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WorksheetsAnatomy & Physiology: Development, Heredity, Aging (Study Guide)
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
What are the two major periods of life according to Human Development?
Prenatal Development and Postnatal Development
Infancy and Adolescence
Childhood and Adulthood
Youth and Old Age
Prenatal Development is divided into three periods. Name them.
Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
Infancy Period, Childhood Period, Adolescent Period
Zygote Period, Neonatal Period, Adult Period
Pre-embryonic Period, Postnatal Period, Growth Period
The Germinal Period occurs during which weeks of development?
Weeks 1-2
Weeks 3-4
Weeks 5-6
Weeks 7-8
Which process involves the formation of a zygote that undergoes cleavage to form a morula?
Germinal Period
Fetal Period
Embryonic Period
Blastulation
What does the morula develop into during early embryonic development?
Blastocyst
Gastrula
Zygote
Oocyte
Which cell group in the blastocyst becomes the embryo?
Inner cell mass
Trophoblast
Blastocoel
Zona pellucida
Which cell group in the blastocyst becomes the placenta and its supporting structures?
Trophoblast
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Inner cell mass
Implantation occurs at which day of development?
Day 6-7
Day 1-2
Day 10-12
Day 14-16
Which period covers development from fertilization to birth?
Prenatal Development
Postnatal Development
Infancy
Adolescence
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining pregnancy and is listed under Maternal Hormonal Changes?
Progesterone
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Which stage of labor involves the expulsion of the baby?
Expulsion Stage
Dilation Stage
Placental Stage
Latent Stage
Which process is essential for establishing nutrient exchange between mother and embryo?
Implantation
Fertilization
Ovulation
Menstruation
Which period of development includes Neonatal Period, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood?
Postnatal Development
Prenatal Development
Embryonic Development
Germinal Development
Which hormone is produced by the placenta and is important for pregnancy detection?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Which theory is mentioned under Aging?
Free Radical Theory of Aging
Cell Theory of Aging
Quantum Theory of Aging
Evolutionary Theory of Aging
From which day does the embryonic period start and end?
From Day 14 to 56
From Day 1 to 14
From Day 56 to 70
From Day 70 to 100
What does the zygote become during the embryonic period?
Embryo
Fetus
Blastocyst
Ovum
Which of the following is NOT a germ layer formed during gastrulation?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Epidermis
Match the germ layer with the organs or tissues they become:
Ectoderm
Skin, nervous system, hair, nails
Mesoderm
Muscles, bones, cardiovascular system
Endoderm
Gut lining, respiratory tract, liver, pancreas
At which week does neurulation occur?
Week 3
Week 2
Week 4
Week 5
What is the function of the placenta?
Nutrient & gas exchange, hormone production, immune protection
Blood cell production only
Digestion of food
Control of body temperature
The fetal period lasts from ______ to birth.
Week 9
Week 5
Week 12
Week 20
Which event occurs during the germinal period?
Gastrulation
Fertilization
Growth
Organ maturation
What is the key event that makes the fetus viable outside the uterus with intensive care?
Production of surfactant by Type II alveolar cells
Closure of the ductus arteriosus
Development of the fetal kidneys
Formation of the neural tube
Clinical age is calculated from the first day of the mother's ______.
Last Menstrual Period (LMP)
First Ultrasound Scan
Date of Conception
Expected Delivery Date
Developmental age is calculated from the time of ______.
Fertilization
Implantation
Birth
Ovulation
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major periods of postnatal development?
Neonatal/Infancy Period
Childhood
Adolescence
Prenatal Period
Fill in the blank: The period from birth to the first month is called the ________ period.
Neonatal
Infantile
Adolescent
Prenatal
Which period is characterized by rapid growth and motor development, with walking beginning?
Neonatal Period
Infancy
Childhood
Adolescence
Match the following periods with their descriptions:
From birth to first month
From birth to first month
From first month to 1-2 years
From first month to 1-2 years
From 1-2 years to puberty
From 1-2 years to puberty
From puberty (~11-14) to ~20 years
From puberty (~11-14) to ~20 years
Most organs are mature during the neonatal period.
True
False
Which of the following is a characteristic of adolescence?
Fully dependent on parents
Rapid growth spurt occurs
Most organs are immature
Child imitates people around them
Fill in the blank: The period from 20 years to death is called ________.
Adulthood
Childhood
Infancy
Adolescence
Which age range defines a 'Middle adult' according to the human life span section?
20-40 years
40-65 years
65-death
1-2 years
What is the main event that occurs during fertilization?
Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
Removal of protective layers
Sperm binding to corona radiata
Release of enzymes
Match the steps of fertilization with their descriptions:
Capacitation
C
Sperm Binding
B
Acrosome Reaction
D
Sperm-Oocyte Membrane Fusion
A
Sperm Entry & Oocyte Meiosis II Completion
E
Fill in the blank: The ________ block provides a permanent barrier to prevent additional sperm from entering the oocyte.
slow
fast
chemical
electrical
What triggers calcium release inside the egg during fertilization?
Sperm entry triggers calcium release inside the egg.
Temperature change triggers calcium release inside the egg.
Light exposure triggers calcium release inside the egg.
Oxygen increase triggers calcium release inside the egg.
Which hormone causes contractions of the fallopian tube muscles to keep the conceptus in place while it continues to divide?
Estrogen
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Testosterone
Which cells are totipotent during the morula stage?
The cells of the morula are totipotent.
Only the outer cells of the morula are totipotent.
Only the inner cells of the morula are totipotent.
None of the cells of the morula are totipotent.
What are the two main cell groups that appear during blastocyst formation?
Inner cell mass and trophoblast
Epiblast and hypoblast
Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
Morula and gastrula
Which layer of the trophoblast is a single-nucleus layer?
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Extravillous trophoblast
Reticulotrophoblast
Which hormone helps maintain the uterine lining, ensuring it's ready to support implantation?
Estrogen
Testosterone
Insulin
Adrenaline
What is the effect of progesterone on the fallopian tube?
Progesterone relaxes smooth muscles in the fallopian tube to allow the conceptus to move into the uterus at the right time.
Progesterone causes contraction of smooth muscles in the fallopian tube, preventing movement of the conceptus.
Progesterone increases ciliary activity in the fallopian tube, speeding up the movement of the conceptus.
Progesterone has no effect on the fallopian tube.
What is the term for the developing zygote after fertilization, during its early cell division?
Conceptus
Blastocyst
Morula
Embryoblast
Which structure attaches at the embryonic pole during blastocyst migration and implantation?
Blastocyst
Morula
Trophoblast
Amnion
What is the function of pinopodes and integrins during binding site preparation?
Pinopodes and integrins act like hooks for the blastocysts to attach.
Pinopodes and integrins secrete hormones for embryo growth.
Pinopodes and integrins destroy foreign cells at the binding site.
Pinopodes and integrins provide nutrients to the blastocyst.
What is the function of the placenta in supplying nutrients to the embryo?
The placenta will eventually become part of the placenta and supply nutrients to the embryo.
The placenta helps the embryo to breathe underwater.
The placenta is responsible for the embryo's movement.
The placenta protects the embryo from sunlight.
After implantation, what do the trophoblasts start doing?
The trophoblasts start differentiating.
The trophoblasts start producing red blood cells.
The trophoblasts start forming bone tissue.
The trophoblasts start secreting digestive enzymes.
Which structure forms the outermost fetal membrane?
The chorion forms the outermost fetal membrane.
The amnion forms the outermost fetal membrane.
The yolk sac forms the outermost fetal membrane.
The allantois forms the outermost fetal membrane.
What is the main function of chorionic villi?
Chorionic villi increase the surface area for maternal-fetal exchange.
Chorionic villi produce hormones for fetal development.
Chorionic villi protect the embryo from pathogens.
Chorionic villi help in the formation of amniotic fluid.
Which hormone is secreted by the chorion and detected by pregnancy tests?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by the chorion and detected by pregnancy tests.
Progesterone is secreted by the chorion and detected by pregnancy tests.
Estrogen is secreted by the chorion and detected by pregnancy tests.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted by the chorion and detected by pregnancy tests.
Which hormone maintains the uterine lining and prevents early contractions?
Progesterone maintains the uterine lining and prevents early contractions.
Estrogen maintains the uterine lining and prevents early contractions.
Oxytocin maintains the uterine lining and prevents early contractions.
FSH maintains the uterine lining and prevents early contractions.
Which hormone promotes uterine growth and blood flow, and prepares breasts for lactation?
Estrogen promotes uterine growth and blood flow, and prepares breasts for lactation.
Progesterone promotes uterine growth and blood flow, and prepares breasts for lactation.
Oxytocin promotes uterine growth and blood flow, and prepares breasts for lactation.
Prolactin promotes uterine growth and blood flow, and prepares breasts for lactation.
What is the function of the umbilical vein?
The umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.
The umbilical vein carries waste products from the fetus to the placenta.
The umbilical vein transports carbon dioxide from the placenta to the fetus.
The umbilical vein delivers hormones from the fetus to the placenta.
What is the function of the umbilical arteries?
The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste products from the fetus back to the placenta.
The umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.
The umbilical arteries supply nutrients directly to the fetal liver.
The umbilical arteries transport hormones from the mother to the fetus.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
A. Protection
B. Nutrition
C. Hormone Production
D. Digestion
Which of the following exchange mechanisms involves the simple movement of small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Passive diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
What is the main source of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during the 1st trimester?
chorion/placenta
ovary
pituitary gland
endometrium
Which hormone is responsible for supporting the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Progesterone
Estrogen
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which hormone's levels decline in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Progesterone
Estrogen
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
What is the main source of progesterone during the 3rd trimester?
Placenta
Corpus luteum
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Which hormone allows estrogen to trigger uterine contractions by decreasing before labor?
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Relaxin
Which hormone stimulates uterine growth and increases uterine blood flow during pregnancy?
Estrogen
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Which hormone is also called chorionic somatomammotropin?
Human placental lactogen
Progesterone
Estrogen
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Which infection can be transmitted to the fetus from cat feces or undercooked meat?
Toxoplasma gondii
Rubella virus
Hepatitis B virus
Varicella zoster virus
Which of the following is NOT an agent listed under 'Other Agents' that can cross the placenta?
Treponema pallidum
Varicella-zoster virus
Influenza virus
HIV
Which of the following is a complication of placental transmission?
Preterm birth
Increased maternal lipolysis
Ovarian production declines
Degeneration of corpus albicans
What is the term for a fertilized egg?
Zygote
Embryo
Gamete
Ovum
What is cleavage in embryology?
Rapid mitotic divisions resulting in many small cells of blastomeres.
Fusion of gametes to form a zygote.
Differentiation of cells into tissues and organs.
Formation of the placenta from trophoblast cells.
Blastocyst formation results in which two structures?
Trophoblast and Inner cell mass.
Amnion and Chorion.
Ectoderm and Endoderm.
Morula and Zygote.
The inner cell mass differentiates into two layers: ______ and ______.
Epiblast and Hypoblast.
Endoderm and Mesoderm.
Trophoblast and Syncytiotrophoblast.
Ectoderm and Endoderm.
Which layer is adjacent to the amniotic cavity and forms ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?
Epiblast.
Hypoblast.
Trophoblast.
Endometrium.
Which layer lines the yolk sac and contributes to primitive endoderm?
Hypoblast.
Epiblast.
Trophoblast.
Mesoderm.
Gastrulation transforms the bilaminar disk into ______ disks and begins ______.
trilaminar; morphogenesis.
unilaminar; differentiation.
multilaminar; segmentation.
bilaminar; organogenesis.
On which day does the primitive streak appear on the caudal end of the epiblast?
Day 14.
Day 10.
Day 7.
Day 21.
What forms at the cranial end as a pathway for cell migration during primitive streak formation?
Primitive pit.
Neural groove.
Somite.
Notochordal process.
During germ layer formation, on which days does the endoderm form?
Day 14-15.
Day 10-11.
Day 18-19.
Day 21-22.
During germ layer formation, on which day does the mesoderm form?
Day 16.
Day 10.
Day 21.
Day 7.
The notochord is a rod-like structure in the midline, from ______, that sends signals to the ectoderm above it.
mesoderm.
endoderm.
ectoderm.
neural tube.
What is the process called when the neural plate folds to create the neural tube?
Neurulation.
Ossification.
Gastrulation.
Myelination.
At day 21, the neural folds move toward each other and fuse in the middle first.
True
False
Which neural tube defect is caused by cranial end failure, resulting in missing brain/skull?
Anencephaly.
Spina bifida.
Meningocele.
Encephalocele.
Which neural tube defect is caused by caudal end failure, resulting in incomplete spine formation?
Spina bifida.
Anencephaly.
Encephalocele.
Craniorachischisis.
What is the most common cause of neural tube defects?
Folic acid deficiency.
Vitamin B12 excess.
Iron overload.
Vitamin D deficiency.
The neural crest cells are found at the edges of the neural folds.
True
False
Which of the following is NOT formed by neural crest cells?
Facial bones
Melanocytes
Adrenal medulla
Liver
On which day do limb buds appear during limb development?
Day 28.
Day 14.
Day 35.
Day 21.
What is the term for webbed fingers or toes due to failure of apoptosis?
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
Brachydactyly.
Ectrodactyly.
Fusion of 5 processes during facial development occurs on which day?
Day 28.
Day 14.
Day 35.
Day 21.
Failure or incomplete fusion of the lip or palate is called ______.
Cleft lip/palate.
Micrognathia.
Ankyloglossia.
Macroglossia.
On which day does the gut tube form from the yolk sac endoderm?
Day 28
Day 14
Day 21
Day 35
On which day does the heart begin as fused paired tubes of blood vessels?
Day 21
Day 14
Day 28
Day 35
What marks the beginning of the fetal period?
Bone ossification
Formation of neural tube
Development of limb buds
Closure of the umbilical cord
What are the two main focuses of the fetal period?
Growth and maturation of organ systems
Cell division and fertilization
Formation of limbs and facial features
Development of the placenta
Parturition is also called what?
Childbirth
Menstruation
Fertilization
Ovulation
How many weeks or days from LMP does parturition usually occur?
40 weeks or 280 days
38 weeks or 266 days
42 weeks or 294 days
36 weeks or 252 days
Which hormone's decrease removes inhibition of contractions during hormonal regulation?
Progesterone
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Which hormone's increase leads to increased uterine sensitivity to oxytocin?
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Insulin
What does oxytocin release cause during parturition?
Stronger, more frequent contractions
Relaxation of uterine muscles
Decrease in blood pressure
Inhibition of labor
