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Pre-AP Biology S1 Exam Study Guide 12.15.25

Total questions: 75

Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the complimentary mRNA sequence to the DNA sequence A-T-A-G-C-A.

a)

T-A-T-C-G-T

b)
U-A-A-C-G-T
c)

U-A-U-C-G-U

d)
T-A-A-G-C-U
2.
Which defines a codon in DNA or mRNA?
a)
pair of nucleic acid and sugar
b)
pair of phosphate and sugar
c)
three-base code
d)
two-base code
3.
The "central dogma" states that genetic information flows from 
a)
Protein-->mRNA-->DNA
b)
Protein-->DNA-->mRNA
c)
mRNA-->DNA-->Protein
d)
DNA-->mRNA-->Protein
4.
Transcription takes place in the 
a)
cytoplasm
b)
ribosome
c)
mitochondrion
d)
nucleus
5.
Translation occurs in the
a)
nucleus
b)
mitochondria
c)
cytoplasm
d)
golgi apparatus
6.

What is the role of tRNA?

a)

To treat the DNA strand

b)

To transfer codons

c)

To transfer amino acids

d)

To tackle mutations

7.
What is occurring in this picture?
a)
Translation
b)
Replication
c)
Translocation
d)
Transcription
8.
Which phrase best describes translation?
a)
converts mRNA into a polypeptide
b)
catalyzes bonds between amino acids
c)
produces RNA from DNA molecules
d)
recycles tRNA molecules for reuse
9.
How many amino acids are coded for by this sequence of nucleotides:
ATG GGA ACT CCA
a)
4
b)
2
c)
6
d)
12
10.
Which phase of which process does this picture show?
a)
Transcription
b)
Translation
c)
Replication
11.
Homeostasis
a)
allows for a wildly fluctuating internal environment
b)
is impossible in vertebrates
c)
is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
d)
is the maintenance of a relatively stable external environment and often incorporates a form of feedback regulation
12.
If the environment gets cold, we will often shiver in order to:
a)
keep body temperature the same as the external temperature
b)
decrease body temperature
c)
increase body temperature
d)
regulate blood pressure
13.
The process of childbirth is an example of:
a)
negative feedback loop
b)
positive feedback loop
14.
What system allows motion in the body?
a)
Digestive System
b)
Stomach
c)
Musuclar System
d)
Veins 
15.
What system breaks food down into energy for the body?
a)
Stomach
b)
Digestive System
c)
Respiratory system
d)
Lungs
16.
Which of the following is in the correct order from smallest to largest?
a)
tissue-organ-system-cell
b)
cell-organ-tissue-system
c)
System-tissue-cell-organ
d)
cell-tissue-organ-system
17.
Food molecules are broken down to release energy in the ________________.
a)
cholorplast
b)
mitochondria
c)
golgi bodies
d)
nucleus 
18.
_________________ convert light into chemical energy.
a)
cholorplast
b)

mitochondria

c)
lysosomes
d)
ribosomes 
19.

What are the two hormones that help regulate blood sugar (negative feedback)

a)

insulin

b)

glucose

c)

glucagon

d)

helicase

20.
This type of cell carries oxygen throughout the body.
a)
gamete
b)
platelet
c)
white blood cell
d)
red blood cell
21.
In what way is the DNA of a nerve cell different from the DNA of a muscle cell?
a)
The DNA is the same but each cell contains different genes
b)
The DNA is the same but different genes are turned on and turned off in each cell
c)
The DNA is different, but the same genes are turned on and off in each cell
d)
The DNA is different, but each cell contains the same genes
22.
The ___________ is the basic unit of life
a)
organ
b)
cell
c)
atom
d)
tissue
23.
The diagram shows the process of cell specialization from a single stem cell. Which of the following statements is true about the process of specialization.
a)
Specilized cells (blood, skin, nervous etc) cannot be produced from a single stem cell
b)
Specilized cells are produced immediately following fertilization
c)
Even though all the cells in an organism come from one single cell, they can specialize into different cell types
d)
Sincce all the cells in an organism come from one single cell, they must all have the same structure and function
24.
What is cell specialization or differentiation?
a)
The process where unspecialized cells become different in structure and function.
b)
When DNA controls the cell cycle.
c)
The ability of cells to make more cells.
d)
The ability of cells to maintain homeostasis.
25.
Stem cells are used to __________.
a)
make clones
b)
create new species of animals
c)
make babies
d)
grow different types of tissues
26.
Which of the following cells is undifferentiated?
a)
cardiac muscle cell
b)
nerve cell
c)
liver cell
d)
stem cell
27.
How do stem cells know what type of cells to differentiate into?
a)
The nucleus has instructions to turn some genes on and some genes off.
b)
Signals from chemicals in the organism or from the environment determine which genes will be turned on and off.
c)
Genes turn on and off randomly.
d)
The cell has unique DNA that determines what the cell will become.
28.
What is the name of the simple sugar that is produced in photosynthesis?
a)
Sucrose
b)
Dextrose
c)
Glucose
d)
Lactose
29.
What is the ultimate ORIGINAL source of energy for living things
a)
Sugar
b)
Sun
c)
Moon
d)
Carbon Dioxide
30.
Which of the following is the correct equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
a)
carbon dioxide + water --> oxygen + glucose
b)
carbon dioxide + glucose + water --> oxygen 
c)
oxygen + water --> carbon dioxide + glucose
d)
glucose+ oxygen ---> water + carbon dioxide 
31.
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
a)
C6H12O6
b)
C6H6O12
c)
C12H6O12
d)
C6O2H6
32.

What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?

a)

To make food

b)

To create energy

c)

To release oxygen

d)

To absorb sunlight

33.
How does temperature affects photosynthesis rate?
a)
As temperature increases, photosynthesis rate also increases.
b)
As temperature decreases, photosynthesis rate also decreases.
c)
Plants cannot photosynthesis if the temperature is too cold or too hot. 
d)
All of the statements are true.
34.

If the amount of carbon dioxide increases within the leaf of the plant, the rate of photosynthesis ________

a)

increases

b)

decreases

c)

stays the same

35.

What are the products of Photosynthesis?

a)

Glucose and Oxygen

b)

Glucose and Carbon Dioxide

c)

ATP and Water

d)

ATP and Glucose

36.
In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?
a)
Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.
b)
Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.
c)
Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.
d)
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
37.
Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue under 
a)
anaerobic conditions
b)
aerobic conditions
c)
photosynthetic conditions
d)
hydrophobic conditions
38.

Cellular Respiration occurs in what cell organelle?

a)

chloroplast

b)

cytoplasm

c)

mitochondria

d)

animal

39.

Which molecule is the reactant of Glycolysis?

a)

water

b)

glucose

c)

carbon dioxide

d)

ATP

40.

The Electron Transport Chain is a series of chemical reactions in which energy is transferred to form a large amount of what molecule?

a)

glucose

b)

oxygen

c)

pyruvic acid

d)

ATP

41.
Which type of respiration is most efficient?
a)
Aerobic
b)
Anaerobic
42.
What is the function of oxygen in the process of cellular respiration?
a)
to deliver hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain
b)
to pick up electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
c)
to provide oxygen for the production of carbon dioxide
d)
to give a source of energy to the Krebs cycle
43.
What phrase best describes the main role of fermentation?
a)
convert glucose into pyruvate and NADPH
b)
produce lactic acid to counteract an oxygen deficit
c)
allow glycolysis to continue making small amounts of ATP
d)
allow anaerobic production of ADP
44.

What is broken down during glycolysis?

a)

Oxygen

b)

Carbon dioxide

c)

Glucose

d)

Water

45.

What stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria? (There is more than one correct answer for this question.)

a)

Glycolysis

b)

The Krebs cycle

c)

The Calvin cycle

d)

The electron transport chain

46.

Which macromolecule is used as our main source of energy?

a)

Lipids/Fats

b)

Nucleic Acids

c)

Proteins

d)

Carbohydrates

47.

This is one job proteins do not have in the body.

a)

structure for tissues and organs

b)

transport things through cell membranes

c)

speed up chemical reactions

d)

insulation

48.
What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction? 
a)
The reaction rate will increase.
b)
The equilibrium of the reaction will be maintained. 
c)
The reaction rate will decrease.
d)
The reaction will stop. 
49.
A process where one cell forms two identical daughter cells is called...
a)
cell cycle
b)
cell division (mitosis)
c)
interphase
d)
cytokinesis
50.
The cell cycle is ______________.
a)
the process of cells circling throughout the body
b)
the process of splitting the organelles
c)
a process where one cell gets energy
d)
the sequence of stages of growth and division that a cell undergoes
51.

During the S-phase of interphase the cell ___________.

a)
divides into two cells
b)
divides its nucleus
c)
replicates its DNA
d)
replicates the organelles within the cell
52.
Replication is when __________.
a)
the cell makes a copy of its DNA in nucleus 
b)
the cell forms 2 identical cells
c)
the cell produces 2 sets of organelles
d)
the cell continues to complete the same function
53.
After interphase is completed the cell moves into the next stage of the cell cycle called _________.
a)
anaphase
b)
cytokinesis
c)
metaphase
d)
mitosis
54.
Mitosis is made up of how many phases?
a)
4
b)
5
c)
6
d)
7
55.
The following describes __________ during mitosis. The chromatin condenses and spindle fibers form at each side of the cell. The nuclear membrane breaks apart.
a)
prophase
b)
metaphase
c)
anaphase
d)
telophase
56.
The following describes ________  during mitosis. The chromosomes line up along the center of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome at the centromere.
a)
prophase
b)
metaphase
c)
anaphase
d)
telophase
57.
The following describes _________ during mitosis. The spindle fiber splits the centromere and the chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.
a)
prophase
b)
metaphase
c)
anaphase
d)
telophase
58.

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic diversity?

a)

mutation

b)

segregation (separation) of homologous chromosomes

c)

independent assortment of homologous pairs

d)

mitosis

59.

Which process is shown in the image?

a)

crossing over

b)

independent assortment

c)

segregation

d)

mutation

60.

During which phase of meiosis does the process shown in the image occur?

a)

Prophase I

b)

Anaphase I

c)

Metaphase I

d)

Telophase I

61.
Crossing over is important because....
a)
It prevents mutations from entering the gametes. 
b)
It allows for even distribution of chromosomes in the gametes.
c)
It allows for more genetic diversity of gametes.
d)
It allows for genetic uniformity of gametes. 
62.

Meiosis produces daughter cells that are:

a)

genetically identical

b)

genetically different

c)

zygotes

d)

somatic cells

63.

Two copies of chromosomes that share similar genes, but may have different alleles are called:

a)

sister chromatids

b)

Chromie Homies

c)

Replicated chromosomes

d)

homologous chromosomes

64.

An organism has 36 chromosomes in its genome (all the chromosomes it has and is also the diploid number). What would be the correct haploid number?

a)

36

b)

72

c)

18

d)

2

65.

The products of meiosis are (select all that apply)

a)

genetically different daughter cells

b)

haploid cells

c)

diploid cells

d)

identical cells

66.

A mosquito has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would its egg or sperm cells have?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

6

d)

12

67.
Which process and type of resulting cells are represented?
a)
mitosis, gametes
b)
mitosis, body cells
c)
meiosis, gametes
d)
meiosis, body cells
68.

CROSSING OVER INCREASES

a)

LIFE SPAN

b)

GENETIC VARIATION

c)

THE NUMBER OF OFF-SPRING

d)

ALL ARE TRUE

69.

The cells produced via meiosis are called:

(Choose 2 answers.)

a)
sex cells
b)
somatic cells
c)
body cells
d)

germ-line cells

70.
Meiosis makes sperm and egg cells. In humans, sperm and egg cells each have _____ chromosomes. Therefore a fertilized human egg cell (sperm and egg cell combined) would create a cell with _____ chromosomes.
a)
23, 46
b)
46, 23
c)
2, 4
d)
50, 100
71.

Which of these cells would be produced through meiosis?

(Choose 2 answers.)

a)

ovum cells

b)
liver cells
c)
brain cells
d)
sperm cells
72.

Which three processes occur during meiosis?

a)

crossing over

b)

asexual reproduction

c)

formation of gametes

d)

independent assortment

e)

production of diploid cells

73.

Which is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

a)

Sexual reproduction results in more genetic variation in organisms.

b)

Sexual reproduction requires more time to reproduce organisms than asexual reproduction.

c)

Sexually produced offspring are more dependent on their parents for survival than offspring produced through asexual reproduction.

d)

Sexually produced organisms are more dependent on other organisms for reproduction than offspring produced through asexual reproduction.

74.

Which statement is TRUE about reproduction in dogs?

a)

Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are generally identical.

b)

Gametes from both male and female dogs are needed to maintain the correct number of chromosomes in the offspring.

c)

Phenotypic variation will occur in the offspring as a result of mitosis in the gametes.

d)

Binary Fission is required for sexual and asexual reproduction in dogs.

75.

During Prophase I, tetrads form between homologous chromosome (pairs) and crossing-over takes place between non-sister chromatids.

a)

True

b)

False

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