WorksheetsBiology Semester 1 Review
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 43mins
A testable statement that suggests a possible answer to a question is called a(n):
Theory
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment is the:
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Control variable
Experimental group
A group in an experiment that serves as a comparison and does not receive the experimental treatment is called the:
Experimental group
Control group
Dependent group
Independent group
A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations that has been supported by evidence numerous times is a:
Hypothesis
Theory
Hyperbole
Experiment
A student wants to test the effect of different colors of light on the growth of bean plants. Which of the following is the most appropriate and testable hypothesis for this experiment?
Bean plants are a type of plant.
Bean plants will grow better when exposed to red light rather than green light.
If I grow plants, then they will get taller.
Why do plants need light to grow?
What is the independent variable on the graph titled "U.S. Households By Total Yearly Income" showing two lines labeled Percentage Above 75k(increasing)andPercentageBelow 10k (nearly constant) across years 1967–2007?
Time
Percentage above $75k
Percentage below $10k
US Households by Total Yearly Income
Which is the final, important, step of the scientific method that allows others to view the data?
Hypothesis
Observe
Draw conclusions
Share results
What does CER stand for?
Claim, Evidence, Reasoning
Conclusion, Experiment, Results
Control, Evaluation, Repeatability
Cause, Effect, Relationship
A student observes that a plant seedling bends toward a light source. The student writes, "The plant is growing toward the light because its cells on the side away from the light elongate faster, causing the plant to bend." Which part of the CER framework is the student's final sentence?
Hypothesis
Evidence
Claim
Reasoning
A biologist observes a bird feeding its chicks. The biologist's claim is that the bird is engaging in a behavior that ensures the survival of its species. What would be the most appropriate evidence to support this claim?
The bird's nest is built high in a tree.
The bird's beak shape is suited for cracking seeds.
The chicks are growing larger and healthier over time.
The bird has feathers and can fly long distances.
Which characteristic of living things is best described by a sunflower turning its head to face the sun throughout the day?
Cellular respiration
Reproduction
Responds to its environment
Genetic material
A student claims that a virus is not a living thing. Which of the following pieces of evidence would provide the strongest support for this claim?
Viruses can change over time.
Viruses have genetic material (DNA or RNA).
Viruses must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce.
Viruses are very small and can only be seen with an electron microscope.
In a CER framework, what is the role of the 'reasoning' component?
To provide data and observations.
To state the main idea or conclusion.
To ask a question to be investigated.
To explain why the evidence supports the claim.
A person shivers when they get cold. This is an example of which characteristic of living things?
Regulation (homeostasis)
Cellular respiration
Growth and development
Reproduction
A student observes a bacterial culture doubling in population every 20 minutes. What characteristic of living things is this an example of?
Regulation (homeostasis)
Cellular organization
Cellular respiration
Reproduction
A claim is made that plants require sunlight for photosynthesis. The evidence is that plants placed in the dark do not grow. What is the reasoning that connects this evidence to the claim?
The plants were all the same size at the start of the experiment.
Photosynthesis is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy for the plant to grow.
Plants get their energy from the soil.
The plant's color changes in the dark.
Which characteristic of life is best demonstrated by the process of cellular respiration?
Acquiring and using energy
Regulation (homeostasis)
Genetic material
Growth and development
A scientist studies a new organism and notes that it has a single cell. This observation directly supports which characteristic of living things?
Growth and development
Reproduction
Cellular organization
Genetic material
Which scientist is credited with concluding that all plants are made of cells?
Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Matthias Schleiden
Robert Hooke
Which scientist has been called “the father of microbiology”?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Which statement is NOT one of the three main principles of the Cell Theory?
All known living things are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things.
All cells must contain a cell wall.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
What is the primary distinguishing feature of a prokaryotic cell compared to a eukaryotic cell?
Presence of ribosomes
Presence of a cell membrane
Larger cell size
Lack of a true nucleus
Which of the following is a vital beneficial role of some prokaryotes in ecosystems?
Causing infectious disease
Nitrogen and carbon cycling
Producing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
Digesting plastics in landfills
In the human body, prokaryotes are essential for which process in the large intestine?
Oxygen transport
Vitamin production
Blood clotting
Cellular respiration
A prokaryote that causes disease, such as strep throat, is classified as a:
Symbiont
Decomposer
Pathogen
Producer
Which chemical agent is commonly used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria on non-living surfaces?
Antivirals
Bleach
Insulin
Vaccines
Antibiotics are effective against which type of microorganism?
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Antibiotic resistance occurs when:
An individual's immune system stops responding to medication.
An antibiotic begins to kill human cells along with bacteria.
Bacteria evolve and are no longer killed by a particular antibiotic.
Which of the following structures is found in all cells and is responsible for protein synthesis?
Capsule
Plasmid
Ribosome
Nucleoid
The region of a prokaryotic cell that contains the main genetic material (DNA) but is not enclosed by a membrane is called the:
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Nucleoid
Short, hair-like appendages on the surface of some prokaryotes that are primarily involved in attachment to surfaces or other cells (like during conjugation) are called:
Flagella
Pili
Cell Walls
A layer that provides structure and support around the perimeter of prokaryotic cells as well as some eukaryotic cells (plants) is the:
Cell membrane
Plasmid
Cell wall
A significant advantage of the prokaryotic mode of reproduction (binary fission) is that it:
Introduces genetic variation quickly.
Allows for extremely rapid population growth.
Requires two parents.
The ability of certain bacteria to form endospores under harsh conditions provides which advantage?
Enhanced mobility
Survival through long periods of environmental stress
Increased ability to consume nutrients.
A small, circular piece of DNA separate from the main chromosome, which often carries genes for antibiotic resistance, is known as a:
Nucleoid
Peptidoglycan
Plasmid
An important ecological disadvantage of prokaryotes is their simple, single-celled form, which prevents them from developing:
The ability to perform cellular respiration.
The ability to live in diverse habitats.
Specialized tissues and organs for complex tasks.
Scientists are engineering bacteria to help solve some of our most critical problems by which of the following ways?
Producing new pharmaceuticals.
Generating clean water.
Creating sustainable building materials.
Enhancing crop yields in infertile soil.
What is homeostasis?
The process of cells dividing.
The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
The movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy.
The way an organism interacts with its external environment.
Which of the following is an example of the body working to maintain homeostasis?
Eating food when you are hungry.
Sweating to cool down on a hot day.
Breathing in air that contains oxygen.
Sleeping for eight hours a night.
How does an increase in heart rate help maintain homeostasis concerning gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide?
It causes the body to use less oxygen.
It slows down the movement of gases in the blood.
It increases the speed at which oxygen is delivered to cells and carbon dioxide is removed.
It decreases the overall amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Cell transport that does not require the cell to use its own energy (ATP) is called:
Active transport.
Bulk transport.
Passive transport.
Endocytosis.
In cell transport, substances always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This movement is described as moving:
Against the concentration gradient.
With the concentration gradient.
Through a protein pump.
By using ATP energy.
Why do substances like glucose (a large sugar molecule) often need to cross the cell membrane using facilitated diffusion instead of simple diffusion?
They are moving against the concentration gradient.
They are too large or too polar (charged) to easily pass through the lipid bilayer.
They need to move very quickly into the cell.
The cell membrane is impermeable to all molecules.
Imagine spraying air freshener in one corner of a room. After a few minutes, the scent is detectable across the entire room. This is a real-life example of:
Osmosis.
Active transport.
Facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion.
Which factor would increase the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane?
A very large molecule.
A steeper concentration gradient (larger difference in concentrations).
A very thick cell membrane.
A lower temperature.
Facilitated diffusion is different from simple diffusion because it requires:
Energy (ATP).
A vesicle.
Transport proteins.
A high-salt solution.
Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are considered passive transport because they both:
Do not require the use of ATP energy.
Move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Only move water molecules.
Involve molecules binding to receptor proteins.
What type of transport requires energy?
Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
You put a cell into a solution, the cell grows. Is the solution hypotonic or hypertonic to the cell?
Hypotonic
Not enough information
Isotonic
Hypertonic
The cell shown in the diagram is in a solution that causes it to lose water. Identify the type of solution.
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
An ISOTONIC solution has a ______ concentration of solute (dissolved stuff) than inside the cell.
Lower
Higher
Equal
A HYPOTONIC solution has a ______ concentration of solute (dissolved stuff) than inside the cell.
Lower
Equal
Higher
What would happen if someone gave you a 100% water IV drip?
Your cells will shrivel
Your cells will swell
You'll be fine
Why is it a bad idea to drink saltwater?
It's hypertonic to your cells
It's hypotonic to your cells
It's isotonic to your cells
None of the above
If a balloon containing 5% salt solution is placed into a glass of water with 20% salt solution, the water is ______ compared to the cell.
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
All of the above
Water can pass more quickly through a cell membrane with the help of a carrier protein.
TRUE
FALSE
Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Vesicle transport
The primary structural component of the cell membrane is the:
Cellulose layer
Phospholipid bilayer
Protein matrix
Cholesterol sheet
In the cell membrane, the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids are oriented:
Facing the watery interior of the cell (cytoplasm).
Facing the watery exterior of the cell.
Toward the interior of the membrane, away from the water.
Interspersed randomly throughout the two layers.
Integral proteins (or transmembrane proteins) are characterized by:
Being loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
Only being found on the inner surface of the membrane.
Penetrating the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.
Primarily functioning in cell-to-cell recognition.
Which term best describes the entire structure of the plasma membrane, emphasizing that its components are not fixed but move laterally?
Fluid Mosaic Model
Static Layer Model
Fixed Protein Model
Semi-Permeable Model
Peripheral proteins are best described as proteins that:
Cross the entire membrane.
Are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, either on the cytoplasmic or extracellular side.
Only function to transport molecules.
Are composed solely of carbohydrate chains.
What is the primary function of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane?
Anchoring the cell to the extracellular matrix.
Serving as enzymes to catalyze reactions.
Regulating the passage of specific ions and molecules across the membrane.
Functioning in cell-to-cell recognition.
Carbohydrates, often attached to lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins) on the outer surface of the cell membrane, are primarily involved in:
Maintaining the structural rigidity of the membrane.
Cell-to-cell recognition, signaling, and identification.
Facilitating active transport of large molecules.
Storing energy for the cell.
The term "mosaic" in the Fluid Mosaic Model refers to:
The bilayer arrangement of the phospholipids.
The diverse collection of proteins and other molecules embedded within the bilayer.
The way cholesterol fits between the phospholipids.
The formation of vesicles.
The structure formed by a carbohydrate chain covalently bonded to a membrane protein is called a:
Phospholipid
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein
Lipoprotein
Which of the following best describes the process by which pluripotent stem cells develop into cells with a distinct function?
Mitosis without genetic variation
Cell differentiation through selective gene activation
Random cell mutation
Chromosome replication
Multipotent stem cells can most accurately be defined as:
Cells that can develop into ANY cell type in the body
Cells that can develop into multiple cell types within a specific tissue lineage
Cells that cannot divide
Cells that are only found in embryonic tissue
During cell differentiation, how do cells with identical DNA become specialized?
By completely removing unused genes
Through external chemical manipulation
By randomly expressing genetic information
Through selective activation and inactivation of specific genes
Which of the following best describes a zygote?
A fertilized egg with a full complement of DNA
A fertilized egg with half the amount of DNA
An unfertilized egg with a full complement of DNA
None of the above accurately describes a zygote
The process of cell communication is critical in cell differentiation because:
It allows cells to ignore genetic instructions
It enables cells to receive signals about which genes to activate
It prevents genetic mutations
It stops cell division completely
If a cell contains genes for producing insulin, liver enzymes, and muscle proteins, but only activates insulin-related genes, this represents:
Genetic mutation
Cell specialization
Chromosome deletion
Random gene expression
The hierarchical organization of cells in a multicellular organism progresses from:
Organ systems → tissues → cells → organs
Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems
Tissues → cells → organ systems → organs
Organs → cells → tissues → organ systems
Which of the following is not a tissue of the human body?
Connective
Epithelial
Brain
Muscle
Pluripotent stem cells are considered unique because they:
Contain more genetic material than other cells
Can develop into any cell type in the body
Are larger than specialized cells
Cannot divide or reproduce
The concept of cell communication suggests that:
Cells operate in complete isolation
Only nerve cells can communicate
Cells constantly exchange molecular signals
Communication occurs only during cell division
Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body?
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Which of the following best describes the primary function of white blood cells?
Oxygen transportation
Immune defense
Hormone regulation
Waste filtration
The human kidney's most critical function is:
Producing hormones
Filtering blood
Generating red blood cells
Regulating body temperature
How do the nervous and endocrine systems interact to maintain homeostasis?
They operate completely independently
Through chemical and electrical signals
Only through direct neural connections
They have no meaningful interaction
The primary function of the respiratory system's alveoli is:
Blood filtration
Hormone production
Gas exchange
Nutrient absorption
Which of the following muscle types is voluntary?
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
All of the above
The pancreas contributes to which two major body systems?
Respiratory and circulatory
Digestive and endocrine
Nervous and muscular
Skeletal and immune
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system?
Oxygen transportation
Waste removal
Immune defense
Hormone production
How do hormones from the endocrine system typically interact with target cells?
Through direct physical contact
By binding to specific receptors
By destroying cell membranes
Through electrical impulses
Which of the following bones is part of your appendicular skeleton?
Humerous
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
