What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

Which letter marks the location of Constantinople, which was renamed Istanbul in the 1930s?

Which Germanic tribe conquered Gaul and most of Western Europe? They were the most successful of the 'barbarian invaders'.

The Western Roman Empire fell in ____, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Charlemagne briefly united Western Europe when he formed an empire that reached across parts of Italy, Germany, and _____.

Constantinople was conquered by the ____ in 1453. A new military invention, bombard cannons, was used to overcome the Theodosian Walls, which had protected the city for centuries.

___ was the ruler of the Huns at the height of their power from 434 to 453 C.E. The fear he inspired earned him the title "Scourge of God".

During the Middle Ages, the relationship between lord and vassal involved an exchange of pledges, known as the feudal contract. The more powerful lord would grant his vassal a ____, or estate. In addition to the land, this included the peasants who worked the land and any settlements located within it.

A vassal who pledged loyalty to several lords could have serious problems if these lords quarreled with each other. This would create a conflict of interest. To solve this problem, a vassal usually had a ____ ____ to whom he owed his first loyalty.

Most of the peasants who lived on a manor during the Middle Ages were ____. They were bound to the land. They could not be bought or sold. Still, they were not free. They could not leave the manor without the lord's permission.

The monarchs of Europe ruled under the concept of _____, which meant that people should obey and serve them because they were God's heavenly representatives on earth.

Which statement best describes the role of the popes in the Middle Ages?

How did the Church gain secular power?

Priests celebrated Mass and administered ______, the sacred rites of the Church. Medieval Christians, like many Christians today, believed these rites were needed to achieve salvation, or deliverance from sin.

During the Middle Ages, the Christian Church split into eastern and western churches. The western half of the church became known as the ____. It grew stronger and wealthier during the Middle Ages.

The Church developed its own body of laws, known as ____ , with its own courts. These laws were based on religious teachings and governed many aspects of life, from the behavior of the clergy to morals, marriages, and wills.

Anyone who disobeyed the Church faced a range of penalties. The most severe and terrifying penalty was ______, which, theoretically, cut people off from the Church, its sacraments, and the possibility of everlasting salvation.

A powerful noble or king who opposed the Church could face the ____. This was an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving sacraments and a Christian burial. Even the strongest ruler was likely to give in rather than face this, which might cause revolts by the people under his rule.

One of the criticisms of the medieval Catholic Church was its practice of selling _____ for profit. These were based on Church teaching that when a person dies, their soul is sent to purgatory, where they are punished for the sins committed while alive before being allowed to enter heaven. Supposedly, one could reduce the amount of time he or she would have to spend in purgatory by purchasing these.

Differences in how Christianity was practiced in the West under the leadership of the Pope in Rome and in the East under the leadership of the Byzantine emperor and the Patriarch in Constantinople contributed to the _____ _____ of 1054 C.E.

Medieval peasants grew barley, oats, cabbages, potatoes, and tomatoes.  

______ refers to the campaign by European Christians in the 1400s to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain.

What was the result of Isabella’s efforts to bring religious unity to Spain?

________ was led by 'Peter the Hermit'. This crusade included the migration of up to 100,000 people. These 'Crusaders' were mostly unskilled fighters and included women and children.

This crusader 'army' massacred Jews in the Rhineland. They were later ambushed and annihilated by the Turks after leaving Byzantine territory in 1096 CE.

(This question is from the Google Slides.)

The use of money (coins) undermined ______. By 1300 C.E., most peasants in Western Europe were either tenant farmers, who paid rent for their land, or hired farm laborers.

In medieval towns, the middle class gained economic and political power. First, merchants and artisans formed associations called _____. These associations dominated town life, passing laws and levying taxes.

Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived in relative peace on the Iberian Peninsula while under Muslim rule. That tolerance ended under Queen Isabella's rule. Isabella, with the support of the Church, implemented the _____, which required Muslims and Jews to accept baptism as Christians or go into exile.

This celestial event occurred in 1066. It was believed to be a good omen by the Normans, foreshadowing their successful invasion of England, resulting in the battle cry, “A New Star, A New King!”

The Anglo-Saxon army under King Harold Godwinson defeated the Norman army under Duke William at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

The extortion payment that was paid by the Anglo-Saxons to the Vikings so that they would not attack their community was called ___________

The language spoken by this group evolved into the English language we speak today.

Henry II, a Norman ruler of England, established the use of juries to investigate and determine guilt in legal cases. The ____ jury is used to determine whether an individual should be investigated or charged with a crime.

____ refers to the belief that the law should be applied to all people equally, regardless of social status, wealth, ethnicity, race, religion, or sexual preference. It was a demand that King Richard was forced to agree to when he signed the Magna Carta.

The basis for this was established in 1215 via the Magna Carta (charter). Today, it ensures that U.S. citizens who are arrested for a crime are guaranteed a hearing soon after their arrest, generally within 1 to 2 days, to determine if the arrest was legally justified.

Which of the following was NOT domesticated by Mesoamerican farmers?

What is one reason why only a few Maya books on bark paper remain?

According to the textbook, when did humans first migrate to the Americas?

____ is the oldest known Mesoamerican civilization, existing from roughly 1200 to 400 BCE.

It is believed that the first people who arrived in the Americas came from _____.

The ____ civilization was located in the rainforests of Mexico and Central America.

Tenochtitlan was the capital of which empire?

There are only five civilizations recognized for independently developing an alphabet. They are the Phoenicians, Sumerians, Egyptians, Chinese, and ____.

___ was the capital city of the Aztec Empire, established in 1325 CE. Mexico City was built over the ruins of this city.

The image of an eagle sitting on a cactus and eating a snake, as seen on the Mexican flag, honors which ancient Mesoamerican civilization?

What was the title of the Inca emperor?

Which color represents the location of the Inca civilization?

The ____ civilization is known for its impressive road systems, terrace farming, Machu Picchu, and suspension bridges.

______ was a famous Inca warrior (1438-1471) who expanded the empire from Peru to Ecuador. He was the first Sapa Inca.

This mountain range runs the length of South America and is where the Inca dwelled. It is the longest mountain range in the world.

____ is an ancient city located in the mountains of Peru. It is believed to have been built as an estate for the first Sapa Inca. It is located about 50 miles northwest of modern-day Cusco. It is featured in the photo.

The origins of the Seminoles begin in territory that is now the states of Georgia and Alabama during the 18th century. This region was home to a confederacy of indigenous communities known today as the Muskogee speaking ______ people. (2:10 to 2:30)

Spain sold Florida (the land of flowers) to the United States for _____ In 1819.

The ___ ___ were easily the dominant Indian confederacy in the northeast and northwest areas of America.

With the coming of the French and Indian War in 1755, both France and England worked to gain the Iroquois as their allies. Ultimately, the Six Nations fought on the side of the ______, significantly aiding them in achieving victory.

World War 1 took place from _____

The German Empire was established in the year _____

WWI began one month after:

What was the main reason that Britain entered the war?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a member of the Hapsburg dynasty. He was the heir to which throne?

____ is the name of the Serbian nationalist terrorist organization that was responsible for the assassination of the Archduke of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and his wife Sophia. This hit was carried out by 18 year old Gavrilo Princip.

Germany’s invasion plan involved going through the country of ________ to attack France instead of attacking France directly at their border with Germany, which was more heavily defended.

_____ sponsored a powerful form of nationalism called Pan -Slavism, which emphasized a shared common nationality. As the largest Slavic country, it felt that it had a duty to defend all Slavs, including those who were in the country of Serbia.

The nation of _____ was a member of Bismarck's Triple Alliance, but chose to remain neutral at the beginning of World War I. Then, this nation switched sides and joined the 'Great War' on the side of the Allies a year later in 1915.

To ensure a swift victory, the German plan required their armies to march through neutral Belgium and then swing south behind French lines. The invasion of neutral Belgium outraged ______, which then declared war on Germany.

The Central Powers consisted of the formal wartime coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungry, _____, and Bulgaria (1915).

The Allied Powers of WWI were the British Empire, France, and Russia. This coalition was later joined by Italy, Japan, and _____.

World War I resulted in approximately ______ million dead and 25 million wounded. It contributed to the Russian civil war and set the conditions for World War II.

The ______ Front was characterized by hundreds of miles of trench warfare and little movement.

Which area was called the "powder keg" of Europe and was the place where World War I began?

Roughly how long did trenches span along the Western Front?

_____ fought against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front?

The United States entered into World War I during ______.

The area between the German trenches and the Allied trenches was called _____

Which weapon forced soldiers into the trenches

Which weapon was used mostly by the Germans

Which weapon was responsible for the most causalities during WWI?

• Many of the combat veterans of WWI suffered from _____ as a result of the stresses and trauma of combat; a condition referred to today as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• The first successful poison gas attack during war was carried out by the Germans against the British in 1915 at the battle of Ypres., resulting in about 1,100 men being killed and more than 7,000 injured. ______ is the type of gas that was used in this attack.

• _____ is a colorless gas that takes time to kill.  Victims don’t know they’ve been exposed until days after inhaling it. It was first used by Germans, but the Allies made it their primary chemical weapon later in the war

• _____ blisters and burns the skin on contact.  Even if soldiers wore gas masks to protect their lungs, it would seep into their woolen uniforms and even burn through the soles of their boots. A young Adolph Hitler was injured by this at the battle of Ypres.

____ invented planes for the Germans during WWI. He invented a mechanism that allowed machine guns to be mounted on the front of an aircraft behind the propeller, revolutionizing air combat. After the Great War, he moved to the United States and created the first aircraft to fly to Antarctica and the first plane to be flown around the world by a woman.

____ instigated Arab leaders in the Middle East to rebel against their Ottoman rulers. These rebellions resulted in large areas of land being taken over by Arab nationalists, including the city of Bagdad

An Allied offensive at the ______ River was even more costly than the battle for Verdun. This resulted in nearly 60,000 British soldiers killed in a single day, the first day of the battle. More than one million soldiers were killed over the course of the 5 month long battle. The battle ended without either side winning an advantage.

In 1915, Germany used ______, large gas filled piloted balloons, to bomb the English coast.

What did tapestries and stained glass windows have in common?

What effect did the weakening of the Byzantine Empire have on knowledge and learning in Western Europe?

______ refers to the use of logic and reason, as clarified by ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, to support Christian religious beliefs.

____ was a scholastic philosopher and writer who argued that people are not obliged to obey unjust laws or the rulers who enact them. His ideas influenced later generations of philosophers and revolutionaries like Thomas Jefferson.

Europeans adopted the ______ numbers during the Middle Ages for mathematics as a more efficient alternative to the cumbersome numerical system they used for centuries.

If you were a medieval European, you would be expected to regularly attend Church services. The services you attended would be provided in the language of ______

___ is the title of the literary work that describes medieval life from the perspective of people from different walks of life (including a knight, peasant, merchant, miller, monk, and nun, for example) while they participate in a pilgrimage to the tomb of Archbishop Thomas Becket, martyr and saint of the Roman Catholic Church.

The image of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Pointers, France exemplifies the architectural style _______.

Which architectural style is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses?

The image shows ______. These external stone supports allowed the construction of medieval cathedrals that reached incredible heights with thinner walls and large stained glass windows.

The image of the Cathedral of Saint Peter located in Beauvais, France is an example of the _____ architectural style.

____ refers to the artwork that decorated books and manuscripts copied by hand in the Middle Ages, created by monks, nuns, and other skilled artisans.

What was the main purpose of stained glass windows in medieval cathedrals?

Which medieval philosopher is known for his work 'Summa Theologica', which sought to reconcile Christian faith with logic and reason? This scholastic theologian held a doctorate in theology. The Summa Theologica was an instructional guide, presenting the reasoning for Christian faith (God, Creation, Purpose of Man, Christ, the Sacraments, and God again)