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WorksheetsLeadership Approaches and Behaviors Worksheet
Total questions: 94
Worksheet time: 47mins
Identify the five types of leadership power and select all that apply.
Legitimate power
Reward power
Coercive power
Referent power
Expert power
What area was the earliest research on leadership MOST concerned with?
Leadership behaviors
Leadership traits
Leadership situations
Leadership integrity
Leadership roles
What was a major problem with the trait approach to leadership?
The studies were too inconsistent and thus not very practical.
The studies were too focused on certain leaders and thus were dismissed as irrelevant.
Which of the following BEST describes task-focused leader behavior?
Concentration on how tasks should be performed
Concentration on which tasks should be performed
Which of the following BEST describes employee-focused leader behavior?
Concentration on both the satisfaction and the well-being of employees
Concentration on both the work quality and work quantity of employees
Which of the following models of leadership is based on the expectancy theory of motivation and suggests that the function of a leader is to make rewards available to the workplace?
Supportive
Path-goal
Decision tree
Employee-focused
Leader-member exchange
Under the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leader behavior includes setting challenging goals for the employee with the expectation that those goals will be achieved?
Directive
Supportive
Participative
Achievement-oriented
Decision tree
Which approach to leadership focuses only on subordinate participation in decision making, yet does not address other aspects of leadership?
Decision tree
Leader-member exchange
Transformational
Path-glory
Directive leader
Which method of leadership encourages supervisors to establish a small number of trusted subordinates and give them special duties and privileges?
Transformational
Charismatic
Leader-member exchange
Decision tree
Path-glory
When a leader asks for employees' suggestions and input in the decision-making process, what type of leadership style is being utilized?
Directive
Supportive
Participative
Achievement
Transformational
A leader who sets levels of expectation, then gives direction and guidance and determines work schedules uses what type of leadership theory?
Transformational
Directive
Supportive
Participative
Achievement-oriented
The situational approach to leadership is concerned with the contingent outcomes and consequences of leader behavior rather than universal outcomes and consequences.
True
False
The situational approach to leadership gives equal weight to the elements of the situation and the characteristics of the leader and followers in order to ascertain the outcomes of a leader's actions.
True
False
The situational approach to leadership was first proposed as a continuum of leadership behavior. Which statements describe the two extreme ranges of this continuum? Select all that apply.
The leader makes decisions alone.
Employees make decisions with only minimal guidance from the leader.
The leader delegates decisions exclusively to external consultants.
Employees and the leader share equal decision rights in all cases.
The leader uses charismatic appeals to motivate but does not make decisions.
Describe how the behavioral approach to leadership could apply to the situational approach to leadership. Which statements are accurate? Select all that apply.
Two forms of leader behavior prevail: task-focused and employee-focused.
Appropriate leader actions depend completely on the given circumstances of the organization to be led.
Behavior should shift between task-focused or employee-focused depending on where the need is greatest.
Situational characteristics that affect decision making include the type of organization, group effectiveness, the problem itself, and time pressures.
Leader behavior is universally effective regardless of the situation.
Which of the following may describe charismatic leadership?
A form of interpersonal attraction based on the perspectives of the leader
A form of interpersonal attraction that inspires support and acceptance
A form of interpersonal guidance based on the perspectives of the managers
A form of interpersonal guidance that uses highly controlled alternatives
A form of interpersonal attraction which utilizes group performance norms
Which of following describes the activities MOST involved with transactional leadership?
The implementation of a corporate vision
The implementation of organizational transformations
The implementation of regimented activities
The implementation of employee incentives
The implementation of situational problem solving
Which of the following is a fundamental element of charismatic leadership?
Planning
Controlling
Analyzing
Influencing
Organizing
Which statement is true regarding charismatic leadership?
Charismatic leadership ideas are unpopular among contemporary managers.
Many studies have successfully assessed the impact of charismatic leadership.
Charismatic leadership is recognized as the most important approach to leadership.
Dependence on charismatic leadership can raise serious ethical concerns.
Taking over a leadership role from a charismatic leader is often easier than following a leader lacking in charisma.
Which of the following describes one of the primary concerns associated with charismatic leadership due to severe devotion to a particular leader?
The potential lapse of ethical practices
The potential inability to replace leadership efficiently
The potential encouragement of micromanaging
The potential stagnation of corporate vision
The potential creation of bureaucracy
Which of the following accurately describes a primary characteristic of charismatic leaders?
They tend to set high expectations for themselves and control the expectations of others.
They tend to set high expectations for themselves and establish high standards for others.
They tend to establish high standards for themselves and rely on others to accomplish goals.
They tend to energize others and establish good, stable practices.
They tend to set high expectations for themselves and establish good, stable practices.
What type of leadership recognizes the need for change then creates and executes a plan for change?
Transformational
Transactional
Charismatic
Supportive
Directive
Taking over a leadership role from a charismatic leader is less challenging than taking over from a leader lacking charisma.
True
False
Few studies have successfully assessed the meaning and impact of charismatic leadership.
True
False
In which situation would a leader choose a more transactional approach over a more transformational one?
When an organization has successfully reorganized and needs a leader to ensure changes remain in place through routine, regimented activities
When an organization is floundering and needs a leader to create a vision and guide major change
When a startup needs a visionary to recognize the need for change and inspire people with a new direction
When a firm faces disruptive shifts and requires a leader to energize others toward a transformative plan
Which set identifies three crucial elements of charismatic leadership?
Envision likely future trends and patterns; set high expectations for self and others; energize others through personal excitement and confidence with consistent success
Maintain routine, regimented activities; apply rigid rules and procedures; emphasize transactional exchanges
Delegate decision making; minimize personal involvement; rely on bureaucratic structures
Focus on micromanagement; avoid risk; discourage high expectations
Which of the following organizational aspects allows employees to perform capably without the direction of a leader?
Leadership neutralizers
Leadership substitutes
Leadership incentives
Leadership guidelines
Leadership obstructions
Which of the following BEST describes the effects of leadership neutralizers in an organization?
They tend to make leader behavior ineffective.
They tend to make leaders more charismatic.
They tend to outweigh the need for leader behavior.
They tend to make managers become effective leaders.
They tend to make leaders more neutral toward employees.
Which of the following may be a substitute for leadership?
Lax individual professionalism
Group divisiveness
Explicit plans and goals
A loose system of rules and procedures
A performance-based reward system
When an employee can perform well without a leader, what is indicated?
Presence of a rigid reward system
Presence of a leadership neutralizer
Presence of a leadership substitute
Presence of a leadership incentive
Presence of a highly automated system
What type of factors result in a leadership behavior that has been effective in the past no longer working in a new situation?
Substitutes
Neutralizers
Charisma
Transactional
Cross-cultural patterns
Leadership neutralizers tend to strongly affect a leader's ability to affect a subordinate's performance.
True
False
Rigid rules and procedures, along with individual professionalism, may render leader behavior unnecessary.
True
False
High levels of experience and group cohesiveness among subordinates cannot neutralize leadership.
True
False
How can norms and cohesiveness in a work group neutralize leadership?
Group norms and cohesiveness can be so strong that leader behaviors are rendered ineffective, leaving little a leader can do to change them
Strong norms and cohesiveness always amplify leader influence, making leadership more effective
Norms and cohesiveness only matter when combined with high automation; otherwise they have no impact on leadership
Cohesive groups eliminate the need for any organizational policies, which enhances leader control
Which statement correctly contrasts leadership substitutes with leadership neutralizers?
Substitutes are characteristics that take the place of needed aspects of effective leadership, making actual leadership unnecessary or irrelevant; neutralizers are characteristics that render attempted leadership behavior ineffective, sometimes negating a leader's influence even when the leader tries to exercise it
Substitutes and neutralizers are identical in purpose and effect, both increasing a leader's charisma and authority
Substitutes weaken leadership by increasing bureaucracy, whereas neutralizers strengthen leadership by reducing routine
Substitutes apply only to individuals; neutralizers apply only to organizations
According to current theories of gender roles in leadership, which of the following BEST describes the differences in decision making?
Males tend to be more democratic than females in making decisions.
Males tend to be more critical than females in making decisions.
Males tend to be more rational than females in making decisions.
Males tend to be more charismatic than females in making decisions.
Which states the correct definition of collectivism?
A greater focus on group characteristics than on individual characteristics
A greater focus on the group than on the individual
A greater focus on the individual within a group than on the individual without a group
A greater focus on individuals who are most successful
A greater focus on groups that have been operative for the longest time
Which states the correct definition of individualism?
A greater focus on individual characteristics than on cultural characteristics
A greater focus on the individual than on the group
A greater focus on the individual within a group than on the individual without a group
A greater focus on individuals who have been present for the longest time
A greater focus on individuals who are in leadership roles
Which of the following types of leaders has the primary role of helping a less experienced person learn how to function and to advance within an organization?
Enabler
Mentor
Manager
Taskmaster
Motivator
Which is the MOST accurate statement regarding one of the main differences between the Japanese and American cultures?
Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as conservative, whereas American culture is often characterized as liberal.
Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as rigidly structured, whereas American culture is often characterized as loosely structured.
Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as authoritarian, whereas American culture is often characterized as democratic.
Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as collectivist, whereas American culture is often characterized as individualist.
Overall, Japanese culture is often characterized as socialist, whereas American culture is often characterized as capitalist.
Which of the following best describes the new, modern role of a leader?
Overseer
Individualist
Collectivist
Coach
Autocratic
What is the term for those who work with less experienced employees to learn how to advance within the organization?
Overseer
Coach
Individualist
Collectivist
Mentor
Which of the following identifies international differences and diversity issues within an organization?
Culture
Individualism
Collectivism
Diversity
Autocracy
A coaching role may include taking on responsibilities as a mentor.
True
False
The ethical behaviors of top management are less of a concern today compared to the past.
True
False
A manager working in the United States will typically see a high level of collectivism among workers.
True
False
Most leadership theories and studies have focused on the roles of both men and women in leadership roles.
True
False
Male leaders tend to be no more task-focused than female leaders.
True
False
From a coaching perspective, what roles might an organizational leader assume?
Select team members, provide general direction, train and develop the team, help obtain resources, and link activities and functions across teams.
Focus primarily on enforcing rules and disciplining underperformers.
Delegate all training and development to external consultants and avoid involvement in team selection.
Concentrate on budgeting and leave team composition and development to the human resources department.
How will leadership styles change in a collective culture when compared to an individualistic culture?
Emphasize individual contributions and rewards and recognize differences in individual and group roles when moving from a collectivist to an individualist context.
Place group goals before individual goals regardless of the cultural context.
Ignore differences between individual and group roles when operating across Japanese and U.S. businesses.
Discourage individual rewards when operating in the United States.
Which part of the management of an organization would be MOST involved with strategic leadership?
The top level of management
The supervisory level of management
The advisory level of management
The auxiliary level of management
All levels of management
Recent corporate scandals that have shaken the public's faith in business leadership have brought increased attention to what area of leadership?
Virtual leadership
Ethical leadership
Strategic leadership
Employee-focused leadership
Charismatic leadership
Which of the current business characteristics has brought the rise of virtual leadership?
More communication within the organization
Little communication among employees
More face-to-face communication within the organization
Less face-to-face communication within the organization
Little communication between employees and management
In exercising strategic leadership, what is a leader MOST likely to do?
Focus on company efficiency
Focus on hiring the right people
Align the company with its environment
Avoid environmental impact on the firm
Engage the firm with community organizations
In addition to understanding the organization's history and culture, what must a leader understand in order to be effective at strategic leadership?
The external environment
The needs of stakeholders
The advantages to virtual leadership
The hiring process
How men and women respond to various leadership styles
Which of the following is considered to be one of the biggest challenges facing virtual leaders and their workers today?
Clear goals and measurements for projects
Feelings of isolation
Highly complex work environments
Inconsistent "big pictures" for employees
Organizational commitment
How can virtual leaders ensure effective communication with remote workers?
Develop a strong one-way process for communication.
Limit active listening.
Use multiple channels to communicate.
Minimize the use of structured work-related events.
Allow each remote employee to establish ground rules for getting work done.
Business leaders are promoted to senior position because they are ethical people.
True
False
Strategic leaders work toward creating a more hierarchical structure.
True
False
Strategic leadership is a leader's ability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment.
True
False
Virtual leadership refers to the role of leaders in a team environment.
True
False
Virtual leaders don't need to concern themselves with creating and maintaining relationships with their employees.
True
False
Why has virtual leadership become an important issue for organizations? Select all that apply.
Many organizations are no longer completely based at one physical building.
Face-to-face interaction is becoming less common as e-mail and other mobile technologies become available.
Effective leaders must have the skills to organize, motivate, and influence through a variety of media.
Virtual leadership primarily focuses on reducing facilities and travel costs.
Leaders must work hard at creating and maintaining relationships with employees that go beyond words on a computer screen.
Explain the concept and importance of ethical leadership. Select all statements that accurately reflect the concept and its importance.
Corporate scandals have increased the need for high standards of ethical conduct in leadership.
Ethical leadership includes maintaining high standards for one's own conduct and holding others to the same standards.
Ethical leadership has become less important because leaders are scrutinized less than in the past.
Hiring decisions place less emphasis on backgrounds and corporate governance than before.
Pressures for stronger corporate governance increase accountability for leaders' actions and consequences.
Which of the following is the name for choosing one alternative from among several options?
Decision making
Assessment
Evaluation
Discernment
Arbitration
What is the first step in rational decision making?
Understanding who will make the decision
Recognizing that a decision is necessary
Identifying alternatives to the problem
Choosing an alternative
Implementing the alternative
What is the definition of a coalition?
An informal group formed to achieve a common goal
An institution incorporated in order to achieve a common goal
A pro-business political party
The network of management within a firm
The network of employees within a firm
Which of the following reflects the extent to which a leader is willing to gamble when making a decision?
Escalation of commitment
Overconfidence
Caution
Intuition
Risk propensity
An inward belief about something, often without conscious consideration, is frequently referred to as what?
Intuition
Risk taking
Commitment
Discernment
Rationality
In selecting an alternative when making a decision, what should decision makers keep in mind?
Finding multiple acceptable alternatives is neither possible nor efficient.
Finding multiple acceptable alternatives should not take very long.
Selecting one alternative and rejecting all others will be the decision maker's main objective.
Selecting one alternative and rejecting all others might not be necessary.
Selecting one alternative and rejecting all others should be a straightforward process.
Which of the following dispositions is typical for leaders with a high degree of risk propensity?
Reliance on intuition
Reliance on rational decisions
Aversion against use of intuition
Aversion against rational decisions
Aversion against use of both intuition and rational decisions
What is a prime ingredient in fostering different levels of risk propensity within an organization?
Organizational culture
Profitability level
Gender differences
Cross-cultural interactions
Company size
Which of the following represents an informal alliance of individuals who seek to achieve a common goal?
Lobbying
Escalation of commitment
Political force
Coalition
Leadership
What is the behavior that results when a decision maker makes a decision and continues to support that decision, even when it appears to be wrong?
Escalation of commitment
Legitimate power
Risk propensity
Path-glory
Intuition
What types of decisions are unstructured and require considerable time, energy, and resources to make?
Conditional
Nonprogrammed
Ethical
Strategic
Programmed
What type of decision-making process should be used for basic operating systems, procedures, and standard organizational transactions?
Conditional
Strategic
Programmed
Ethical
Nonprogrammed
When there is little ambiguity in the decision-making process, what decision-making condition exists?
A state of recognition
A state of risk
A state of rationality
A state of certainty
A state of uncertainty
When does a state of certainty exist in a decision-making process?
When conditions and alternatives are understood
When conditions are complex and turbulent
When potential payoffs and costs are determined
When decisions are made based on intuition, judgment, and experience
When the conditions are clearly defined and the need for a decision is clear
What decision-making state occurs when identifying each alternative and the associated costs and payoffs of those alternatives?
A state of recognition
A state of risk
A state of rationality
A state of certainty
A state of uncertainty
When a manager must make a guess as to the probabilities associated with each alternative, what decision-making state is that manager working in?
Rationality
Certainty
Risk
Recognition
Uncertainty
Because of the complexity and dynamism of organizations, what decision-making state occurs when risks, alternatives, and consequences are unknown?
A state of recognition
A state of risk
A state of rationality
A state of certainty
A state of uncertainty
Choose the accurate statement about decision importance and developing alternatives.
The more important the decision, the more attention needs to be directed to developing alternatives.
The more important the decision, the fewer alternatives should be considered.
Decision importance does not affect how much attention is given to developing alternatives.
For important decisions, alternative development should be minimized to save time.
Choose the accurate statement about risk propensity and intuition in managerial decision making.
Managers with a high degree of risk propensity tend to rely heavily on intuition.
Managers with a high degree of risk propensity avoid intuition and rely only on data.
Risk propensity has no relationship to a manager’s reliance on intuition.
Managers with low risk propensity rely more heavily on intuition than those with high risk propensity.
Choose the accurate statement about selecting among multiple acceptable alternatives when making a decision.
When multiple acceptable alternatives exist, selecting just one and rejecting all others is critical.
When multiple acceptable alternatives exist, it is not necessarily critical to select only one and reject all others.
Selecting among multiple acceptable alternatives is impossible in rational decision making.
If multiple acceptable alternatives exist, all should be implemented simultaneously.
Choose the accurate statement about escalation of commitment.
An escalation of commitment indicates the increased support of all members and leadership in the action.
Escalation of commitment occurs when a decision maker continues to support a decision even when it appears to be wrong.
Escalation of commitment means decisions are made based on intuition alone.
Escalation of commitment refers to a state of certainty in decision making.
Choose the accurate statement about programmed decisions.
Besides having more structure than a nonprogrammed decision, programmed decisions also recur more often.
Programmed decisions are less structured and rarely recur.
Programmed decisions are the same as nonprogrammed decisions in structure and frequency.
Programmed decisions never recur and are always unique.
Which set lists three common constraints that limit the development of alternatives in the rational decision-making process?
Legal restrictions, moral and ethical norms, economic considerations
Available technology, social norms, intuition
Power of managers, revenue potential, path-glory
Political forces, legitimate power, recognition
According to the rational decision-making process described, how many steps are involved?
4
5
6
7
Which statements describe how a rational perspective aids nonprogrammed decisions? Select all that apply.
It prescribes a logical process with six steps for making decisions.
It applies across conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty.
It ignores implementation and follow-up steps.
It includes implementing the chosen alternative and following up to evaluate results.
Which statements explain why most managerial decisions are made under uncertainty and how managers can minimize the risk of poor decisions? Select all that apply.
Complexity and dynamism of contemporary organizations and environments increase uncertainty.
The emergence of the Internet has increased both revenue potential and uncertainty.
Managers should minimize information gathering to speed decisions under uncertainty.
Managers can reduce risk by acquiring as much relevant information as possible and approaching the situation logically.
Intuition, judgment, and experience play major roles in decision making under uncertainty.
What is another name given to human resource managers?
Financial managers
Personnel managers
Production managers
Accounting managers
Business development managers
Which of the following is considered the starting point of effective human resource management?
External staffing
Recruitment
Planning
Financing
Compensation
What is the purpose of a skills inventory?
To plan and identify people for transfer or promotion
To list key managerial positions
To describe the specifications for a job
To assess trends in previous human resource usage
To hire people from outside the organization
