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Worksheets

Physiology

Total questions: 165

Worksheet time: 1hrs 23mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the digestion that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, in a place isolated from the cells that produce enzymes, called?

a)

Pinocytosis

b)

Membranous

c)

Phagocytosis

d)

Intracellular

e)

Distant (Cavitary)

2.

What type of digestion is carried out on the inner surface of the intestinal tube?

a)

Contact (Membranous)

b)

Hydrolytic-exogenous

c)

Distant

d)

Intracellular

e)

Cavitary

3.

Name the enzymes in bile that break down organic nutrients?

a)

Lipase, trypsin

b)

Lipase, Carbohydrase

c)

Carbohydrase, pepsin

d)

Protease, gastrin

e)

Protease, bombesin

4.

The protease enzyme in bile breaks down proteins into...

a)

Monosaccharides

b)

Glycerides

c)

Amino acids

d)

Starch

e)

Glycogen

5.

Where are the centers for bile secretion and swallowing located in the brain?

a)

Diencephalon

b)

Medulla oblongata

c)

Brain stem

d)

Cerebral hemispheres

e)

Cerebellum

6.

What does the lipase enzyme break down fats into?

a)

Starch

b)

Glycerides

c)

Glycogen

d)

Amino acids

e)

Peptides

7.

What does the carbohydrase enzyme break polysaccharides into?

a)

Glycerides

b)

Fatty acids

c)

Amino acids

d)

Glycogen

e)

Peptides

8.

Name the part of the digestive system made of smooth muscle?

a)

Stomach

b)

Teeth

c)

Oral cavity

d)

Liver

e)

Tongue

9.

Define the function of the gastrointestinal hormone enterogastrin (gastrointestinal)?

a)

Improves a person's appetite

b)

Accelerates the digestion of nutrients

c)

Activates the digestion process

d)

Regulates metabolic rate

e)

Has no effect in the body

10.

Name the organic substances most commonly found in parotid gland secretion?

a)

Bromides

b)

Amylase

c)

Sulfates

d)

Potassium

e)

Magnesium chlorides

11.

What substance found in pancreatic juice prevents the duct of this gland from becoming blocked?

a)

Kinins

b)

Transaminases

c)

Peroxidases

d)

Substances that prevent blood clotting

e)

Phosphatases

12.

What tissue does the exocrine pancreas consist of?

a)

Lieberkühn tissue

b)

Sphincter of Oddi

c)

G-cells

d)

Pyloric sphincter

e)

Acinar tissue

13.

What is the main type of enzyme, for example, in breast milk composition?

a)

Autolytic enzyme

b)

Chemical enzyme

c)

Digestive enzyme

d)

Hydrolase enzyme

e)

Symbiotic enzyme

14.

The protease enzyme breaks down proteins into __________ and __________.

a)

Peptides, amino acids

b)

Starch, glycogen

c)

Polysaccharides, fat

d)

Carbohydrate monomers

e)

Fatty acids, glycerides

15.

The widened part of the gastrointestinal tube?

a)

Large intestine

b)

Pharynx

c)

Stomach

d)

Mouth

e)

Bile ducts

16.

In intracellular digestion, nutrients entering the cell via __________ , __________ are hydrolyzed by lysosomal enzymes?

a)

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

b)

Large intestine, small intestine

c)

Mouth, phagocytosis

d)

Bile ducts, blood

e)

Pharynx, esophagus

17.

What is assimilation?

a)

Breakdown of hydrolysis within the cell

b)

The formation of new complex and specific substances incorporated into the cells

c)

Formation into peptides and amino acids

d)

Formation of substances during the dissimilation process

e)

Breakdown into complex and simple substances

18.

During cavitary hydrolysis, the products formed pass through the __________ layer and are converted into monomers on the membrane surface.

a)

Glycocalyx

b)

Pharynx

c)

Oral cavity

d)

Bile secretion

19.

pH environment of pancreatic juice?

a)

pH 4.4-5.4

b)

pH 5.8-6.5

c)

pH 6.8-7.8

d)

pH 7.8-8.4

e)

pH 7.1-7.4

20.

pH environment of small intestinal juice, indicating an alkaline medium?

a)

pH 5.8-6.5

b)

pH 4.4-5.4

c)

pH 6.8-7.8

d)

pH 7.1-7.4

e)

pH 7.2-7.5

21.

Where are the breakdown products of nutrients absorbed?

a)

Stomach

b)

Large intestine

c)

Rectum

d)

Small intestine

e)

Bile

22.

Amylase in an alkaline environment breaks down polysaccharides __________ , __________ from the dextrin stage to the disaccharide stage into maltose, lactose, fructose, sucrose?

a)

Blood and carbohydrates

b)

Stomach and large intestine

c)

Sucrose and starch

d)

Carbohydrates and hormones

e)

Starch and glycogen

23.

The main glandulocytes of the gastric glands secrete the __________ enzyme?

a)

Gastricsin

b)

Stomach

c)

Sympathetic

d)

Pyloric

e)

Pepsinogen

24.

__________ regulates bile formation in liver hepatocytes and its release into the duodenum?

a)

Nervous system

b)

Sympathetic

c)

Chewing

d)

Conditioned reflex

e)

Unconditioned reflex

25.

The endocrine function of the digestive system is associated with the secretion of which hormones:

a)

Prostaglandins

b)

Liberins

c)

Gastrointestinal hormones

d)

Triiodothyronine

e)

Corticosterone

26.

Which hormones enhance pancreatic juice secretion?

a)

Carbohydrates and hormones

b)

Secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin

c)

Somatostatin, parathyroid hormone

d)

Adrenaline, serotonin

e)

Glucagon, calcitonin

27.

The __________ enzyme converts trypsinogen in pancreatic juice into active trypsin.

a)

Amylase

b)

Lipase

c)

Phosphatase

d)

Enterokinase

e)

Phospholipase

28.

Where is the vomiting center located?

a)

In the reticular formation of the midbrain at the lower part of the IV ventricle.

b)

In the reticular formation of the spinal cord at the bottom of the VI ventricle

c)

In the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata at the bottom of the XI ventricle

d)

In the reticular formation of the brain at the bottom of the IX ventricle

e)

In the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata at the lower part of the IV ventricle.

29.

Which substance inhibits glucose absorption in the intestines?

a)

Somatotropin

b)

Amylase

c)

Thymosin

d)

Histamine

e)

Thyroxine

30.

Name the type of digestion divided into two: distant (cavitary) and contact (membranous):

a)

Specific digestion

b)

Extracellular digestion

c)

Intracellular digestion

d)

Rapid digestion

e)

Cavitary digestion

31.

Which enzyme breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides?

a)

Protease

b)

Hydrolase

c)

Adenylate cyclase

d)

Carbohydrase

e)

Lipase

32.

The function of which part of the gastrointestinal tract is studied using the Thiry-Vella fistula?

a)

Bile

b)

Large intestine

c)

Small intestine

d)

Stomach

e)

Rectum

33.

What is the percentage of dry matter in saliva?

a)

1-2.4%

b)

0.5-2.4%

c)

1.5-2.4%

d)

0.5-1.5%

e)

1-1.5%

34.

Which mucous substance softens the food bolus, facilitates its painless delivery to the pharynx, and later eases its movement toward the esophagus?

a)

Hydrochloric acid

b)

Nuclease

c)

Amylase

d)

Lysozyme

e)

Mucin

35.

Why do injuries to the oral mucosa heal faster?

a)

Due to kinins that dilate capillaries in the mouth

b)

Based on thromboplastin and antiheparin factors in saliva composition

c)

Because the oral mucosa and teeth are constantly cleansed of bacteria

d)

Because saliva composition is constantly mixed with water

e)

Due to direct entry of medicinal substances into the oral cavity

36.

Where are the first neurons of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the salivary glands located?

a)

In the rhomboid fossa

b)

In the medulla oblongata

c)

In the pons

d)

In the cerebral hemispheres

e)

In the diencephalon

37.

What term describes the decrease in water content in the human body?

a)

Hyposalivation

b)

Dehydroepian

c)

Dehydration

d)

Hypodynamia

e)

Hypomenorrhea

38.

What is the cardia?

a)

The junction of the stomach and duodenum

b)

The upper part of the stomach

c)

The concave part of the esophagus

d)

The junction of the esophagus and stomach

e)

The area connecting the pharynx and esophagus

39.

What function does hydrochloric acid perform?

a)

Converts caseinogen into insoluble casein

b)

Converts pepsinogen into pepsin

c)

Participates in hydrolysis processes

d)

Has an alkaline effect on its surroundings

e)

Produces chyme

40.

Into how many phases is gastric secretion divided?

a)

6

b)

2

c)

5

d)

3

e)

4

41.

From the moment of swallowing food, the stomach muscles relax for some time. What is this phenomenon called?

a)

Acidification

b)

Loss of appetite

c)

Reflex relaxation of food

d)

Appetite juice

e)

Chyme reflex

42.

During the vomiting reflex, which muscle additionally contracts to direct chyme (food) from the stomach toward the esophagus?

a)

Transverse muscle of the chest

b)

Rectus abdominis muscle

c)

Levator costarum muscle

d)

Transverse abdominal muscle

e)

Diaphragm

43.

Which digestive juices facilitate the entry of semi-digested food porridge from the stomach into the duodenum?

a)

Duodenal juice, bile, and amylase

b)

Pancreatic juice, pepsin, and histaminase

c)

Pancreatic juice, bile, and hydrochloric acid

d)

Pancreatic juice, duodenal juice, and bile

e)

Duodenal juice, pancreatic juice, and pepsin

44.

What type of digestion occurs with the help of microorganism enzymes?

a)

Cavitary

b)

Parietal

c)

Autolytic

d)

Membranous

e)

Symbiotic

45.

The third phase of swallowing is called:

a)

pharyngeal

b)

oral phase

c)

esophageal

d)

gastric

e)

Intestinal

46.

Which enzyme sticks food particles together in the oral cavity?

a)

Lysozyme

b)

Mucin

c)

Amylase

d)

Maltase

e)

Bile

47.

Where is the swallowing center located?

a)

Diencephalon

b)

Limbic system

c)

Pituitary gland

d)

Hypothalamus

e)

Medulla oblongata

48.

How many times is the act of swallowing performed per day?

a)

6000

b)

600

c)

200

d)

1200-1400

e)

100-120

49.

Which parts of the central nervous system are involved in regulating saliva secretion?

a)

Midbrain-medulla oblongata

b)

Hypothalamus-limbic system-cerebral cortex

c)

Cerebellum

d)

Limbic system-central nucleus

e)

Medulla oblongata-cerebellum

50.

What is the consequence of damage to the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus?

a)

Increased eating

b)

Thirst

c)

Hyperphagia

d)

Refusal to eat

e)

Vomiting reflex

51.

Which substance in the oral cavity has bactericidal properties?

a)

Mucin

b)

Lysozyme

c)

Bile

d)

Maltase

e)

Amylase

52.

What are the secretory cells of the mucous layer of the stomach that secrete juice?

a)

Main, accessory, parietal

b)

Pyloric glands and gastrin

c)

Chief, parietal, mucous neck cells

d)

Primary, secondary, and parietal

e)

Main, parietal, residual

53.

What is the duration of food presence in the oral cavity?

a)

15-20 min

b)

45-60 sec

c)

1-2 min

d)

15-20 sec

e)

5-6 sec

54.

What phases does the act of swallowing consist of?

a)

Oral, pharyngeal, esophageal

b)

Oral, laryngeal, pharyngeal

c)

Oral, esophageal, gastric

d)

Oral, pharyngeal, gastric

e)

Oral, gastric, intestinal

55.

Into what groups is the intestinal microflora divided?

a)

Bifidobacteria, bacteroides

b)

Symbionts, lactobacilli

c)

Main, accompanying, residual

d)

Citrobacter, enterobacteria

e)

Main, minor, and accompanying

56.

What percentage does the main group of intestinal microflora (bifidobacteria and bacteroides) constitute?

a)

90%

b)

50%

c)

1%

d)

10%

e)

40%

57.

What percentage does the accompanying group of intestinal microflora (lactobacilli, Escherichia, enterococci) constitute?

a)

90%

b)

50%

c)

40%

d)

1%

e)

10%

58.

Which digestive juice emulsifies fats in the duodenum?

a)

Mucin

b)

Gastric juice

c)

Liver

d)

Intestinal juice

e)

Bile

59.

Which nutrients undergo hydrolysis in the oral cavity?

a)

Amino acids

b)

Lipids

c)

Polysaccharides

d)

Fats

e)

Proteins

60.

Which liver cells produce bile?

a)

Hepatocytes

b)

Chief cells

c)

Accessory cells

d)

A-cells of the pancreas

e)

Leydig cells

61.

Which vitamin's absorption in the stomach is ensured by Castle's intrinsic factor?

a)

A

b)

B3

c)

D

d)

C

e)

B12

62.

Which type of digestion is important for a newborn?

a)

Extracellular

b)

Cellular

c)

Symbiotic

d)

Specific

e)

Autolytic

63.

Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

a)

Parietal cells

b)

Chief and accessory

c)

Do not secrete at all

d)

Surrounding

e)

Mucous cells

64.

Who discovered parietal digestion?

a)

A.A. Ukhtomsky

b)

L.B. Krasnogorsky

c)

L.A. Orbeli

d)

I.P. Pavlov

e)

A.M. Ugolev

65.

Where does symbiotic digestion occur?

a)

Cecum

b)

Rectum

c)

Oral cavity

d)

Large intestine

e)

Stomach

66.

Which enzyme in the oral cavity breaks down maltose into glucose?

a)

Proteinase

b)

Maltase

c)

Muramidase

d)

Lipase

e)

Amylase

67.

Which hormone do G-cells of the gastric mucosa secrete?

a)

Calcitonin

b)

Histamine

c)

Gastrin

d)

Oxytocin

e)

Pepsin

68.

Which hormone is the strongest stimulator of bile secretion?

a)

Trypsin

b)

Cholecystokinin

c)

Pepsin

d)

Calcitonin

e)

Gastrin

69.

What are the final products of fat hydrolysis?

a)

Amino acids

b)

Glycerol and fatty acids

c)

Peptides

d)

Monosaccharides

e)

Disaccharides

70.

What is incretion in the gastrointestinal tract?

a)

Production of digestive juices

b)

Production of gastrointestinal hormones

c)

Emulsification

d)

Absorption

e)

Release of hydrolysis products into the internal environment

71.

What is the function of the villi located in the mucous layer of the small intestine?

a)

Enhances absorption in the large intestine

b)

Performs immune function

c)

Increases the absorption surface area

d)

Responds to food movement

e)

Provides cavitary digestion

72.

What breaks down cellulose in the large intestine?

a)

Enzymes of microorganisms

b)

Lipase enzymes

c)

Sucrase enzymes

d)

Nuclease enzymes

e)

Peptidase enzymes

 

73.

What is the pH value of gastric juice?

a)

0.1-0.5

b)

6.2-7.0

c)

1.5-1.8

d)

5.4-6.0

e)

7.4-8.0

74.

What is masticationography?

a)

A method for determining chewing force

b)

Function of salivary glands

c)

Function of the nervous system

d)

Function of the medulla oblongata

e)

Function of the diencephalon

75.

Which fistulous operation is used to determine the three phases of gastric secretion?

a)

Eck-Pavlov fistula experiment

b)

Pavlov's method

c)

In the "sham feeding" experiment

d)

Heidenhain's method

e)

Installing a fistula into the stomach using Basov's method

76.

What are the characteristics of saliva secreted when parasympathetic fibers of the salivary glands are stimulated?

a)

Thick, rich in organic substances

b)

Small amount, rich in inorganic substances

c)

Large amount, liquid, rich in inorganic substances

d)

Small amount, thick

e)

Liquid, rich in organic substances

77.

Where does bile formation occur?

a)

Stomach

b)

Duodenum

c)

Kidney

d)

Large intestine

e)

Liver

78.

Identify the main enzyme that breaks down proteins?

a)

Amylase

b)

Chymosin

c)

Pepsin

d)

Stomach disease

e)

Lipase

79.

What is the main function of the proximal part of the large intestine in absorbing substances?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Vitamins

c)

Proteins

d)

Mineral salts

e)

Water

80.

Approximately how many kilocalories are released when 1 gram of carbohydrates breaks down?

a)

10 kcal

b)

3.0 kcal

c)

1 kcal

d)

4.1 kcal

e)

20 kcal

81.

Approximately how many kilocalories are released when 1 gram of fat breaks down?

a)

10 kcal

b)

20 kcal

c)

1 kcal

d)

4.1 kcal

e)

9.3 kcal

82.

What is the approximate pH of gastric juice?

a)

0.9-1.5

b)

6.2-7.0

c)

0.1-0.5

d)

7.4-8.0

e)

5.4-6.0

83.

What is the length of the villi in the mucous layer of the small intestine?

a)

1.5-1.0 mm

b)

0.5-0.10 mm

c)

2.5-3.6 mm

d)

0.5-1.5 mm

e)

3.5-4.0 mm

84.

Where are the islets of Langerhans located?

a)

Adrenal gland

b)

Small intestine

c)

Pancreas

d)

Gastric juice

e)

Duodenum

85.

What serves as the stimulus for conditioned salivary reflexes?

a)

Type and smell of food

b)

Osmotic pressure of food

c)

Volume of incoming food

d)

Composition of food

86.

What plays the main role in regulating saliva secretion?

a)

Neuro-reflex regulation

b)

Neuroregulation

c)

Neurohumoral regulation

d)

Humoral regulation

e)

Local regulation

87.

Where are nutrient monomers absorbed first?

a)

Stomach

b)

Large intestine

c)

Small intestine

d)

Duodenum

e)

Oral cavity

88.

The first Russian scientist to receive the Nobel Prize for work in the field of digestion:

a)

V.A. Basov

b)

I.P. Pavlov

c)

I. Müller

d)

R. Heidenhain

e)

A.M. Ugolev

89.

What is the normal daily amount of saliva secreted in a healthy person?

a)

1.5-2 liters

b)

0.5 liters

c)

300 ml

d)

2.5-3 liters

e)

3-5.2 liters

90.

What function does the oral cavity perform?

a)

Storing food, fat hydrolysis

b)

Excreting nutrients

c)

Hormone formation, absorption of nutrients

d)

Grinding, moistening, forming a food bolus

e)

Final hydrolysis and absorption of nutrients, amino acids

91.

Which enzyme initiates the digestion process of carbohydrates in the oral cavity?

a)

Amylase

b)

Protease

c)

Maltase

d)

Pepsin

e)

Lipase

92.

Which hormone stimulates gastric juice secretion?

a)

Gastrin

b)

Insulin

c)

Glucagon

d)

Cholecystokinin

e)

Secretin

93.

Which of the following organs is involved in filtering and detoxifying nutrients that enter the blood after absorption?

a)

Liver

b)

Kidney

c)

Heart

d)

Pancreas

e)

Spleen

94.

Which hormone stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach?

a)

Cholecystokinin

b)

Gastrin

c)

Somatostatin

d)

Secretin

95.

What enzymatic system breaks down proteins into amino acids?

a)

Chymosin

b)

Maltase

c)

Peptidase

d)

Amylase

e)

Lipase

96.

Where does parietal digestion occur?

a)

Sigmoid colon

b)

Rectum

c)

On the surface of the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium

d)

Stomach

e)

Pancreas

97.

Which process stimulates the act of defecation?

a)

Increased saliva secretion

b)

Increased gastric juice secretion

c)

Increased intestinal juice secretion

d)

Increased pressure in the rectum

e)

Decreased tone of the anal sphincter

98.

Which stage of swallowing is voluntarily controlled?

a)

Gastric

b)

Esophageal

c)

Intestinal

d)

Pharyngeal

e)

Oral

99.

What is the length of the human digestive tract?

a)

3–4 m

b)

5–6 m

c)

8–9 m

d)

12–14 m

100.

Where do the digestive and respiratory tracts intersect?

a)

Larynx

b)

Nasal cavity

c)

Pharynx

d)

Trachea

101.

Which parts are sections of the small intestine?

a)

Duodenum, cecum, ileum

b)

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

c)

Jejunum, colon, rectum

d)

Stomach, duodenum, jejunum

102.

Which digestive organ is located in front of the cervical vertebrae?

a)

Esophagus

b)

Larynx

c)

Pharynx

d)

Trachea

103.

Indicate the correct order of digestive organs:

a)

Esophagus → mouth → stomach → intestine

b)

Mouth → stomach → esophagus → intestine

c)

Oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → intestines

d)

Mouth → trachea → stomach → intestines

104.

Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

a)

Pepsin

b)

Lipase

c)

Amylase

d)

Trypsin

105.

Where is insulin synthesized?

a)

Acinar cells of pancreas

b)

α-cells of pancreas

c)

β-cells of the Islets of Langerhans

d)

Liver hepatocytes

106.

Where is pancreatic somatostatin synthesized?

a)

β-cells

b)

α-cells

c)

δ-cells of the pancreas

d)

Enterocytes

107.

From which part of the digestive tract are undigested wastes eliminated?

a)

Sigmoid colon

b)

Rectum

c)

Anal canal

d)

Cecum

108.

Which organ is primary in digestion and absorption of nutrients?

a)

Stomach

b)

Large intestine

c)

Small intestine

d)

Liver

109.

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

a)

Emulsifies fats

b)

Activates lipase

c)

Activates pepsin and kills bacteria

d)

Neutralizes chyme

110.

Main function of electrolytes in saliva:

a)

Protein digestion

b)

Fat emulsification

c)

Maintain pH and enzyme activity

d)

Hormone secretion

111.

Final products of fat hydrolysis are:

a)

Fatty acids only

b)

Triglycerides

c)

Fatty acids and glycerol

d)

Amino acids

112.

Incretion in the gastrointestinal tract is

a)

Enzyme secretion

b)

Mucus secretion

c)

Hormone release into blood

d)

Absorption of nutrients

113.

Where do undigested food residues pass after the small intestine?

a)

Rectum

b)

Stomach

c)

Large intestine

d)

Appendix

114.

Function of villi in the small intestine

a)

Secretion of enzymes

b)

Movement of chyme

c)

Increase absorptive surface

d)

Mucus production

115.

What breaks down cellulose in the large intestine?

a)

Human enzymes

b)

Pancreatic juice

c)

Bile

d)

Intestinal bacteria

116.

pH of gastric juice is:

a)

6.8–7.2

b)

4.5–5.5

c)

1.5–2.0

d)

8.0–8.5

117.

Masticationography is:

a)

Study of swallowing

b)

Study of digestion

c)

Recording of chewing movements

d)

Measurement of saliva volume

118.

Which operation is used to study stages of gastric juice secretion?

a)

Tracheostomy

b)

Esophagotomy

c)

Gastric fistula (Pavlov)

d)

Colostomy

119.

Parasympathetic stimulation of salivary glands causes secretion of:

a)

Thick, mucus-rich saliva

b)

Small amount of saliva

c)

Abundant watery saliva

d)

No secretion

120.

Where is bile produced?

a)

Gallbladder

b)

Pancreas

c)

Liver

d)

Duodenum

121.

Key enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach:

a)

Trypsin

b)

Amylase

c)

Pepsin

d)

Lipase

122.

What is absorbed mainly in the proximal large intestine?

a)

Proteins

b)

Lipids

c)

Water and electrolytes

d)

Glucose

123.

Energy released from 1 g of carbohydrates:

a)

2 kcal

b)

4 kcal

c)

7 kcal

d)

9 kcal

124.

Energy released from 1 g of fat:

a)

4 kcal

b)

7 kcal

c)

9 kcal

d)

12 kcal

125.

pH of pancreatic juice:

a)

2.0–3.0

b)

5.0–6.0

c)

7.8–8.4

d)

9.5–10

126.

Length of intestinal villi is approximately:

a)

0.01 mm

b)

0.5–1.5 mm

c)

5–10 mm

d)

2–3 cm

127.

Islets of Langerhans are located in:

a)

Liver

b)

Stomach

c)

Pancreas

d)

Duodenum

128.

Stimulus for conditioned salivary reflex:

a)

Food in mouth

b)

Stretching of stomach

c)

Sight or smell of food

d)

Blood glucose level

129.

What plays a key role in regulating salivation?

a)

Endocrine system

b)

Autonomic nervous system

c)

Digestive enzymes

d)

Blood pressure

130.

Secretion in the gastrointestinal tract is:

a)

Absorption of nutrients

b)

Muscle contraction

c)

Release of enzymes, mucus, and hormones

d)

Transport of food

131.

Where are nutrient monomers mainly absorbed?

a)

Stomach

b)

Large intestine

c)

Small intestine

d)

Oral cavity

132.

First Russian scientist awarded Nobel Prize for digestion:

a)

Sechenov

b)

Mechnikov

c)

Ivan Pavlov

d)

Lomonosov

133.

Main function of the oral cavity:

a)

Protein digestion

b)

Absorption of nutrients

c)

Mechanical processing and initial digestion

d)

Bile secretion

134.

Normal daily amount of saliva:

a)

100–300 ml

b)

500–700 ml

c)

1000–1500 ml

d)

2500–3000 ml

135.

Which enzyme starts carbohydrate digestion in the oral cavity?

a)

Pepsin

b)

Lipase

c)

Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

d)

Maltase

136.

Hormone stimulating gastric juice secretion:

a)

Secretin

b)

Cholecystokinin

c)

Gastrin

d)

Insulin

137.

Which organ filters and detoxifies absorbed nutrients?

a)

Pancreas

b)

Kidney

c)

Liver

d)

Spleen

138.

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

a)

Secretin

b)

Gastrin

c)

Cholecystokinin

d)

Insulin

139.

Which of the enzymatic systems breaks down proteins into amino acids?

a)

Lipases

b)

Amylases

c)

 Proteases

d)

Nucleases

140.

Where does brush-border digestion occur?

a)

Stomach

b)

Small intestine

c)

Large intestine

d)

Mouth

141.

What stimulates the act of defecation?

a)

Gastric distension

b)

Rectal distension

c)

Duodenal contractions

d)

Salivary secretion

142.

Which stage of swallowing is under voluntary control?

a)

Oral stage

b)

Pharyngeal stage

c)

Esophageal stage

d)

Gastric stage

143.

What valve is located between the small and large intestine?

a)

Pyloric valve

b)

Ileocecal valve

c)

Anal sphincter

d)

Cardiac sphincter

144.

Which cells produce hydrochloric acid?

a)

Chief cells

b)

Parietal cells

c)

Goblet cells

d)

Enteroendocrine cells

145.

Where do the main processes of nutrient hydrolysis occur?

a)

Mouth

b)

Stomach

c)

Small intestine

d)

Large intestine

146.

What is the main function of bile?

a)

Digest proteins

b)

Neutralize gastric acid

c)

Emulsify fats

d)

Absorb vitamins

147.

What is the pH of pancreatic secretion?

a)

2–3

b)

5–6

c)

7–8

d)

8–9

148.

What is the main enzyme that breaks down proteins?

a)

Pepsin

b)

Amylase

c)

Lipase

d)

Maltase

149.

What is the length of the villi of the small intestinal mucosa?

a)

0.1–0.3 mm

b)

0.5–1 mm

c)

1–2 mm

d)

2–3 mm

150.

What is the pH of gastric juice?

a)

1–3

b)

4–6

c)

7

d)

8–9

151.

Which gland produces intestinal juice?

a)

Salivary glands

b)

Brunner’s glands

c)

Liver

d)

Pancreas

152.

Where do undigested food particles pass from the small intestine?

a)

Stomach

b)

Large intestine

c)

Pancreas

d)

Liver

153.

Where are the apical granular cells located in the small intestine?

a)

Lamina propria

b)

Crypts of Lieberkühn

c)

Muscularis mucosae

d)

Submucosa

154.

Where is bile produced?

a)

Gallbladder

b)

Liver

c)

Pancreas

d)

Stomach

155.

Which layer of the large intestine is formed by multiple transverse folds of the mucosa?

a)

Haustra

b)

Plicae circulares

c)

Villi

d)

Rugae

156.

How many kilocalories are released when 1 gram of carbohydrates is broken down?

a)

4 kcal

b)

7 kcal

c)

9 kcal

d)

2 kcal

157.

How many kilocalories are released when 1 gram of fat is broken down?

a)

4 kcal

b)

7 kcal

c)

9 kcal

d)

2 kcal

158.

What is the function of reverse peristalsis?

a)

Push food forward

b)

Mix intestinal contents

c)

Vomiting or regurgitation

d)

Absorb nutrients

159.

What is masticatiography (mastication graphy)?

a)

Study of gastric secretions

b)

Graphical study of chewing movements

c)

Measurement of intestinal motility

d)

Study of salivary composition

160.

Characteristics of saliva during stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers of the salivary glands?

a)

Thick, mucus-rich

b)

Thin, watery, enzyme-rich

c)

Acidic, protein-rich

d)

Alkaline, low volume

161.

Who confirmed the ability of hydrochloric acid to increase pancreatic secretion, repeating I.P. Pavlov’s experiment?

a)

Bayliss and Starling

b)

Starling alone

c)

Cannon

d)

Bernard

162.

Which organ contains the islets of Langerhans?

a)

Liver

b)

Pancreas

c)

Stomach

d)

Small intestine

163.

What is the stimulus for conditioned salivary reflexes?

a)

Sight, smell, or thought of food

b)

Presence of food in the mouth

c)

Gastric distension

d)

pH of chyme

164.

What is the function of villi in the mucosa of the small intestine?

a)

Secrete digestive enzymes

b)

Increase surface area for absorption

c)

Protect from pathogens

d)

Store bile

165.

Which fistula procedure is used to determine the three phases of gastric juice secretion?

a)

Enterostomy

b)

Gastrostomy

c)

Heidenhain’s fistula

d)

Cholecystostomy

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