zebras in a food chain
Trees competing for sunlight
A parasite feeding on a host
Which of the following is an example of a predator-prey relationship?
Leaf-cutter ants carrying leaves together
An osprey catching a fish
A bird building a nest in a tree
A clownfish and sea anemone
In a competitive relationship:
Both species are helped
Both species are harmed
Organisms struggle for limited resources
One benefits and one is unaffected
Which type of relationship exists between leaf-cutter ants that build homes together?
Cooperative
Mutualistic
Parasitic
Competitive
Which statement about commensalism is correct?
Both species benefit
One species benefits, the other is unaffected
One species benefits, the other is harmed
Both are harmed
Which relationship describes a wasp laying eggs inside a spider?
Parasitism
Mutualism
Competition
Cooperation
Which type of relationship helps both partners survive?
Parasitism
Competition
Mutualism
Commensalism
Which type of relationship is shown when squirrels work together to find food safely?
Cooperative
Competitive
Parasitic
Predator-prey
What is the host in a parasitic relationship?
The organism that benefits
The organism that is harmed
The organism that competes
The organism that hunts
Which example best shows a competitive relationship among plants?
Trees growing tall to reach sunlight
Birds cleaning crocodile teeth
Bees travelling to reach sunlight
Birds cleaning crocodile teeth again
Which term refers to organisms living in the same area and interacting as a group?
Population
Community
Which of the following occurs during secondary succession?
Life starts for the first time on bare rock.
Soil has to form from lava rock.
Plants regrow after a forest fire or flood.
There are no nutrients or water available.
After a forest fire, small plants start to grow again. What kind of change is this?
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Climax community
Aquatic succession
