On the 10th-12th day of complete fasting, neurons in the brain begin to use the following as an oxidation substrate to obtain energy:

One of the consequences of an imbalance of ions and fluid in neurons can be:

Specific mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction include:

In the development of neurodystrophic processes that can occur in peripheral organs and in the nervous system itself, changes in:

The neural pathway for the entry of pathogenic agents into the central nervous system is characteristic of:

The penetration of viruses and antibodies into the central nervous system is ensured by the work of:

Disorders of the integrative activity of neurons consist of a violation of:

The main mechanism of synaptic dysfunction under the influence of botulinum toxin is:

A characteristic sign of denervation syndrome is:

Severe denervation syndrome develops as a result of:

In the pathogenesis of neurogenic dystrophy of cells of a denervated organ the following is important:

An altered formation in the central nervous system in the form of a group of hyperactive interconnected neurons and representing a pathological integration at the level of interneuronal relationships:

When the dorsal roots of the spinal cord are transected, limb movements on the affected side become sprawling and poorly coordinated. This phenomenon is caused by:

A 45-year-old man, S., is in a general extension position following a massive brainstem infarction (at the level of the midbrain). His head is tilted back, the tone of the extensor muscles of the back and limbs is sharply increased, his hands and fingers are flexed, and his feet are extended. These signs indicate the development of:

With organic lesions of the central nervous system, patients develop Babinski reflexes, grasping, sucking, and other reflexes considered normal in the early postnatal period. Their development in adult patients is a result of:

A state of increased general excitability of the central nervous system, arising as a result of prolonged irritation of the afferent nerve and is an example of pathology of systemic relationships in case of damage to the nervous system:

Pathological dominant, as the functional structure of the central nervous system that is dominant at a certain moment is realized at the level of:

Neuropathological syndrome is a clinical expression of the activity of:

To eliminate neurological or psychopathological syndromes, the body develops defense mechanisms aimed at increasing the nervous system's resistance and eliminating the affected areas. These include:

Increased resistance of brain neurons to hypoxic damage is observed under the following conditions:

Metabolic features of the brain that influence the development of ischemia include:

The independence of the level of blood flow through the brain from changes in systemic arterial pressure is within the range:

The main factor in the regulation of cerebral circulation is:

Dilation of cerebral arteries occurs when:

Patient F., with a severe traumatic brain injury, developed an increase in intracranial pressure to 32 mmHg with a significant decrease in perfusion volume. In this case, the disruption of cerebral blood flow is due to the fact that intracranial hypertension causes:

In cerebral ischemia, the development of focal necrosis is associated with:

Transient ischemic attacks are characterized by:

The threshold for the development of irreversible changes in neurons is the level of perfusion:

A 70-year-old patient complained of weakness on the right side of his body, difficulty speaking, headache, and nausea. The patient had a history of primary hypertension and coronary artery disease. Examination revealed severe right-sided hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, and a positive pathological Babinski reflex. A CT scan of the brain revealed no signs of an intracerebral hematoma. These abnormalities suggest the patient is developing:

Uncontrolled (non-modifiable) risk factors for the development of ischemic stroke include:

A 62-year-old man, weighing 115 kg, and a heavy smoker, suddenly developed left-sided paralysis and sensory loss. He died three hours later. Autopsy revealed a grayish, crumbling, irregularly shaped lesion in the right temporoparietal region of the brainDense, round, yellowish-white lesions were found in the arteries, narrowing the lumen by more than 75%. The most likely cause of the patient's typical form of nervous system pathology is:

The most important modifiable risk factor for the development of the cardioembolic subtype of ischemic stroke is:

The group of systemic etiological factors in the development of ischemic stroke includes:

In the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, an important role is played by:

In stroke, activation of NMDA receptors of postsynaptic cells by glutamate and aspartate is accompanied by:

High local concentration of extracellular glutamate in the ischemic zone and excessive activation of glutamate receptors leads to:

Hyperactivation of ionotropic postsynaptic AMPA receptors in the ischemic brain causes:

In the area of the ischemic penumbra are located:

In the pathogenesis of ischemic cerebral edema in stroke, the following is important:

In ischemic stroke, the development of petechiae and parenchymal hematomas indicates the development of:

Delayed mechanisms of neuronal death in ischemic stroke include the development of:

In the early post-stroke period, the patient's neurological symptoms continued to worsen, despite the restoration of blood flow in the damaged cerebral vessel. The following factors contributed to the worsening of neurological symptoms in the early post-stroke period:

A 62-year-old man, weighing 115 kg, and a heavy smoker, suddenly developed left-sided paralysis and sensory loss. He died three hours later. Autopsy revealed a grayish, crumbling, irregularly shaped lesion in the right temporoparietal region of the brain. Dense, round, yellowish-white lesions were found in the arteries, narrowing the lumen by more than 75%. The most likely cause of the patient's typical form of nervous system pathology is:

Patient D., 60, was admitted with signs of acute cerebrovascular accident. Her medical history revealed that she had been treated for hypertension for 15 years. Examination revealed lesions up to 10-15 mm in diameter and microangiopathy in the form of lesions of small perforating arteries. These signs suggest the development of:

The most significant factors in the development of the atherothrombotic subtype of ischemic stroke include:

A patient with acute transmural myocardial infarction of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and atrial fibrillation developed ischemic stroke. The main pathogenetic factor for the development of cerebral ischemia in this case is:

Occlusion of a deep perforating artery leads to the development of the following pathogenetic subtype of ischemic stroke:

Patient N., who suffered an ischemic stroke, developed rapid and deep breathing. As a result, his PaCO2 dropped to 29 mmHg, which, in turn, caused changes in cerebral vascular reactivity, such as:

A pronounced impairment of vital functions with a disorder of regulation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, swallowing disorders, and complete loss of speech are more often observed with a decrease in blood flow in the pool:

In ischemic stroke, the main target of neuroprotection is:

In ischemic stroke, as opposed to hemorrhagic stroke, the following is more often observed:

Unlike ischemic stroke, this form of acute cerebrovascular accident with hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space of the cerebral membranes is characterized by:

The main cause (≈85% of cases) of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage is:

Hemorrhagic stroke is anatomically manifested by:

Factors that determine the more severe course of hemorrhagic stroke compared to ischemic stroke include:

Patient V. suffered a hemorrhagic stroke. Post-stroke, the patient experienced pain and tactile disturbances. These symptoms are more typical of damage to the following nerve structure:

The most common clinical syndrome of stroke is spastic hemiparesis. Its development is associated with damage to:

A patient with tetanus experiences prolonged muscle contractions, resulting in the "freezing" of the torso or limbs in various forced positions. This type of rapid hyperkinesias belongs to the group:

The development of pyramidal hyperkinesis is indicated by the appearance of:

The most characteristic manifestations of damage to the pyramidal system are:

Complete loss of movement due to a disorder of the motor function of the nervous system is called:

When the pyramidal tract (the central neuron and its axon) is damaged above the crossing at the border of the brain and spinal cord, the following develops:

Characteristic signs of central paralysis include:

In central paralysis, due to the release of the segmental reflex apparatus of the spinal cord from cortical influences in the affected limbs, the following is observed:

Patient K. suffered an ischemic stroke. Spastic left-sided paralysis of the upper limb developed. This indicates that the ischemic lesion is located in the following gyrus of the cerebral hemispheres:

A 15-year-old adolescent was admitted with a spinal cord injury sustained while diving. Physical examination revealed tetraplegia. The injury level in this case was:

Monoparesis in humans most often occurs with:

The most common cause of hemiparesis in humans is:

Patient Sh., 75, has no movement in the right upper and right lower extremities, marked hypertonicity, hyperreflexia, and positive Babinski signs on the right. These symptoms indicate the development of the following movement disorder syndrome with a lesion located in:

Increased spinal reflexes are observed in:

The tone of the affected muscles decreases with:

Following a severe injury to the posterior left thigh, a patient exhibits severe limitation of active movement in the lower limb, signs of muscle wasting and hypotonia in the left calf, and a decreased Achilles reflex on the left. These symptoms indicate the following type of locomotor dysfunction:

The patient experiences simultaneous increased flexor and extensor tone, decreased motor coordination, and prolonged limb rigidity in a given position. Abnormal reflexes are absent. These disturbances of locomotor function of the nervous system are caused by lesions of the following:

A prolonged increase in the tone of one or more antagonist muscle groups, which is observed with damage to the extrapyramidal system, is characteristic of the following form of hypokinesia:

Muscle hypertonia, a slow pace of active movements, a shuffling, small-step gait, and quiet, monotonous speech are characteristic of damage to:

A 68-year-old female patient presents with head and upper extremity tremors at rest, difficulty walking and unsteadiness, hypomimia, and infrequent blinking. Her gait is shuffling, her posture is hunched, and muscle rigidity is present. Decreases in dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase levels were detected. This disease (syndrome) is characterized by:

Ataxia, muscle hypotonia, intention tremor, nystagmus, and scanned speech are characteristic of damage to:

A patient with a cerebellar tumor was admitted to the neurosurgical department. Examination revealed ataxia, characterized by:

In myasthenia gravis, as a result of the production of autoantibodies to the alpha chain of acetylcholine receptors, which are localized at the site of contact between nerve and muscle cells, the following is observed:

A 42-year-old patient complained of blurred vision, double vision, thirst, and difficulty swallowing. He had eaten homemade pickled mushrooms one day prior to the illness. Examination revealed diplopia, mydriasis, and ptosis. Pharyngeal and palatal reflexes were absent. Tendon reflexes were normal, sensory function was intact, and there were no meningeal symptoms. The neuromuscular dysfunction in this case was due to:

Signs of peripheral nerve damage:

In demyelinating neuropathies the following is observed:

In the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies in diabetes mellitus, the following is of great importance:

Patient N., 56, with vitamin B-12 deficiency, experiences paresthesia, loss of deep sensation, impaired balance when standing and walking, decreased knee and ankle reflexes, and spastic paresis of the lower extremities. The patient's neurological impairment is associated with the following deficiency:

The formation of a pathologically enhanced excitation generator in the central nervous system after a stroke or as a result of spinal cord injury is characteristic of the development of the following type of pathological pain:

Patient A., 15, was admitted to the clinic with severe abdominal pain. During an abdominal examination, the surgeon discovered peritoneal hyperemia and edema, along with purulent exudate. The type of pain that developed in this patient with widespread purulent peritonitis:

Patient D., 28, developed intense, diffuse, radiating gum pain following the traumatic extraction of his upper incisors. His temperature rose to 37.8°C, and his regional lymph nodes were enlarged. The type of pain he experienced was:

Weakening and disintegration of the natural antinociceptive system is a pathogenetic factor in the development of:

Primary (epicritic) pain is characterized by:

For afferent thin nociceptive fibers of the A-delta (Aδ) type, the following is characteristic:

Polymodal fibers of type C are characterized by:

Patient A., suffering from severe spinal pain due to a herniated disc, was prescribed blockades using a local anesthetic whose primary mechanism of action is the closure of Na+ channels in neuronal axons. This results in:

Following amputation of his left lower limb, a patient began complaining of excruciating, unbearable pain in his missing leg. Pain medications and acupuncture were ineffective in relieving the pain. The underlying mechanism of this type of pain is:

Patient M., 48, experienced severe pain in the stump postoperatively following amputation of his left lower limb, along with a sensation of the missing limb. Peripheral mechanisms for this type of pathological pain include:

Three weeks after a hip injury with sciatic nerve damage, the patient developed intermittent, intensifying burning pain and a sensation of "boiling water poured over the limb" and "pins being stuck into it." The pain was accompanied by hyperemia and swelling on the injured side. Touching the injured area triggered severe pain. The mechanisms for this type of pain are:

A 36-year-old patient, 10 years after being diagnosed with syphilis, developed difficulty urinating, numbness, crawling, and tingling sensations. Examination revealed decreased tendon reflexes. The patient exhibits a typical form of neurogenic sensory disturbance:

Sensory disturbances and anesthesia in the innervation zone in the form of "gloves" and "stockings" are observed in case of damage to:

Dissociation of sensitivity occurs when:

The most characteristic symptoms of posterior root damage are the following

The development of seizures with an increase in the sodium content in the blood to 180 mmol/l may be associated with the occurrence of:

The high prevalence of convulsive syndrome in children in the first year of life is explained by the presence at this age of:

The patient developed clonic seizures, twitching of the neck, face, and trunk muscles, with a brief period of apnea. Foamy saliva was observed coming from the mouth. The pupils were dilated and unreactive to light. After the seizure, which lasted two minutes, the muscles relaxed.The basis of this typical form of pathology is:

In children, the occurrence of epilepsy is most often associated with:

Epileptic neurons are characterized by:

Pathogenetic essence of the epileptic focus:

The pathognomonic feature of epileptic neurons is:

A generalized epileptic seizure differs from a partial seizure by the presence of

Patient V., 20, has been experiencing seizures for the past five years. At the onset of a seizure, the patient experiences a bitter taste in the mouth, then loses consciousness, and then develops generalized tonic-clonic seizures. No focal neurological symptoms or cognitive impairment were detected. From a pathogenetic perspective, the following basic medications are appropriate for the patient:

In meningism, unlike meningitis, examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals:

The patient has hyperpyretic fever, severe headaches, nausea, repeated vomiting, and photophobia. His condition is severe. He lies on his side with his head tilted back and his legs bent at the knees and drawn up to his stomach. Petechial rash on the thighs and buttocks. Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs are positive bilaterally. The cerebrospinal fluid is yellow-green and turbid. The portal of entry for this neuroinfection is usuallyare:

The predominant route of transmission of Neisseria meningitidis is:

In meningitis, the etiological factor of which is Neisseria meningitidis, the syndrome of inflammatory changes in the cerebrospinal fluid is manifested by:

The main manifestations and severity of the development of meningococcal infection are associated with the following pathogenicity factor of the pathogen:

The leading pathogenetic factor in the development of meningococcal meningitis is:

The development of meningeal symptoms is indicated by:

In the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with serous meningitis, the following cells predominate:

The most unfavorable prognosis for cerebral edema developing with meningitis is the development in patients:

Changes in the body that occur during vagotomy:

Disorders of higher nervous activity are primarily indicated by:

A 57-year-old patient had been suffering from gastric ulcers for 10 years. A recent relapse was accompanied by intense abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and nausea. All symptoms subsided during treatment, but the patient developed obsessive thoughts about cancer. He became irritable and believed that doctors were concealing his stomach cancer diagnosis. For this typical form of pathology, the vegetative-vascular neuritis (VNV) is a common cause of this condition.also characteristic is the development of:

Functional diseases of the brain, characterized by disturbances of higher nervous activity and neurovegetative functions, can be pathogenetically associated with the development of the following disease: