Font size
WorksheetsPOLS 153 Fall 2025 - Semester Test
Total questions: 127
Worksheet time: 6hrs 21mins
What fundamental problem in democratic government does the concept of the "Fourth Branch" address?
The difficulty of enforcing judicial decisions without executive cooperation
The challenge of preventing legislative gridlock during political crises
Who checks the government when all three official branches want to same thing
The absence of direct citizen participation in constitutional amendments
Why did the Founders protect "press" separately from "speech" in the First Amendment?
They wanted to limit individual speech more than institutional publications
They believed newspapers were more trustworthy than individual citizens
Press institutions can investigate, verify, and reach millions while individuals can only reach those around them
They feared that without separate protection, states would regulate newspapers differently
What does James Madison's phrase "knowledge will forever govern ignorance" mean in the context of the Pentagon Papers case?
Citizens with more education will always make better voting decisions
When government possesses knowledge that citizens lack, true self-government becomes impossible
Government officials must be more knowledgeable than the citizens they represent
Democratic institutions inevitably accumulate more information than individual citizens
How does the press as a "Fourth Branch" differ from the three constitutional branches of government?
It was created by Article IV of the Constitution while others were created by Articles I-III
It has formal powers to investigate and prosecute government officials
It exists outside the government structure and checks all three branches through publication rather than formal powers
Why is prior restraint considered more dangerous to democracy than subsequent punishment of the press?
Prior restraint involves harsher penalties for journalists than subsequent punishment
Courts are more likely to approve prior restraint than subsequent punishment
Prior restraint prevents information from reaching the public at all, while subsequent punishment still allows citizens to learn the truth first
Prior restraint requires less evidence for the government to prove its case
What principle did Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes establish in Near v. Minnesota regarding the relationship between press abuses and censorship?
Press mistakes are less harmful to society than most criminal activities
Newspapers should be completely immune from all legal consequences
The danger of government censorship is worse than the problem of bad journalism
Previous legal restraints on the press were based on outdated colonial laws
What standard did the Supreme Court establish in Near v. Minnesota (1931) regarding prior restraint?
Prior restraint is always constitutional when public officials are criticized
Prior restraint requires a simple majority vote in both houses of Congress
Prior restraint comes with a "heavy presumption against its constitutional validity"
Prior restraint can be imposed by any state that passes appropriate legislation
In the Pentagon Papers case, why did Justice William Brennan argue that prior restraint cannot be based on claims that publication "could" or "might" cause harm?
Such predictions are typically made by officials without sufficient expertise
Historical precedent shows these predictions are usually incorrect
If vague possibilities were sufficient, government could censor anything by claiming potential problems
The Constitution requires congressional approval before any harm can be considered
What precedent did the Pentagon Papers decision establish regarding classified information?
All classified documents automatically lose their protection after twenty years
Government employees who leak classified information cannot be prosecuted
Classification doesn't automatically prevent publication when information serves the public interest and shows government wrongdoing
Courts must declassify any documents that reveal government wrongdoing
How does the session length of South Dakota's Legislature compare to the U.S. Congress?
Both meet for approximately the same number of days but South Dakota spreads sessions across the year
South Dakota meets year-round like Congress but with more frequent recesses
South Dakota meets for only 35-40 legislative days annually while Congress operates nearly year-round
Congress meets for shorter periods but more frequently throughout the calendar year
What is the key philosophical difference between a citizen legislature and a professional legislature?
Citizen legislatures require members to have specific professional qualifications before serving
Professional legislatures prohibit members from holding outside employment during their terms
Citizen legislatures emphasize accessibility and community connection while accepting limitations in specialization, whereas professional legislatures emphasize expertise while accepting higher costs
Citizen legislatures operate more efficiently because members can return to their regular jobs immediately
What role does the Legislative Research Council play in South Dakota's citizen legislature model?
It lobbies on behalf of citizens who cannot afford professional representation
It votes on bills when legislators must return to their regular employment
It provides nonpartisan bill-drafting assistance to help legislators translate policy ideas into proper legal language
It conducts research exclusively for the majority party's legislative priorities
What makes South Dakota's committee hearing process distinctive compared to many other states?
Committee chairs can schedule multiple hearings for the same bill simultaneously
Committees can vote on bills without holding any public hearings
Nearly every bill introduced receives a public hearing unless the sponsor withdraws it
Only committees with unanimous support are required to hold hearings
What happens if a bill receives 17 yes votes and 15 no votes in the South Dakota Senate with 3 members absent?
The bill passes because more members voted for it than against it
The vote is postponed until all members are present to vote
The bill fails because it didn’t receive the required 18 votes (simple majority of all elected members)
The presiding officer casts the tie-breaking vote to determine the outcome
What is the purpose of a conference committee in the legislative process?
To hold additional public hearings when the first committee's hearing was insufficient
To investigate allegations of procedural violations during floor debate
To negotiate a compromise between different versions of a bill passed by each chamber
How does the governor's line-item veto power differ from the regular veto power?
Line-item vetoes cannot be overridden by the legislature while regular vetoes can be
Line-item vetoes require only a simple majority to override while regular vetoes require two-thirds
Line-item vetoes allow the governor to reject specific spending items in appropriations bills while signing the rest
Line-item vetoes apply to all legislation while regular vetoes only apply to appropriations bills
What is required for the South Dakota Legislature to override a gubernatorial veto?
A simple majority vote in a joint session of both chambers
Three-fifths vote in the chamber where the bill originated
A two-thirds vote in each chamber separately (at least 24 senators and 47 representatives)
A unanimous vote by the conference committee followed by simple majority in both chambers
What happens if the governor takes no action on a bill that reaches the executive desk?
The bill automatically dies after ten days without signature
The bill returns to the legislature for reconsideration and additional debate
The bill becomes law automatically after five days if the legislature is in session or fifteen days if adjourned
The Secretary of State assumes authority to sign or veto the bill
How does South Dakota's Republican supermajority affect the normal dynamics of legislative politics?
It eliminates the need for committee hearings since outcomes are predetermined
It allows the minority party to gain influence through coalition-building with moderate Republicans
Meaningful political debates often occur within the Republican caucus between moderates and conservatives rather than between parties
It requires bipartisan cooperation because constitutional amendments need support from both parties
What two critical protections does the Fourth Amendment establish?
The right to refuse questioning by law enforcement and the right to legal representation during searches
Protection from self-incrimination during searches and the requirement for jury trials in search cases
Protection of reasonable expectation of privacy and the requirement that most searches and seizures be reasonable
The right to know who is searching your property and the right to observe all searches in progress
What must law enforcement demonstrate to a judge in order to obtain a search warrant?
Beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime being investigated
A preponderance of evidence suggesting that criminal activity has likely occurred
Probable cause—a reasonable belief based on facts and evidence that a crime has been committed
Reasonable suspicion that the person or location is connected to ongoing criminal activity
What is the primary purpose of the exclusionary rule established in Mapp v. Ohio (1961)?
To ensure that defendants receive fair trials by excluding prejudicial evidence
To protect witnesses from having to testify about information they obtained illegally
To deter police misconduct by preventing illegally obtained evidence from being used in court
To exclude evidence that was obtained legally but is too inflammatory for juries to consider
What does the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine established in Wong Sun v. United States (1963) require?
Any evidence collected from contaminated crime scenes must be excluded from trial
Evidence obtained through unethical but legal means cannot be used in criminal prosecutions
Evidence discovered as a result of an initial illegal search must also be excluded from trial
Physical evidence must be preserved in its original condition or it becomes inadmissible
What did the Supreme Court establish in Katz v. United States (1967) regarding Fourth Amendment protections?
Privacy protections only apply to searches conducted inside private residences
Technology-based surveillance is always considered a search requiring a warrant
The Fourth Amendment "protects people, not places," meaning privacy expectations matter even in public spaces
Government surveillance is permitted in any location where multiple people can observe your activities
How did Carpenter v. United States (2018) modify the traditional third-party doctrine?
It eliminated the third-party doctrine entirely for all types of digital information
It required warrants for any information shared with businesses or corporations
It created an exception for digital information like cell phone location data that reveals intimate details about people's lives
It extended third-party doctrine protections to include all communications with technology companies
What standard did Terry v. Ohio (1968) establish for brief investigatory stops by police?
Police must have probable cause before stopping anyone on the street for questioning
Officers can stop anyone in high-crime areas without any justification for the stop
Police can briefly stop and question someone based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
Law enforcement must obtain a warrant before conducting any stop-and-frisk procedure
What limitation did Rodriguez v. United States (2015) place on traffic stops?
Police cannot conduct traffic stops based solely on minor violations like broken taillights
Officers must complete all searches within fifteen minutes of initiating the traffic stop
Police cannot extend a traffic stop beyond the time needed to handle the original matter without reasonable suspicion
Law enforcement must inform drivers of their right to refuse consent for vehicle searches
Under what conditions does the plain view doctrine allow police to seize evidence without a warrant?
When evidence is visible from any public location, regardless of how officers obtained their vantage point
When officers accidentally discover evidence while conducting an unrelated lawful search
When the officer is lawfully present, the incriminating nature is immediately apparent, and the officer has lawful access
When the evidence would deteriorate or disappear if officers took time to obtain a warrant
How do Fourth Amendment protections differ for students in schools according to New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)?
Students have no Fourth Amendment rights on school property during school hours
School officials must obtain warrants before searching students just like police officers
Students have Fourth Amendment rights, but school officials only need reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause
Schools can conduct random searches of all students without any individualized suspicion
What makes border searches exceptional under Fourth Amendment jurisprudence?
Border officials must obtain warrants but do not need to show probable cause
Searches at borders require reasonable suspicion but not probable cause
Officials can search people and vehicles at international borders without warrants or even probable cause
Border searches receive the same protections as searches conducted in the interior of the country
What is the difference between curtilage and open fields under Fourth Amendment law?
Curtilage refers to public areas while open fields are privately owned property
Both receive equal Fourth Amendment protection if they are located on private property
Curtilage (area immediately surrounding a home) receives Fourth Amendment protection while open fields do not
Open fields receive greater protection because people expect more privacy in remote areas
What did Whren v. United States (1996) establish regarding pretextual stops?
Pretextual stops violate the Fourth Amendment regardless of whether valid grounds existed
Police must prove their actual motivation was legitimate for any traffic stop to be constitutional
Pretextual stops are constitutional as long as officers had valid legal grounds, regardless of subjective motivation
Officers can only conduct pretextual stops in high-crime areas where suspicion is reasonable
What balance do the two religion clauses of the First Amendment establish?
The right to practice any religion versus the government's power to tax religious institutions
Federal authority over religious matters versus state control of religious education
Preventing government-sponsored religion versus protecting individual religious practice
Majority religious traditions versus minority religious communities seeking equal recognition
What principle did Employment Division v. Smith (1990) establish regarding the Free Exercise Clause?
Religious practices that violate criminal laws receive absolute protection under the First Amendment
Government must provide religious exemptions from any law that burdens sincere religious beliefs
Neutral laws of general applicability can be enforced even if they burden religious practice
States cannot criminalize religious ceremonies that involve controlled substances under any circumstances
How did Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) refine the "clear and present danger" test from Schenck v. United States (1919)?
It eliminated all restrictions on political speech regardless of the danger posed
It allowed states to restrict speech that created any potential for future lawless action
It established that speech can only be restricted if directed to inciting imminent lawless action and likely to produce it
It permitted government to punish speech that advocates illegal activity even if action is not imminent
The standard established by Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) for restricting student speech in schools is:
The speech must cause a substantial disruption to the educational environment.
Any speech that is offensive can be restricted.
All student speech can be restricted at the discretion of the principal.
Only political speech can be restricted.
What distinction did New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) establish regarding defamation lawsuits?
Private citizens must prove negligence while public figures face no restrictions on defamation claims
All defamation claims require proof of financial harm before damages can be awarded
Public figures must prove actual malice (knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for truth) to win defamation cases
Government officials cannot sue for defamation under any circumstances due to First Amendment protections
How did subsequent cases limit the broad student speech protections established in Tinker v. Des Moines?
Schools gained authority to restrict all political speech to prevent controversy in educational settings
Student newspapers became subject to prior restraint if content might offend community members
Schools can punish lewd speech, control school-sponsored expression, and restrict speech promoting illegal drug use
Courts eliminated symbolic speech protections for students while maintaining verbal expression rights
What forms can the constitutional right to petition the government take?
Only formal written petitions signed by multiple citizens and submitted to Congress
Exclusively lawsuits filed in federal courts challenging unconstitutional government actions
Writing to officials, filing lawsuits, signing petitions, testifying before committees, and requesting investigations
Solely organized lobbying efforts conducted by registered professional lobbyists
What are time, place, and manner restrictions, and what requirements must they meet?
Regulations that can ban speech based on controversial content if public safety is threatened
Limitations that allow government to prohibit expression in any location it chooses
Reasonable regulations on when, where, and how expression occurs that must be content-neutral and narrowly tailored
Permanent restrictions on assembly rights in designated areas where protests have previously occurred
What is the difference between public forums, limited public forums, and nonpublic forums?
Public forums allow all speech, limited forums allow only political speech, and nonpublic forums prohibit expression entirely
Public forums like parks have strongest speech rights, limited forums like school auditoriums have designated access, and nonpublic forums like military bases permit greater restrictions
Public forums require permits for assembly, limited forums operate on first-come basis, and nonpublic forums are completely closed
All three categories receive identical First Amendment protection but differ in ownership structure
How did Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) affect First Amendment protections for government employees?
It expanded whistleblower protections to cover all statements made by public employees
It eliminated speech restrictions on government employees both on and off duty
It limited public employee speech protections when the speech is part of their official job duties
It required government agencies to create formal channels for employee grievances
What is the purpose of Article V of the Constitution?
To establish the Supreme Court
To establish the formal amendment process
To create the Electoral College
To outline presidential powers
How many amendments have been proposed to the Constitution since 1789?
27
33
1,000
Approximately 11,770
What percentage of proposed amendments have been ratified?
10%
5%
1%
0.25%
What vote is required in Congress to propose a constitutional amendment?
Simple majority in both houses
Two-thirds vote in both houses
Three-fourths vote in both houses
Unanimous consent
How many states are required to ratify an amendment?
All 50 states
A simple majority (26 states)
Two-thirds (34 states)
Three-fourths (38 states)
Which method of ratification was used for the 21st Amendment?
State ratifying conventions
State legislatures
National referendum
Congressional approval only
What is a "zombie amendment"?
An amendment that was rejected
An amendment approved by Congress but not ratified by states, with no time limit
An amendment that expired
An amendment that was repealed
Which amendments are known as the "Reconstruction Amendments"?
1st, 2nd, and 3rd
10th, 11th, and 12th
13th, 14th, and 15th
16th, 17th, and 18th
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
Guaranteed voting rights
Abolished slavery
Established equal protection
Created birthright citizenship
What was the primary obstacle to enforcing the 15th Amendment?
It was never ratified
The Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional
Southern states found ways around it through literacy tests, poll taxes, and violence
It only applied to federal elections
What did the 16th Amendment authorize?
Direct election of senators
Federal income tax
Women's suffrage
Prohibition
What did the 17th Amendment change?
Presidential term limits
How senators are elected (from state legislatures to popular vote)
Voting age
Prohibition
What is the doctrine of stare decisis?
The power to declare laws unconstitutional
"Let the decision stand" - courts should follow previous rulings
The right to appeal
Judicial independence
Which court has original jurisdiction in the federal system?
Supreme Court
Courts of Appeals
District Courts
Circuit Courts
What is a writ of certiorari?
A court order to appear
A formal request asking the Supreme Court to review a case
A guilty verdict
An appeal to Congress
What are amicus curiae briefs?
Supreme Court decisions
Lower court records
"Friend of the court" briefs offering additional perspectives
Presidential pardons
What landmark case established judicial review?
Brown v. Board of Education
Marbury v. Madison
Plessy v. Ferguson
McCulloch v. Maryland
What is judicial review?
The Senate's confirmation of judges
The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional
The impeachment process for judges
Annual evaluation of court decisions
What is judicial activism?
Judges who strictly follow the Constitution's original meaning
Justices who interpret the Constitution broadly, sometimes reshaping policy
Judges who always defer to precedent
Justices who refuse to hear controversial cases
What is originalism?
Creating new constitutional interpretations
Interpreting the Constitution according to its original meaning when written
Ignoring precedent
Following foreign law
What is living constitutionalism?
Ignoring the Constitution completely
Requiring constant amendments
The view that the Constitution's meaning evolves over time
Strict adherence to the Framers' intent
What does it mean that the president must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed"?
The president writes all federal laws
The president ensures federal laws are properly enforced
The president can ignore laws they disagree with
The president controls state laws
What is the Cabinet?
The president's family advisors
The heads of executive departments who advise the president
Supreme Court justices
Congressional leadership
Executive orders are:
directives issued by the President that have the force of law
laws passed by Congress
decisions made by the Supreme Court
regulations created by federal agencies
What is the difference between a treaty and an executive agreement?
There is no difference
Treaties require Senate approval; executive agreements do not
Executive agreements are permanent; treaties are not
Treaties are only for wartime
What vote is required in the Senate to approve a treaty?
Simple majority
60 votes
Two-thirds vote
Unanimous consent
What is the "bully pulpit"?
A constitutional power to veto legislation
The unique platform of the presidency to persuade the public and legislators
The president's military authority
Executive privilege
What is a veto?
A presidential pardon
An executive order
The president's power to reject a bill passed by Congress
A treaty with foreign nations
How can Congress override a presidential veto?
Simple majority in both houses
Two-thirds vote in both chambers
Three-fourths vote
Senate vote only
What is the "aggregation principle" established in Wickard v. Filburn?
States can regulate interstate commerce
Congress can regulate individual activities that collectively have substantial effects
Only large businesses can be regulated
The president controls commerce
What did the Supreme Court rule in United States v. Lopez?
Congress has unlimited commerce power
Gun possession in school zones exceeded Commerce Clause authority
Only large businesses can be regulated
The president controls commerce
What is a "substantial effects test"?
Testing if states agree with federal law
Determining if an activity has substantial effect on interstate commerce
Measuring economic growth
Calculating tax revenue
What is a progressive tax system?
Taxes that only affect businesses
A system where you pay a higher percentage as you earn more
Taxes that decrease over time
Flat taxes for everyone
What are payroll taxes used for?
Military spending
Social Security and Medicare
Education funding
Infrastructure projects
What was the "Goldilocks dilemma" faced by the Constitutional Convention?
Choosing a capital city
Creating an executive strong enough to be effective but not tyrannical
Deciding how many states to include
Determining the length of presidential terms
What is "unilateral authority" as demonstrated by FDR?
The power to declare war alone
The ability to act using administrative power without constant Congressional approval
The right to appoint judges
The power to veto legislation
What is the "imperial presidency" as described by Arthur Schlesinger?
A presidency focused on foreign conquest
A weak, ceremonial presidency
An extremely powerful presidency that acts beyond constitutional boundaries
A presidency controlled by Congress
What is "impoundment"?
Arresting political opponents
Refusing to spend money that Congress had appropriated
Vetoing legislation
Issuing executive orders
What is the "unitary executive theory"?
The idea that all power belongs to Congress
The theory that the president has complete control over the executive branch
The concept that states have equal power
The belief in weak presidential power
What is the "ratchet effect" regarding presidential power?
Power shifts between branches equally
Presidential power decreases over time
Presidential power expands easily but rarely contracts
Congress gains power from presidents
What is "institutional pride" as it relates to checks and balances?
Loving your country
Each branch defending its constitutional prerogatives regardless of partisan alignment
Presidential popularity
Congressional voting records
What has undermined the institutional competition the Framers counted on?
Economic depression
Foreign wars
Partisan polarization - members of Congress seeing themselves as party members first
Technological change
What was the key principle established in Wickard v. Filburn?
States can regulate commerce
The aggregation/cumulative effects doctrine
The president controls agriculture
Farmers are exempt from federal law
How did Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States connect to interstate commerce?
The motel was located in multiple states
It advertised nationally and served travelers from across the country
It only served local customers
It was owned by the federal government
What was significant about Ollie's Barbecue in Katzenbach v. McClung?
It was the largest restaurant chain in America
It served only interstate travelers
About 46% of its food came from out-of-state suppliers
It was located on an interstate highway
What is judicial restraint?
Judges who create new policies
The philosophy that courts should defer to the Constitution's exact words and established precedent
Requiring unanimous decisions
Limiting the number of cases heard
What is the difference between a concurring opinion and a dissenting opinion?
They are the same thing
Concurring opinions are always longer
Concurring opinions agree with the result but for different reasons; dissenting opinions disagree with the majority
Only the Chief Justice can write concurring opinions
What is the difference between the deficit and the national debt?
They are the same thing
The deficit is larger than the debt
The deficit is how much more the government spends than collects in one year; the debt is the total amount owed
The deficit is owed to other countries; the debt is owed domestically
What percentage of federal revenue comes from federal income tax?
25%
33%
About 50%
75%
What is a marginal tax rate system?
Everyone pays the same percentage
Only the wealthy pay taxes
You pay different percentages on different portions of your income
Taxes that only apply to certain states
What are the three main types of federal government revenue?
Sales tax, property tax, and income tax
Federal income tax, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes
Tariffs, fees, and fines
State contributions, bonds, and donations
Which president is the ONLY one since 1969 to achieve budget surpluses?
Ronald Reagan
George W. Bush
Bill Clinton
Barack Obama
What benefits of the national debt did Baby Boomers and Gen X receive that younger generations will not?
higher minimum wages
major tax cust during peak earning years and generous Social Security/Medicare benefits
free college education
guaranteed employment
According to our notes, what is the moral question about generational equity?
whether young people should vote
whether older generations should receive benefits
whether it's ethical for one generation to vote themselves tax cuts and leave the bill to the next generation
whether taxes should exist at all
What will likely happen to Social Security and Medicare benefits for younger generations?
they will increase significantly
they will stay exactly the same
they will be reduced - young people pay in but receive less or nothing
they will be privatized completely
Right-leaning economic policy prefers:
government ownership of banks
free-market competition
price controls
Which ideology supports the maximum individual freedom in both economics and personal life?
conservatism
libertarianism
socialism
Wealth distribution that meets everyone's basic needs is most typical of:
conservative theory
socialism
anarchism
Which party favors less government interference in business and banking?
Republican Party
Democratic Party
Green Party
Which principle is most clearly stated in the Declaration of Independence?
natural rights
checks and balances
judicial review
"Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed" illustrates:
divine right
popular sovereignty
judicial review
Which compromise allowed states to count a portion of enslaved people for representation?
Missouri Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Connecticut Compromise
Which system awards all of a state's electors to the candidate with the most votes?
proportional
winner-take-all
Congressional district method
Which document highlights the dangers of direct democracy and mob rule?
Declaration of Independence
Federalist No. 10
Brutus I
Which document emphasized natural rights and the right to revolution?
Constitution
Declaration of Independence
Bill of Rights
The major Enlightement influence on natural rights in the Declaration of Independence was:
Baron de Montesquieu
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Madison thought the strongest branch needing extra checks was:
Legislative
Judicial
Executive
What is a characteristic of Authoritarian governments?
minimal regulation of personal life
no government restrictions
strong government control over personal decisions
Shays's Rebellion was significant because:
proved the success of the Articles
demonstrated the need for a strong federal government
reduced partisanship
According to Federalist No. 10, what is the most common source of faction?
religion
unequal distribution of property
executive power
Project Redmap is associated with:
Republican control of state legislatures and gerrymandering
Democratic Party reforms
popular vote movements
What is the effect of gerrymandering?
ensures equal representation
can make it harder for moderate candidates to win
forces both parties to collaborate
The social contract is:
law passed by Congress
agreement by people to submit to government for protection of rights
created by Federalists
Which ideology supports the maximum individual freedom in both economics and personal life?
conservatism
libertarianism
socialism
The Electoral College was created as a compromise between:
House and Senate
direct popular vote and congressional selection
two-party and multi-party systems
According to Federalist 10, a large republic controls factions by:
reducing diversity
making it difficult for any single faction to dominate
removing liberty
What is a faction, according to Federalist 10?
groups supporting the government
a group united by common intersts opposed to the rights of others
the legislative branch only
A key trait of a republic, according to Federalist 10:
delegation of power to elected representatives
no limits on majority rule
all citizens serve in government
Pluralist democracy is best described as:
citizens join groups to amplify voices and compete for influence
judges picking policies
universal elite control
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could NOT:
organize territorial expansion
tax citizens directly or enforce laws
request help from states
Federalism is:
only national government holds power
power shared between national and state governments
only local officials can rule
When is it justified to abolish a government, according to the Declaration?
after a long train of abuses against rights
after one bad law is passed
when the majority disagrees
Madison's solution for controlling factions was:
forcing everyone to have the same beliefs
a large republic with diverse intersts and elected representatives
granting full power to one branch
Madison opposed pure democracy because:
no government power
majority tyranny over minorities
only wise leaders elected
The Great Compromise created:
a unicameral legislature
a bicameral Congress with population in the House and equal state votes in the Senate
direct election of judges
