Protect the Anterior part of the eye.

Levator palpabrae - ______ the eye (CN-III)

Orbicularis Oculi - ______ the eye (CN-VII)

Thin transparent membrane covers the cornea. When infected called CONJUNCTIVITIS or pink-eye

Consists of the Lacrimal gland (which produces tears) & Nasolacrimal duct system.

Tears are made of a dilute saline solution.

The composition of tears differs between happy and sad tears.

We produce tears not just for emotions; every time we BLINK, we make tears.

Tears are emptied into the NOSE via the NASOLACRIMAL DUCT.

The OUTER TUNIC

Aka: Fibrous Layer is made up of _____ & ______

The MIDDLE TUNIC

Aka: Vascular Layer is made up of _______, ________ & ________

The INNER TUNIC

Aka: Nervous Layer is made up of ________

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

Laterally innervation (CN)

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

Medially innervation (CN)

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

Elevates/Medially innervation (CN)

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

Depress/Medially innervation (CN)

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

Elevates & turns Laterally innervation (CN)

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:

Depresses & turns Medially innervation (CN)

The outermost fibrous layer of the eye.

The WHITE of the eye.

Protects & shapes the eye.

Site of INSERTION of ALL the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

The transparent central portion of the Sclera.

Outermost Fibrous layer of the eye.

Aids in REFRACTION.

It contains 3 disorders of Refraction (Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism)

"NEARSIGHTEDNESS" the inability to see DISTANT IMAGES. The eyeball is too long.

"FARSIGHTEDNESS" the inability to see NEAR IMAGES.

Distorted images unequal curvature of LENS or CORNEA lead to this. Results in distorted images since light rays are not bale to all meet at a common focus.

Plasma-like fluid.

Supplies NUTRIENTS to lens & cornea

CONTINOUSLY CIRCULATES!!

It gets reabsorbed into venous blood through the Canal of Schlemm.

The site where Aqueous Humor gets reabsorbed and taken into the venous blood.

The opening in the IRIS that regulates the amount to light entering the eye.

Light adaptation occurs when moving from bright light into darkness.

Moving from Bright Light to Darkness --> The pupil will _______ to let more light in!!!

Moving from Darkness to Bright Light --> Pupil will ________ to reduce the amount of light going in!!

The visible color part of the eye around the pupil.

Can be blue, green, brown, hazel.

Made up of 2 SMOOTH MUSCLES layers that change shape depending on the environmental light.

Divides the eye into the Anterior & Posterior Chamber.

Which structure of the eye is made up of 2 SMOOTH MUSCLES layers that change shape depending on the environmental light.

Focuses (refracts) light on the retina.

Has a flexible biconvex crystal-like structure.

Is held in position by suspensory fibers called Ciliary Zonule.

Divides the intraocular cavity into a posterior segment that contains the Vitreous Humor & an anterior segment that contains the Aqueous Humor.

With accommodation the lens bulges, becomes flatter when holding an object close to the eye.

Secretes Aqueous Humor into the Intraocular Cavity.

Gel-like fluid that reinforces the eyeball & prevents it from collapsing inward.

In the Posterior segment of the eye.

Contributes to the Intraocular pressure & DOES NOT CIRCULATE!!

The innermost sensory layer of the eye.

The ONLY area of the body we can directly examine blood vessels & get information regarding cardiovascular health!!!!

Has 2 Layer: Pigmented Layer & Neural Layer.

Also contains Photoreceptors: RODS & CONES

The retina has 2 layers!

_______ - Absorbs light & stores Vitamin A

The retina has 2 layers!

_______ - Reacts to light energy via PHOTORECEPTORS

The retina has Photoreceptors:

_____ - Operates in DIM LIGHT!

The retina has Photoreceptors:

_____ - Operates in BRIGHT LIGHT!

The retina has Photoreceptors:

Night-blindness is a problem with the RODS due to lack of Vitamin A.

CAN BE CURED by Vitamin A.

The retina has Photoreceptors:

Colorblindness is a problem of the _____ due to the lack of one or more _____.

CAN NOT be cured.

3 types of CONES named for colors of light:

Aka: Macula Lutea

The GREATEST VISUAL ACUITY is found here due to having ALL CONES

Aka: BLIND SPOT

No photoreceptors there!!!

CN-II leaves the eye from the retina.

CN-II

Light Travels via the Optic Nerve --> Optic Tract --> Primary Visual Cortex in the OCCIPITAL LOBE

If damaged, it will result in blindness!!

Part of the MIDDLE REGION of the eye.

Contains PIGMENT & prevents light from scattering in the eyeball.

Sensory Receptors:

Mechanoreceptors

Sensory Receptors:

Thermoreceptors

Sensory Receptors:

Photoreceptors

Sensory Receptors:

Chemoreceptors

Sensory Receptors:

Nociceptors

General Senses by Location:

Stimulus OUTSIDE body --> receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, special sense organs

General Senses by Location:

stimulus in internal viscera (organs) & blood vessels --> chemical
changes in body, tissue stretch, temp changes

General Senses by Location:

skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, & connective tissue --> tells brain
about one’s movement + position

AWARENESS of changes in internal + external environment

Occurs in the brain

Conscious INTERPRETATION of stimuli

Occurs in the brain

70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye
Nearly half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information!

What is the term for the bending of a light ray due to a change in speed as it passes from one transparent medium to another—a process that occurs at the cornea and lens, allowing light to converge at a focal point for image formation?

Which process involves changing the shape of the lens using the ciliary muscles to increase the eye’s refractory power, allowing you to focus on close objects?

Which process occurs when the pupils constrict to prevent the most divergent light rays from entering the eye during close vision?

Which close-vision process involves the medial rotation of the eyeballs toward the object being viewed?

What condition occurs when the lens loses its ability to accommodate—typically after age 50—resulting in difficulty focusing on close objects and often requiring reading glasses?

Which sequence correctly describes the pathway of light as it enters the eye and is processed by the brain?

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

#7

#8

#9

#10

#11

#12

#13

#14

#15

#16