Which of the following respiratory diseases shows seasonality and peaks in the summer months (Jun, July, and August)?

Which of the following is FALSE about pneumonia?

Aerosolized respiratory secretions that contain infectious particles that when inhaled can cause disease are referred to as:

Mucociliary clearance is an innate defense system of the respiratory tract where ________ produce the mucous that traps microorganisms and ________ beat the mucous upwards preventing it from reaching the bronchioles and alveoli of the lower respiratory tract.

Joey R, 53, visits the Wentworth Douglass Hospital Emergency Room, complaining of a sore throat. Upon examination Joey presents with an erythematous (red) rash on the back of the throat with white patches. Joey also presents with a fever and headache. He reports that his symptoms began 7 days ago and have become more severe each day.

In 2019, 142 cases of Legionellosis were identified in North Carolina. All patients visited a hot tub display at the WNC Mountain State Fair between Sept. 6-15. Testing of the water in the hot tubs at the display demonstrated the presence Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of the disease. No persons who contacted these patients contracted Legionellosis. This case of Legionellosis is an example of a:

_______ is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.

When humans encounter a new microorganism, the new microorganism will always colonize the human and cause disease.

Listeria monocytogenes has an ID50 of 106 bacteria. Shigella dysenteriae has an ID50 of 50 bacteria. Which of the following statements is true:

Virulence is the measure of _________ and is measured using __________.

Which of the following is an example of an infection by an opportunistic pathogen:

Triple E or Sleeping Sickness is a disease caused by the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus. Humans contract the virus through the bite of Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans mosquitoes. This is an example of what kind of disease transmission:

AB Toxins are composed of two subunits. The A subunit __________. The B subunit __________.

Which of the following is not an example of an endotoxin?

Which of the following is an example of a cytolytic exotoxin?

Toxoplasmosis is parasitic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii primarily infect rodents, live stock, and domesticated cats. Humans are susceptible to infection through ingestion of contaminated meat products and/or contact with cat feces. Toxoplasmosis is an example of a/an:

You decide to conduct a public study of Human Papilloma virus in the town of Durham, NH. Each Durham resident is screened for presence of the virus. Out of a population of 14,000 residents screened, 200 were identified HPV positive, thus the _________ rate of HPV in Durham is 0.014.

Joey, a 7-year-old male, has a sore throat and fever. Culture of a throat swab yields gram-positive cocci that grow in chains and produce beta-hemolysis on blood agar. Which organism is most likely responsible for the infection?

Joey, a 7-year-old male, has a sore throat and fever. Culture of a throat swab yields gram-positive cocci that grow in chains and produce beta-hemolysis on blood agar. Which of the following is the proper treatment for Joey?

A 27-year-old male presents with a sore throat, fever, malaise, neck swelling, and a white pseudomembrane on the nasopharynx. Gram stain shows gram-positive rods. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following diseases is characterized by a pseudomembrane forming in the patient's nasopharynx?

After 1-2 days of a sore throat, fever, and malaise patient Bon Scott, male 27, visits the emergency room. The attending physician, Dr.Young, notes swelling of the neck, and a white pseudomembrane forming on the patient’s nasopharynx. Gram stain of a sample obtained by nasopharyngeal swab demonstrates gram-positive rods. The pseudomembrane observed on Bon Scott’s nasopharynx is due to which of the following virulence factors?

Vaccines are available to prevent disease due to all of the organisms listed below EXCEPT:

Which of the following is TRUE about otitis media?

Eddard S. (male, 45) arrives at Dr. Snow’s office with a chronic cough accompanied by bouts of vomiting. Eddard complains that his cough began 3-4 weeks ago, initially with common cold-like symptoms, but the cough has become progressively worse, very frequent, and repetitive. After coughing spells Eddard becomes exhausted, and sometimes vomits. Eddard’s sons, Bran (male, 7) and Rickon (male, 3), began exhibiting common cold-like symptoms two days prior to Eddard’s appointment with Dr. Snow. Dr. Snow tests both Eddard and his sons using a Nasopharyngeal swab. Eddard and his sons all test positive for pertussis. What stage of pertussis is Eddard in?

Eddard S. (male, 45) arrives at Dr. Snow’s office with a chronic cough accompanied by bouts of vomiting. Eddard complains that his cough began 3-4 weeks ago, initially with common cold-like symptoms, but the cough has become progressively worse, very frequent, and repetitive. After coughing spells Eddard becomes exhausted, and sometimes vomits. Eddard’s sons, Bran (male, 7) and Rickon (male, 3), began exhibiting common cold-like symptoms two days prior to Eddard’s appointment with Dr. Snow. Dr. Snow tests both Eddard and his sons using a Nasopharyngeal swab. Eddard and his sons all test positive for pertussis. What stage of pertussis are Bran and Rickon in?

Eddard S. (male, 45) arrives at Dr. Snow’s office with a chronic cough accompanied by bouts of vomiting. Eddard complains that his cough began 3-4 weeks ago, initially with common cold-like symptoms, but the cough has become progressively worse, very frequent, and repetitive. After coughing spells Eddard becomes exhausted, and sometimes vomits. Eddard’s sons, Bran (male, 7) and Rickon (male, 3), began exhibiting common cold-like symptoms two days prior to Eddard’s appointment with Dr. Snow. Dr. Snow tests both Eddard and his sons using a Nasopharyngeal swab. Eddard and his sons all test positive for pertussis. Which of the following statements is true?

Antigenic shift is:

both influenza virus and respiratory syncytia virus have RNA genomes with helical capsids.

There are antiviral drugs that are available for the treatment of Influenza.

What is the most common cause of Lower Respiratory Tract disease in children?

Type A Influenza Virus causes epidemics, but Type B and C do not.

A 6-month-old infant, Johnny, is brought to the emergency department in late November with a 2-day history of low-grade fever, rapid breathing, wheezing, and cyanosis. The child has prominent rhinorrhea and appears lethargic. The parents, Sid and Nancy, report that the baby attends daycare and several other children have had similar symptoms recently. On examination, the Johnny has tachypnea and expiratory wheezing. Chest X-ray reveals signs consistent with bronchiolitis. RT-PCR of respiratory secretions confirms the presence of a negative-sense RNA virus.

Which of the following organisms is a common upper respiratory tract pathogen?

Which of the following organisms is a common lower respiratory tract pathogen?

Diphtheria toxin:

Rheumatic Fever is a complication due to an infection by:

Latent tuberculosis:

The Mantoux (PPD) test is used in the diagnosis of:

• Cindy-Lou A 22-year-old college student presents to the

clinic with a sore throat, conjunctivitis, and fatigue for the

past two days. She complains of mild cough but no

difficulty breathing. Physical examination reveals an

erythematous (red) rash on her oropharynx (throat),

bilateral tonsillar swelling, and tender cervical lymph

nodes. Her temperature is mildly elevated. What is the

best diagnosis for this patient?

After 1-2 days of a sore throat, fever, and malaise patient

Kurt C., male 27, visits the emergency room. The

attending physician, Dr. Albini, notes swelling of the neck,

and a white pseudomembrane forming on the patient’s

nasopharynx. Gram stain of a sample obtained by

nasopharyngeal swab demonstrates gram-positive rods.

• What organism do you believe is responsible for this

disease?

Tracheal Cytotoxin is an example of a/an:

Daniel D., a 86 year-old male, is admitted to the hospital from

his long-term care facility with a dry, non-productive cough, a

shaking chill, and a fever of 39°C. Symptoms arose abruptly

and have worsened over the past two days. Chest X-rays

demonstrate Lobar pneumonia. Daniel has a history of Chronic

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease that his facility doctor (Dr.

Doom) attributes to his 30-year, pack-a-day smoking habit.

Gram stain sputum samples demonstrate gram-positive cocci

in chains. Culture of sputum on blood agar shows alpha

hemolysis with mucoid colonies.

• Which of the following organisms is most likely responsible for

Daniel’s infection?

Shigella dysenteriae is more virulent than Proteus mirabilis. Which of

the following statements must be true?

Which of the following is an example of an infection by

an opportunistic pathogen:

Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin is an example of a/an

_____, while Lipotechoic acid is an example of

a/an______.

• In 2019, the North Carolina Department of Health

and Human Services investigated a deadly

occurrence of Legionnaires’ Disease linked to a

Hot Tub display at the Mountain State Fair. Their

investigation confirmed141 cases of

Legionnaires’ Disease, with 4 deaths have linked

to cases. This is an example of a/an:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is more pathogenic than Streptococcus

pneumoniae. Which of the following statements must be true?