Which choice below represents the correct classification scheme of taxonomy?

The lowest level of biological organization that can perform all activities required for life is a/an

What are the two domains of prokaryotic organisms?

Which compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms, making them very hydrophobic?

Peptide bonds are found in polymers of which class of biological macromolecules?

What is the pH of urine with $$[H^+] = 1 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{mol/L}$$ ?

What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-dimensional shape when exposed to adverse environmental conditions?

Thalidomide and L-dopa are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?

All organisms are composed of at least one cell. This is a central part of the

Animal cells have all of the following components EXCEPT

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the plasma membrane?

Secretion of proteins is accomplished by what process?

The electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane of most of the cells in the human body is established and maintained by the Na+-K+ pump moving ions AGAINST THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS. This is an example of which of the following?

Which of the following is a correct statement about diffusion?

Which of the following are NOT found on/in any prokaryotic cell?

What are the membrane structures that function in active transport?

The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy conversions are inefficient, and some energy is always lost as which biologically unusable form?

Which of the following relationships between cell structures and their respective functions is correct?

A red blood cell placed into a hypotonic solution will potentially undergo which of the following processes?

Zn2+ (zinc), an inorganic metal ion, is normally present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The Zn2+ most likely functions as a:

White blood cells and amoebas engulf bacteria through what process?

Which organelle maintains turgor pressure inside plant cells?

The reaction shown below is performed by baker's yeast (S. cerevisiae). $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\;\rightarrow\;2C_2H_5OH\; +\; 2CO_2\; +\; 2\ ATP}$$ Which of the following is true about this reaction?

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP molecules when one glucose molecule is completely broken down during aerobic cellular respiration?

Which curve represents the profile of an enzyme taken from a bacterial species that lives in hot springs at temperatures of approximately 75°C?

Which curve represents the profile of an enzyme taken from the human stomach where conditions are strongly acidic?

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; Energy}$$

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of stages for aerobic cellular respiration?

For questions 31–36, use the reactions below. Reaction A: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; 32\ ATP}$$ Reaction B: $$\mathrm{6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; light\ energy\; \rightarrow\; C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2}$$ Which reaction shows the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

For questions 31–36, use the reactions below. Reaction A: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; 32\ ATP}$$ Reaction B: $$\mathrm{6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; light\ energy\; \rightarrow\; C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2}$$ Which reaction shows the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

For questions 31–36, use the reactions below. Reaction A: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; 32\ ATP}$$ Reaction B: $$\mathrm{6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; light\ energy\; \rightarrow\; C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2}$$ Which reaction is catabolic?

For questions 31–36, use the reactions below. Reaction A: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; 32\ ATP}$$ Reaction B: $$\mathrm{6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; light\ energy\; \rightarrow\; C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2}$$ Which reaction is anabolic?

For questions 31–36, use the reactions below. Reaction A: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; 32\ ATP}$$ Reaction B: $$\mathrm{6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; light\ energy\; \rightarrow\; C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2}$$ Which reaction is exergonic?

For questions 31–36, use the reactions below. Reaction A: $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2\; \rightarrow\; 6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; 32\ ATP}$$ Reaction B: $$\mathrm{6\ CO_2\; +\; 6\ H_2O\; +\; light\ energy\; \rightarrow\; C_6H_{12}O_6\; +\; 6\ O_2}$$ Which reaction is endergonic?

What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?

What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?

DNA replication is best described as ________.

What is the direction of DNA synthesis?

Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand in prokaryotes?

All three domains of life use the same genetic code. This illustrates what property of the code?

Given the DNA template strand sequence 3' TAC TGC GGT TCA CGG 5', what mRNA sequence would result if this DNA sequence were transcribed?

Using the DNA template strand sequence 3' TAC TGC GGT TCA CGG 5' and the standard genetic code, the amino acid sequence coded for by the resulting mRNA would be

For the DNA template strand sequence 3' TAC TGC GGT TCA CGG 5', what anticodon would be on the tRNA that brings in the fifth amino acid from the left?

According to the original Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, which of the following correctly describes the flow of genetic information in all living organisms?

Which of the following findings changed our understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology?

What causes translation to terminate?

Use the following information: As a genetic counselor, you meet with Sam and Dianne, who have both tested positive as carriers for the recessive allele (p) that causes phenylketonuria (PKU). What are the genotypes of the parents who have come into your office?

Use the following information: As a genetic counselor, you meet with Sam and Dianne, who have both tested positive as carriers for the recessive allele (p) that causes phenylketonuria (PKU). What is the chance that their first child will have PKU?

Use the following information: As a genetic counselor, you meet with Sam and Dianne, who have both tested positive as carriers for the recessive allele (p) that causes phenylketonuria (PKU). What is the chance that their first child will not be affected by PKU?

Eye color, skin color, and height in humans are controlled by multiple genes. These traits demonstrate which of the following?

A species of tulip can have either yellow or red flowers. If we cross a homozygous yellow flower plant with a homozygous red flower plant, all of the offspring have red flowers. Based on that result, which of the following is true?

Use the following information: Huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele (H). Jane is heterozygous for the Huntington's allele. What is Jane's genotype?

Use the following information: Huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele (H). Jane is heterozygous for the Huntington's allele. What is Jane's phenotype?

Use the following information: Huntington's disease is caused by a dominant allele (H). Jane is heterozygous for the Huntington's allele. Jane wants to have a child with Jack. Jack is homozygous recessive for the gene in question. What are the chances they will have a child with Huntington's disease?

Use the following information: In pea plants, the yellow seed color allele (Y) is dominant over the green seed color allele (y). You have a pea plant of unknown genotype that produces yellow seeds. You want to perform a test cross to determine the genotype of this plant. In the scenario above, you are test-crossing your plant of unknown genotype to a plant that has what genotype and phenotype?

Use the following information: In pea plants, the yellow seed color allele (Y) is dominant over the green seed color allele (y). You have a pea plant of unknown genotype that produces yellow seeds and perform a test cross to determine the genotype of this plant. Which set of results from the test cross would indicate that the pea plant with unknown genotype is heterozygous (Yy)?

There are two alleles for the single gene which controls the shape of a species of radish: long and round (spherical). If we cross a homozygous long radish with a homozygous round radish, all of the baby radishes are oval. Based on that result, which of the following is true?

A human egg cell containing 22 autosomes but no sex chromosomes (O) is fertilized by a human sperm cell containing 22 autosomes and an X chromosome. The resulting zygote will

Use the following information: A woman who has type A blood has a daughter who is type O and a son who is type B. Which of the following is the only possible genotype for the son?

Use the following information: A woman who has type A blood has a daughter who is type O and a son who is type B. Which of the following is the only possible genotype for the mother?

Use the following information: A woman who has type A blood has a daughter who is type O and a son who is type B. Which of the following is a possible genotype/phenotype for the father of the two children?

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive trait. A woman is a carrier for hemophilia A, and her husband is a hemophiliac. Assume N is the dominant allele and n is the recessive allele. What are the genotypes of the mother and the father, respectively?

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive trait. A woman is a carrier for hemophilia A, and her husband is a hemophiliac. What is the chance that the son they plan to have will be a hemophiliac?

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive trait. A woman is a carrier for hemophilia A, and her husband is a hemophiliac. What is the chance that the daughter they plan to have will be a carrier?

A human male will inherit which of the following from his mother?

The SRY gene is best described by which of the following?

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division is called what?

Down syndrome results from an extra copy of which chromosome?

The pedigree shows the inheritance of a human biochemical disorder called alkaptonuria in which affected individuals accumulate a dark-colored substance (alkapton) in urine and certain tissues. Shaded symbols indicate affected individuals. Based on the pedigree, what is the most likely inheritance pattern for alkaptonuria?

Your class obtains three corn cobs and counts the number of purple and yellow kernels on each cob as summarized:

If corn kernel color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles (R = dominant purple, r = recessive yellow), which parental cross could have produced these cobs as offspring?

A pedigree for a bobcat population indicates the occurrence of long claws, a trait controlled by a single autosomal gene with two alleles (B = dominant allele, produces long claws; b = recessive allele, produces short claws). Which of the following represents an individual female bobcat with long claws in the pedigree?

In the bobcat pedigree where long claws are dominant (B) and short claws are recessive (b), which of the following represents an individual male bobcat with short claws?

In the bobcat pedigree where long claws are dominant (B) and short claws are recessive (b), what is the genotype of individual I-4?

In the bobcat pedigree where long claws are dominant (B) and short claws are recessive (b), what is the genotype of individual II-3?

In the bobcat pedigree where long claws are dominant (B) and short claws are recessive (b), what is the genotype of individual II-5?

Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disorder caused by a mutation in an autosomal gene coding for a lysosomal enzyme. A couple, neither of whom suffer from the disorder, have three children; one child was diagnosed with Tay-Sachs at birth, while the other two have normal phenotypes. Determine the genotypes of the parents and indicate the pattern of inheritance displayed by the disorder (T = dominant allele, t = recessive allele).

In fruit flies, grey body color is dominant over black body color, and long wings are dominant over short wings (G = grey body color allele, g = black body color allele; L = long wing allele, l = short wing allele). You perform a cross with two parental flies, each of which has a grey body color and long wings. You obtain the following results when you analyze the phenotypes of the offspring: 18 with grey bodies and long wings, 6 with black bodies and long wings, 6 with grey bodies and short wings, and 2 with black bodies and short wings. Based on this information, what are parental genotypes?

What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?

Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation in order to:

Use the following description and the Punnett square to answer. In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in a Punnett square in which the four boxes are labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 to represent the genotypes produced. Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves?

Use the following description and the Punnett square to answer. In a plant where gene locus D controls leaf color, D produces dark green leaves and dd produces light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant crossed with a light-leaved plant yields F1 plants that self-pollinate, producing an F2 shown in a Punnett square with boxes labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the genotypes. Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype?

Use the following description and the Punnett square to answer. In a plant where allele D produces dark leaves and dd produces light leaves, a true-breeding dark-leaved plant crossed with a light-leaved plant yields F1 plants that self-pollinate, producing an F2 shown in a Punnett square with boxes labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants that will be true-breeding?

Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. The results were as follows: 6,022 yellow and 2,001 green (8,023 total). Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship of the allele for green seeds to the allele for yellow seeds?

Which of the following statements is true?

Use your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules and how they dissolve other substances to answer the question. What is the best explanation of the solute molecule (in the center), given the orientation of water molecules around it?

Thalidomide and L-dopa are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers. L-dopa is the effective drug used to treat Parkinson's disease. The other enantiomer, D-dopa, is biologically inactive. Which of the following correctly describes enantiomers?

An example of a Hydrogen Bond is the bond between

How do phospholipids interact with water molecules?

Organelle that contains digestive enzymes

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?

Which illustration best represents active transport?

White blood cells engulf bacteria using ________.

Which line represents an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? 

A weightlifter is using heavy weights in short bursts for a competition. Because his muscle cells are not able to take in enough oxygen to make very much ATP the weightlifter begins to get fatigue in his muscles. Which of the following processes is most likely going on in the muscles of the weightlifter as he competes in his event?

Which of the following is a product of the Electron Transport Chain?

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin Cycle?

A series of enzymes catalyzes the above reaction. Product Z binds to enzyme 1 (which converts W to X). It binds at a location far from the active site. This binding decreases the activity of enzyme 1.

The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway (such as Product Z above)

temporarily inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is known as

What type of biological molecule is Rubisco?

What is the function of Rubisco in this cycle shown here?

The reaction shown below is performed by baker's yeast (S. cerevisiae). Which of the following is true about this reaction?

C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 2C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂ + 2ATP

Glucose --> Ethanol

Which of the following is true for anabolic reactions?

Where are ATP synthase complexes located in plant cells?

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P_i can best be described as an ________________ reaction that ______________ energy.