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WorksheetsFinal Exam Practice Part 1
Total questions: 90
Worksheet time: 45mins
What is a correct statement about the difference between the somatic sensory and somatic motor divisions of the nervous system? Andreah R.
Somatic sensory division carries motor commands to skeletal muscles, while somatic motor division carries sensory information from the skin to the CNS
Somatic sensory division carries sensory information from skin and joints to the CNS, while somatic motor division carries motor commands from the CNS to skeletal muscles
Both somatic sensory and somatic motor divisions carry only the signals from and to the internal organs
Somatic sensory controls smooth muscle, while somatic motor controls skeletal muscle
Why is myelination not continuous along the entire length of an axon? Andreah R.
Myelin can not be formed in the peripheral nervous system, only the central nervous system
Continuous myelin would prevent the neuron from forming synapses
Gaps in the myelin (nodes) allow ions to cross the membrane and action potentials to be regenerated, speeding conduction
Nodes of Ranvier allow for the impulse to change direction and move back toward the dendrites
What type of cell functions in both the CNS and PNS to support and physically protect neurons? Meredith C.
Epithelial cells
Glial cells
Myelin cells
Goblet cells
Which part of the nervous system is primarily activated when a person is stressed or scared? Alyssa E.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
How does a nerve impulse move through a neuron from input to output? Serena K.
From axon terminal → cell body → dendrites
From dendrites → cell body → axon → synaptic knobs
From cell body → dendrites → axon
From synaptic knobs → axon → dendrites
In what ways does sympathetic nervous system activation impact blood pressure? Leslie E.
It decreases heart rate and increases blood pressure
It increases heart rate but has no meaningful effect on blood pressure
It increases heart rate and increases blood pressure
It decreases blood pressure by dilating all systemic blood vessels
What is the general role of glial cells in the nervous system? Abner L.
They generate and conduct action potentials
They protect, nourish, and support neurons
They form and transmit hormones
They replace damaged neurons by mitosis
Which of the following is a likely consequence of damage to myelin sheaths on axons? Joana M.
Action potentials travel faster down the axon
Saltatory conduction is lost and nerve signals slow or fail, causing weakness or coordination problems
Neurotransmitter release always increases
The neuron immediately regenerates and becomes stronger
What is the small gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron called? Jayla B.
Node of Ranvier
Synaptic cleft
Axon hillock
Myelin sheath
Which statement about glial cells and neurons is true? Holly J.
Glial cells divide to produce neurons
Your body has more neurons than glial cells
Glial cells and neurons are both amitotic
Glial cells are support cells that help neurons function properly
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells produce myelin. What are the myelin-producing cells called in the central nervous system? Holly J.
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
What is the main function of the corpus callosum? Raneen A.
To produce cerebrospinal fluid
To connect and allow communication between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
To regulate breathing and heart rate
To control hormone release from the pituitary gland
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? Shannah S.
Optic nerve (II)
Olfactory nerve (I)
Vagus nerve (X)
Facial nerve (VII)
What is the main significance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and which substances are most likely to cross it? Shannah S.
It prevents all substances from leaving the blood; only water can cross
It protects brain tissue by tightly controlling what leaves blood vessels; small lipid-soluble and some transported substances can cross
It allows any large proteins to freely enter brain tissue
It is a layer of cartilage that physically blocks all ions from entering the brain
White matter is composed of ___, and is it generally located ___? Brianna F.
Mainly neuron cell bodies; superficial in both the brain and spinal cord
Mainly myelinated axons; deep in the brain and superficial in the spinal cord
Mainly dendrites; deep in both the brain and spinal cord
Mainly synapses; superficial in the spinal cord and deep in the brain
What structure connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord? Alyssa P.
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Corpus callosum
Which of the following are possible consequences of myelin degradation along an axon? Valerie M.
Slower action potential conduction and possible failure of signal transmission
Faster conduction and stronger muscle contractions
Increased neurotransmitter release and greater sensitivity
Formation of new synapses that bypass the damaged area
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and maintaining equilibrium? Alyssa E.
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Accessory nerve (XI)
What is meningitis, and what typically causes it? Cannon T.
Inflammation of the cerebellum caused only by trauma
Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection
Inflammation of muscles caused by autoimmune disease
Inflammation of blood vessels caused by hypertension
How does the blood-brain barrier protect the brain? Andreah R.
By forming a thick layer of cartilage around the brain
By allowing all hormones and proteins to enter and protect brain tissue
By limiting which substances leave blood and enter brain tissue
By replacing neurons with glial cells when toxins are present
What is the most inferior part of the brainstem, and why is it important? Andreah R.
Thalamus; it produces cerebrospinal fluid
Midbrain; it controls visual reflexes only
Pons; it controls all conscious thought
Medulla oblongata; it regulates vital functions like heart rate and breathing
Which structure in the brainstem helps regulate both breathing and heart rate? Abner L.
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
If someone has trouble moving their eyes smoothly, which cranial nerves are most likely affected? Serena K.
Olfactory (I) and optic (II)
Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI)
Trigeminal (V) and facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X)
What is the purpose of the brain’s fold-like structure (gyri and sulci)? Meredith C.
To protect the brain from infection
To increase surface area so more neurons can fit in the skull
To make cerebrospinal fluid
To reduce blood flow to the cortex
What is the brain’s main source of energy for normal function? Meredith C.
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glucose
Nucleic acids
When a person is in an accident and loses the ability to communicate verbally (produce speech), which lobe is most likely damaged? Holly J.
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
What is the main purpose of the crossed extensor reflex? Leslie E.
To prevent overstretching of a muscle
To prevent excessive tension in a tendon
To maintain balance by extending the opposite limb when one limb withdraws from a painful stimulus
To increase heart rate during exercise
What is the process during which the neuron’s internal charge shifts toward more positive values, leading to the start of an action potential? Christal N.
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
Depolarization
Saltatory conduction
The process in which an action potential appears to “jump” between gaps in the myelin sheath to speed up nerve impulse transmission is called what? Christal N.
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
Chemical transmission
Synaptic delay
Which statement correctly distinguishes depolarization from repolarization in a neuron? Rosine N.
Depolarization makes the inside more negative; repolarization makes it more positive
Depolarization makes the inside more positive; repolarization returns it toward resting negativity
Both depolarization and repolarization make the inside more positive
Both depolarization and repolarization make the inside more negative
Neuroglia that support, protect, and nourish neurons in the CNS and help form the blood-brain barrier are called what? Cecile K.
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Schwann cells
After eating a large meal, a person’s heart rate slows down and digestion becomes more active. Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for this response? Nayeli R.
Sympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Central nervous system
What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system called? Naniece T.
Nucleus
Tract
Ganglion
Horn
In a chemical synapse, which statement best describes presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons? AlexaT.
The presynaptic neuron receives neurotransmitter, and the postsynaptic neuron releases it
The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic neuron has receptors that bind it
Both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons release the same neurotransmitter at the same time
Neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic neurons change their membrane potential
People with multiple sclerosis lose the myelin around their neurons. What happens to their nerve signals as a result? Daniela A.
Signals move faster because myelin is gone
Signals slow down because they can’t jump between nodes anymore
More neurotransmitters are released, making signals stronger
The axon grows thicker to make up for the lost myelin
When your stomach sends information to the brain that there is food present, which sensory division of the nervous system is involved? Jamie W.
Somatic sensory division
Visceral sensory division
Special sensory division
Somatic motor division
The afferent (sensory) division of the nervous system carries information: Haley C.
From effectors to muscles
From the CNS to effectors
From receptors to the CNS
From the PNS to muscles
What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates within the ventricles and subarachnoid space? Saron Y.
Synovial fluid
Blood plasma
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Interstitial fluid
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? Ella P.
Coordination of fine motor skills
Regulation of body temperature and control of endocrine activity
Storage of long-term memories
Interpretation of visual information
Where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate, and what color is it normally? Alexa T.
In the ventricles and subarachnoid space; it is clear and colorless
In the ventricles only; it is red
Around muscles; it is yellow
In the lymphatic vessels; it is cloudy white
The optic nerve is responsible for which function? Nayeli R.
Hearing
Vision
Smell
Balance
What are the three layers of the meninges in the brain, in correct order from deep to superficial? William K.
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater
Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
Which cranial nerve helps control heart rate and digestion? Rhona N.
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Facial nerve (VII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
What part of the brain controls balance and coordination? Nataly L.
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Thalamus
What is a crossed extensor reflex? Ella P.
A reflex that prevents overstretching of a muscle
A reflex that prevents excessive tension in a tendon
A reflex that causes the same limb to withdraw from a painful stimulus
A reflex that extends the opposite limb to help maintain balance when one limb withdraws from pain
Acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction during muscle activation. What is its function in muscle contraction? Alyssa E.
It triggers an action potential
It stores calcium for contraction
It breaks down ATP for energy
It blocks myosin from binding to actin
What is the importance of extensive innervation in skeletal muscles, and what happens when these nerves are damaged? Alyssa P.
It keeps bones strong; nerve damage weakens bone tissue
It increases blood flow; nerve damage reduces circulation
It stores oxygen; nerve damage reduces oxygen supply
It allows precise, controlled movement; nerve damage causes muscle weakness or paralysis
Smooth muscle helps regulate blood flow and air passage diameter. Which feature supports its function?
Spindle-shaped fibers that contract slowly without using much energy
Striated fibers that contract with maximal force
Multinucleated fibers that shorten quickly
Fibers connected by intercalated discs
Skeletal muscles require a constant supply of ATP to function during daily activities. How do skeletal muscles produce heat? Cannon T.
By using ATP during contractions
By releasing hormones
By storing calcium
By absorbing heat from the environment
Cardiac muscle ensures that the heart chambers empty effectively. Which functional property enables this coordinated pumping action?
Random contraction patterns that prevent fatigue
Intercalated discs that allow cells to contract rhythmically
Voluntary control over beat rate
Rapid contraction cycles that occur without electrical signals
The body relies on somatic motor neurons to control voluntary movements. Somatic motor neurons— Abi M.
Slow down the heart rate
Control smooth muscle contractions
Control skeletal muscle contractions
Regulate hormone levels
Muscles attach to bones through tendons to create movement at joints. What happens to the muscle when it shortens to enable movement? Leslie E.
The muscle pulls on the bone it is attached to
The muscle pushes the bone away
The muscle detaches from the tendon
The muscle creates heat only, not movement
In addition to the joint between the tibia and the femur, the knee contains a joint between
fibula and femur
patella and fibula
patella and femur
patella and tibia
Bones are classified based on their location. The femur is a bone of which type of skeleton? Jayla B.
Appendicular
Axial
Cranial
Pectoral
Muscle performance changes with prolonged activity. What causes muscle fatigue? Shannah S.
Decreased ATP and buildup of metabolic byproducts like lactic acid
Too much calcium in the bone
Lack of oxygen in the skin
Overproduction of synovial fluid
Proper skull growth requires sutures to remain flexible in infancy. What is the result of the sagittal suture fusing prematurely? Alyssa E.
Narrow, elongated skull shape
Wide, flattened skull
The pelvis contains several joints that support weight and movement. What is the pubic symphysis? Abi M.
A cartilaginous joint allowing limited movement
A fibrous joint that prevents all movement
A ball-and-socket joint that allows rotation
A hinge joint that allows flexion and extension
Which statement accurately compares the hand and the foot?
The hand and the foot each have 15 phalanges.
Each hand has 14 phalanges, but each foot has 15 phalanges.
The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges.
Each hand has 15 phalanges, but each foot has 14 phalanges.
The human skeleton includes several joint types with different functions. What is the function of cartilaginous joints? Ashley P
They allow limited movement and absorb shock
They allow free movement
They prevent all movement
They store calcium
Joints are classified by the amount of movement they allow. What is the difference between synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis? Abner L.
Freely movable, immovable, slightly movable
Immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
Slightly movable, freely movable, immovable
Immovable, freely movable, slightly movable
If you were to reach out your hand to receive a set of keys from someone, what movements of your forearm and hand would be involved?
Pronation of the forearm and adduction of the hand
Supination of the forearm and extension of the hand
Depression of the forearm and flexion of the hand
Eversion of the forearm and abduction of the hand
Infants have several soft spots on the skull at birth. What is the importance of fontanelles in the early development of a child/infant? Alyssa P
They allow brain growth after birth
They make the skull rigid at birth
They store bone marrow
They prevent blood flow to the brain
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the ______ articulates with the ______.
humerus; scapula
scapula; thoracic cage
clavicle; humerus
clavicle; sternum
The vertebrae must remain flexible yet protected from impact. What is the main function of the intervertebral disc? Joana M.
Producing red blood cells
Preventing all movement of the spine
Shock absorption and allowing slight motion
Storing calcium
Paranasal sinuses normally lighten the skull and help with voice resonance. What would happen if your paranasal sinuses were completely solid bone, and how would that affect your life? Cannon T.
Your skull would be heavier and your voice resonance reduced
Your ability to chew would stop
Your sense of smell would disappear completely
Your blood pressure would increase
The rib cage needs both bone and flexible tissue to function properly. Costal cartilage connects —
ribs to the sternum
clavicle to the scapula
femur to the tibia
radius to the ulna
During walking, the pubic symphysis helps alleviate the stress from shifting body weight by — Irais R.V.
absorbing shock and allow slight movement
allowing full leg rotation
fusing the pelvic bones into one
storing bone marrow
Muscle tissue has several unique properties that enable movement. When a muscle cell returns to its original length after being stretched or contracted, it is known as? Nayeli R.
Elasticity
Extensibility
Excitability
Contractility
Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? I: Maintenance of posture II: Body movement III: Pumping blood IV: Ca2+ and other mineral storage V: Heat production VI: Directing movement
I, II, III
II, IV, V, VI
II, IV, V
I, II, V
Individual muscle fibers do not act alone during body movements. If a muscle fiber contracts, how does that contraction result in movement of the entire muscle? Daniela A.
Individual fibers pull on connective tissue layers, which pull on the tendon and bone
The muscle fiber expands and pushes the bone
The muscle fiber rotates the joint directly
The bone shortens along with the fiber
Compact bone contains small repeating structural units. What is its functional unit? Cecile K.
Osteon
Sarcomere
Lacuna
Trabecula
The skeletal muscle is considered to be ____ because ____. Alexa T.
An organ; it contains all tissue types within it
A tissue; it is made only of muscle cells
A bone; it attaches to the skeleton
A system; it's made of fascicles which are organs
During skeletal muscle excitation–contraction coupling, which cellular structure functions as the primary reservoir and release site for Ca2+ ions? Stephanie H.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Physical activity can temporarily damage muscle fibers. What causes soreness when you work out? Ella P.
Microscopic damage to muscle fibers
Sudden loss of synovial fluid
Bone rubbing against bone
Breakdown of nerve tissue
Synovial fluid allows smooth movement at freely movable joints. What would happen to your joints if you are low in synovial fluid? Nicole G.
Increased flexibility
Increased friction and pain with movement
Complete joint fusion
Stronger ligaments
Some joints allow more movement than others. Which joint gives the most range of motion? Nataly L.
Intervertebral joint
Knee joint
Elbow joint
Shoulder joint
Some joints permit only slight movement but are still important for stability. Identify an example of a joint that is cartilaginous and slightly movable. Yassary P.
Intervertebral joint
Shoulder joint
Suture of the skull
Elbow joint
Human skulls show dimorphic traits that help identify biological sex. If an anthropologist discovered a human skull, how could they tell if it belonged to a male or female? Saron Y.
Males have more pronounced brow ridges
Females have thicker cranial bones
Males have more sutures
Females have a fused mandible
Blocked paranasal sinuses interfere with airflow and drainage. What symptoms would you expect to develop as your paranasal sinuses become blocked? Nayeli R.
Congestion, and reduced voice resonance
Loss of hearing and dehydration
Enhanced balance and muscle growth
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Elderly people often have reduced flexibility because with age — Rhona N.
bones soften
cartilage wears down and synovial fluid decreases
ligaments turn into muscle
joints stop producing blood cells
The radius and ulna can shift positions to change hand orientation. What is it called when the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and the radius crosses over the ulna? Haley C.
Pronation
Supination
Elevation
Circumduction
For relaxation to occur,
cytosolic calcium levels fall, calcium attaches to troponin, tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
cytosolic calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
cytosolic calcium levels rise, calcium is attaches troponin, tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
cytosolic calcium levels rise, calcium is removed from troponin, tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
Blood cell production occurs in specific bone tissues. In the human skeletal system, hematopoietic tissue is predominantly found within — Christal N.
Articular cartilage
Yellow bone marrow
Periosteum
Red bone marrow
The thoracic cage protects vital organs within the chest. What structures does the bony framework of the chest include? Jamie W.
Sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
Clavicle, scapula, and humerus
Pelvis, sacrum, and coccyx
Radius, ulna, and carpals
What is the correct order for the vertebral regions, from superior to inferior?
Cervical - thoracic - sacral - coccygeal - lumbar
Thoracic - sacral - lumbar - thoracic - coccygeal
Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
Thoracic - coccygeal - cervical - lumbar - sacral
Which of the following is a leg bone that bears the most weight?
Radius
Fibula
Tibia
Ulna
The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus and both thick and thin filaments are—
cardiac
smooth
cardiac and smooth
cardiac and skeletal
Common, wear-and-tear arthritis, where repeated joint use gradually wears down the cartilage, is known as —
Muscular dystrophy
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
Bone resorption
Clenching the fingers to make a fist, then relaxing and straightening them, is an example of —
Flexion followed by extension
Extension followed by flexion
Adduction followed by abduction
Abduction followed by adduction
Of the following list, which describe the functions of the paranasal sinuses? I: Warm and moisten inhaled air II: Strengthen the bone III: Provide voice resonance
I, II, and III
I and III
I and II
II and III
