The consequence of disinhibition syndrome can be

The importance of the formation of the GPUV

Involuntary, slow, “worm-like” movements localized in the upper limbs, especially in the fingers, are designated by the term

The most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke is

The main causes of meningitis in newborns are

The cause of meningitis in adults is mainly

A neurological examination of a 30-year-old man revealed a decrease in the strength and amplitude of voluntary movements of the left arm and left leg. What term is used to describe this condition?

A neurological examination of a 35-year-old woman revealed a complete lack of voluntary movements due to a disruption of the innervation of the corresponding muscles. What term is used to describe this condition?

Central paralysis is described

Peripheral paralysis occurs when

Central paralysis occurs when

Brown-Sequard syndrome occurs when

Causalgia develops when

A 73-year-old woman presented with muscle weakness and paresthesia in her arms and legs. Neurological examination revealed weakness of the flexors and extensors of the lower extremities, increased knee reflexes, and decreased vibration sensitivity. The patient most likely has a vitamin deficiency.

In a 60-year-old man, in the early period after an acute cerebrovascular accident, the severity of neurological symptoms continued to increase, despite the restoration of blood flow in the damaged cerebral vessel. The cause of the worsening of neurological symptoms in the patient is

A 28-year-old man has clonic seizures, twitching of the neck, face and trunk muscles with a short period of apnea, and foamy saliva coming out of the mouth. After the seizure, which lasts 2 minutes, the muscles relax. This typical form of pathology is based on

A young man of 18 years old was admitted to the clinic with complaints of headache, vomiting that did not bring relief, and elevated body temperature. Examination revealed rigidity of the occipital muscles. The patient is in a characteristic pose: head thrown back, back arched, stomach drawn in, legs bent and brought to the stomach. In the pathogenesis of this disease, of great importance is

A 60-year-old man, 10 years after being diagnosed with Syphilis, was found to have decreased tendon reflexes, a feeling of numbness and crawling "ants", and a tingling sensation. What typical form of neurogenic sensitivity disorders is observed in the patient?

A 40-year-old man has been diagnosed with damage to the motor neurons of the lumbar spine. What will a neurological examination of the lower extremities reveal?

A 40-year-old man has been diagnosed with damage to the motor neurons of the cervical spine. What will a neurological examination of the lower extremities reveal?

A 17-year-old boy developed pain in the big toe of his right foot after surgical amputation of the same foot. What is the mechanism of pain?

The reduction in pain sensitivity during massage is due to

A 25-year-old woman developed double vision and respiratory muscle dysfunction. Botulism was diagnosed. What is the most likely mechanism for the muscle dysfunction?

An 18-year-old young man was admitted to the clinic complaining of headache, vomiting that did not bring relief, and elevated body temperature. Examination revealed rigidity of the occipital muscles. The patient is in a characteristic pose: head thrown back, back arched, stomach pulled in, legs bent and brought to the stomach. The pathogenesis of headache in this disease is due to

A young man of 18 years old was admitted to the clinic with complaints of headache, vomiting that did not bring relief, and elevated body temperature. Examination revealed rigidity of the occipital muscles. The patient is in a characteristic pose: head thrown back, back arched, stomach drawn in, legs bent and brought to the stomach. The pathogenesis of the characteristic posture in this disease is due to

Cerebellar ataxia, memory disorders for current events, nystagmus, dysarthria, dysphagia, hiccups, dizziness are characteristic of cerebrovascular accidents due to damage to

Paresis or spastic paralysis of the limbs (proximal arm and distal leg), loss of sensitivity on the side opposite the lesion, most likely observed with damage to

A 64-year-old man was diagnosed with ischemic stroke, revealed: decreased sensitivity and paresis of the muscles of the left leg, positive Babinsky reflex on the left. Which artery embolism caused these changes?

A 50-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation suddenly felt weakness in the muscles of the left half of his body and lost his sight. The symptoms persisted for several weeks. Most likely the patient

During the examination of a 65-year-old homeless man, the following was revealed: multiple cuts on the feet and a bilateral decrease in pain and temperature sensitivity of the stocking and glove type, a pronounced smell of alcohol from the mouth. Most likely, the man

During examination of a 35-year-old woman, the following was revealed: paresis of the right arm, reflexes on the right arm are reduced. Reflexes of the right leg are increased and the Babinski reflex is determined. Reflexes of the left half of the body are normal. What brain structures are damaged?

An 18-year-old boy was diagnosed with pharyngitis. A few days later, he developed a severe headache and a fever of 38.8°C. Revealed: stiff neck, positive Kernig and Brudzinski reflexes. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: high protein, low glucose, high neutrophil count. What causes this disease?

A 26-year-old female student presented with a history of increasing weakness and headaches over several weeks. Neurological examination revealed no significant changes. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: colorless fluid with a slight increase in protein, normal glucose content, lymphocytes present, no neutrophils. Antibodies to which pathogens would a serological examination most likely reveal?

A 15-year-old boy was admitted to the clinic with complaints of headache, fever, muscle weakness. Muscle hypotonia and hyporeflexia were detected. The diagnosis was poliomyelitis. What is the basis for the damaging effects of the polio virus?

After a stroke, a 67-year-old man developed episodes of severe, difficult to bear polytopic pain, combined with vegetative and motor disorders. Most likely, the pathogenesis of these pains is due to

The correct statement is

A 50-year-old patient consulted a doctor complaining of limited voluntary movement in his left arm and leg. A year ago, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. During examination, the left arm was sharply bent and brought to the body, the left leg was sharply straightened. Muscle tone and periosteal reflexes of the indicated extremities were increased. There were pathological tendon reflexes. Are these disorders based on damage?

A 50-year-old patient consulted a doctor complaining that after an injury to the back of the right thigh, active movements in this limb became sharply limited, and atrophy of the calf muscles appeared. During the examination, along with muscle atrophy, a lack of reflex from the Achilles tendon was noted. Name the form of nervous system dysfunction

After a cerebrovascular accident, the patient developed spastic contraction of the muscles of the right arm and right leg. Muscle tone in these limbs is increased. Voluntary movements of these limbs are impossible, tendon and periosteal reflexes are increased. Muscle atrophy is not observed. Determine the form of akinesia in this patient

The reason for the heart being overloaded with blood volume is

The reason for the overload of the heart by resistance is

The cause of absolute coronary insufficiency is

The cause of relative coronary insufficiency is

Prevents the restoration of microcirculation after myocardial reperfusion

In pathogenesis secondary arterial hypertension is important

A genetic defect in the cell membranes of vascular myocytes leads to hypertension due to

In the pathogenesis of renovascular renal hypertension is important

In the pathogenesis of renoparenchymatous arterial hypertension is important

Pathogenetic treatment of arterial hypertension includes the appointment of

The clinical sign of right ventricular failure is

Right ventricular failure is characterized by

A manifestation of left ventricular heart failure is

The emergency stage of cardiac hyperfunction is characterized by

The cause of the myocardial form of heart failure is

The cause of myocardial insufficiency of non-coronary origin is

The compensation stage of heart failure is characterized by

The method of pathogenetic therapy for ventricular fibrillation is

The leading link in the pathogenesis of decreased blood pressure in cardiogenic shock

The cause of right ventricular failure is

Congenital heart defect accompanied by severe cyanosis

Leads to right ventricular failure

Specific markers for myocardial infarction are

In the pathogenesis of an increase in blood deoxyhemoglobin in heart failure, it is important

In the pathogenesis of sinus bradycardia is important

In the pathogenesis of sinus (respiratory) arrhythmia is important.

The overload form of heart failure occurs when.

The consequence of the mechanism of re-entry of the excitation wave is.

Characterize complete transverse heart block.

Manifestation of left ventricular failure.

After the drug was prescribed, the patient's blood pressure increased and the total peripheral resistance to blood flow decreased. The drug caused.

Stress → increased corticosteroids → increased synthesis of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme → ? → vasospasm → increased total peripheral vascular resistance → arterial hypertension. The missing link in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension.

A common feature of chronic renal failure, pheochromocytoma, Conn's syndrome, coarctation of the aorta and acromegaly is.

Patient B., 56 years old, complains of dyspnea at rest, swelling of the legs, and attacks of suffocation at night. Objectively: the liver is significantly enlarged. Free fluid is detected in the abdominal cavity. The left border of the heart is displaced by 2.5 cm from the midclavicular line to the left, and the right border is displaced by 2.5 cm to the right from the right edge of the sternum. What form of heart failure does the patient have?

Patient K., 66 years old, complains of shortness of breath at rest, swelling of the legs. Objectively: The liver is significantly enlarged. Free fluid is detected in the abdominal cavity. What form of heart failure by localization does the patient have?

Patient I., 52 years old, was admitted to the therapeutic department complaining of severe pain in the heart area that did not subside after taking nitroglycerin. Blood tests revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis, increased AST and CPK-MB activity, increased troponins T and I. ECG: sinus rhythm, deepened Q wave and ST segment elevation in lead I with a mirror image in lead III. What form of heart failure does the patient have?

A female student, attending a surgical operation for the first time, suddenly experienced a feeling of "faintness", which was accompanied by tinnitus, dizziness, nausea and led to loss of consciousness. Objectively: the skin and mucous membranes are very pale, the extremities are cold to the touch. BP $$70/30$$ mm Hg. Breathing is rare. Spraying her face with cold water and inhaling ammonia vapors quickly brought the patient to consciousness. What type of circulatory failure does the patient have?

Patient K., 34 years old, was admitted to the clinic with a fracture of the right femur. The following day, sharp pains in the chest appeared, the skin became cyanotic, the respiratory rate was 36, the pulse was 120, blood pressure was $$85/60$$ mm Hg, and the heart rate was within normal limits. There was a sharp swelling of the jugular veins. The liver was enlarged. What type of heart failure does the patient have based on location?

A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a fracture of the right femur. The following day, sharp chest pains appeared, the skin became cyanotic, the respiratory rate was 36, the pulse was 120, blood pressure was $$85/60$$ mm Hg, and the heart rate was within normal limits. There was a sharp swelling of the jugular veins. The liver was enlarged. What type of heart failure does the patient have?

Patient A., 63 years old, complains of shortness of breath with minor physical exertion, attacks of suffocation at night, accompanied by a cough with a small amount of liquid transparent sputum. Objectively: skin with a cyanotic tint. Pronounced edema in the legs. Blood pressure $$100/70$$ mm Hg. What type of heart failure does the patient have?

A 46-year-old woman, irritable, a low-level manager, often has conflicts with the staff. Over the past 2–3 years, after stress and conflicts, she has begun to notice an increase in blood pressure. She was brought to the emergency department of the hospital with complaints of headache, anxiety, tremors throughout the body, stabbing pain in the heart area, palpitations, and interruptions. Blood pressure $$170/105$$ mm Hg. After the introduction of a tranquilizer and a β-blocker, blood pressure returned to normal and her health improved. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient N., 26 years old, has a constant increase in blood pressure to $$170$$ – $$180/90$$ – $$110$$ mmHg, detected by chance 7–8 years ago; there are changes in the general urine analysis (low specific gravity, proteinuria, erythrocyturia). At the age of 12, after suffering from tonsillitis, swelling of the face and shins was noted, and changes in the urine were detected. Which form of arterial hypertension is the patient’s?

Patient P., 32 years old, suffers from suddenly beginning and suddenly ending attacks of severe headache with a sharp increase in blood pressure (up to $$280$$ – $$300$$ mmHg), sweating, anxiety, fear, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting. During an attack, the face is red, tremor, hands and feet are cold, heart rate is $$100$$ – $$140$$ per minute. Additional research revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland. Which form of arterial hypertension is the patient’s?

A 32-year-old woman suffers from sudden onset and sudden end of severe headache attacks with a sharp increase in blood pressure (up to $$280$$ – $$300$$ mmHg), sweating, anxiety, fear, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting. During an attack, the face is red, tremor, hands and feet are cold, heart rate is $$100$$ – $$140$$ per minute. Additional research revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland. What hormones are the cause and what mechanism forms the arterial hypertension?

Patient M., 63 years old, suffering from bronchial asthma, had been taking glucocorticoids for several years. During these years, his body weight gradually increased, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension developed. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient D., 46 years old, after subtotal resection of the thyroid gland performed for a hormonally active tumor, was prescribed thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Six months later, at an endocrinology appointment, blood pressure was recorded as 140/70 mm Hg. What causes the development of arterial hypertension?

Patient D., 35 years old, who has been observed for 15 years for glomerulonephritis, has had an increase in blood pressure up to 170/120 mm Hg over all these years. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient S., 47 years old, trolleybus driver, complains of headaches, dizziness, nausea. Over the past year, increased blood pressure of 160/95 mm Hg has been observed repeatedly. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient G., 30 years old, complains of significant weight gain. On examination, attention is drawn to a moon‑shaped face, fat deposits mainly on the abdomen and neck, and swelling in the legs. The examination revealed: blood pressure 160/100 mm Hg, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, increased glucocorticoids in the blood and urine, and an adrenal tumor on ultrasound. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient E., 45 years old, who has been observed for 15 years for glomerulonephritis, has had an increase in blood pressure up to 180/130 mm Hg over all these years. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient S., 54 years old, suffering from alcoholic liver cirrhosis, underwent paracentesis with evacuation of about five liters of ascitic fluid. Immediately after the intervention, the patient felt sharp weakness, nausea, and darkening of the eyes. Systolic blood pressure was about 60 mm Hg, diastolic was not determined. What pathological process developed in the patient?

Patient K., 38 years old, complained of shortness of breath during a routine medical examination during significant physical exertion. He suffers from a congenital heart defect. Objectively: the borders of the heart are expanded to the left and downwards, the cardiac impulse is well expressed. During auscultation, a systolic murmur is heard on the sternum, spreading throughout the chest. Palpation reveals the symptom of "cat purring". The second sound on the aorta is weakened. Blood pressure 110/85 mm Hg, pulse 60 min⁻¹. No significant changes were found in other organs. What type of circulatory failure does the patient have?

Patient K., aged 38, complained of shortness of breath during a routine medical examination during significant physical exertion. He suffers from a congenital heart defect. Objectively: the borders of the heart are expanded to the left and downwards, the cardiac impulse is well expressed. During auscultation, a systolic murmur is heard on the sternum, spreading throughout the chest. Palpation reveals the symptom of "cat purring". The second sound on the aorta is weakened. Blood pressure 110/85 mm Hg, pulse 60 min⁻¹. No significant changes were found in other organs. What stage of pathological hyperfunction and myocardial hypertrophy does the patient have according to F.Z. Meerson?

Patient A., 20 years old, has had high blood pressure since childhood, currently 180–200/110–120 mm Hg. There is no influence of psychoemotional factors and practically no fluctuations in blood pressure. There is no headache. It is not possible to normalize blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs. A systolic murmur is heard to the left and right of the navel. General urine analysis is normal. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient M., 46 years old, developed severe chest pain during intense physical work in the garden, which was relieved by nitroglycerin. In the evening, the pain resumed and was not relieved by nitroglycerin. Shortness of breath and cough with abundant liquid sputum developed. The patient was hospitalized. Objectively: the skin and visible mucous membranes are pale with a cyanotic tint. Respiration 42 min⁻¹, pulse 120 min⁻¹. On auscultation, moist rales of various sizes are heard over the entire surface of the right and left lungs. Cardiac output per minute is 2.8 l, blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg. The oxyhemoglobin content in arterial blood is 81%, and in venous blood 45%. What type of heart failure does the patient have according to pathogenesis?

Patient M., 46 years old, developed severe chest pain during intense physical work in the garden, which was relieved by nitroglycerin. In the evening, the pain resumed and was not relieved by nitroglycerin. Shortness of breath and cough with abundant liquid sputum developed. The patient was hospitalized. Objectively: the skin and visible mucous membranes are pale with a cyanotic tint. Respiration 42 min⁻¹, pulse 120 min⁻¹. On auscultation, moist rales of various sizes are heard over the entire surface of the right and left lungs. Cardiac output per minute is 2.8 l, blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg. The oxyhemoglobin content in arterial blood is 81%, and in venous blood 45%. What type of heart failure does the patient have based on localization?

Patient M., 46 years old, developed severe chest pain during intense physical work in the garden, which was relieved by nitroglycerin. In the evening, the pain resumed and was not relieved by nitroglycerin. Shortness of breath and cough with abundant liquid sputum developed. The patient was hospitalized. Objectively: the skin and visible mucous membranes are pale with a cyanotic tint. Respiration 42 min⁻¹, pulse 120 min⁻¹. On auscultation, moist rales of various sizes are heard over the entire surface of the right and left lungs. Cardiac output per minute is 2.8 l, blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg. The oxyhemoglobin content in arterial blood is 81%, and in venous blood 45%. The content of erythrocytes in peripheral blood is 5.0 × 10¹²/l, leukocytes 19.0 × 10⁹/l. What type of heart failure does the patient have?

Patient R., 42 years old, has persistent headaches, general weakness, muscle weakness, a crawling sensation, polyuria, and nocturia. Relative urine density is 1001–1002. Blood pressure is 230/120 mm Hg. The blood has an elevated sodium level and a reduced potassium level. Ultrasound examination revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland. What form of arterial hypertension does the patient have?

Patient R., 42 years old, has persistent headaches, general weakness, muscle weakness, a crawling sensation, polyuria, and nocturia. The relative density of urine is 1001–1002. Blood pressure is 230/120 mm Hg. The blood has an elevated sodium content and a reduced potassium content. An ultrasound examination revealed a tumor of the right adrenal gland. What hormone does the tumor produce?

Patient T., 54 years old, suffering from arterial hypertension, came to the clinic complaining of periodic dyspnea with difficult and unsatisfied inhalation, especially pronounced during physical exertion. Several days ago, he had an attack of severe inspiratory dyspnea ("suffocation") with fear of death at night; the doctor diagnosed "cardiac asthma". During examination: blood pressure 155/120 mm Hg, X‑ray shows left ventricular dilation. What type of heart failure does the patient have according to pathogenesis?

Restrictive type hypoventilation of the lungs arises at

Restrictive respiratory failure is developing as a result of

Restrictive ventilation disorders may result from

For obstruction of the top respiratory paths, it is characteristic to have

Terminal type breathing refers to

Insufficiency of external respiration with impaired ventilation of the lungs is accompanied by

Obstructive hypoventilation of the lungs occurs when

The intrapulmonary cause of restrictive hypoventilation of the lungs is

Surfactant deficiency in newborns is caused by dysfunction of

A valve mechanism of bronchial obstruction can occur when

Lower airway obstruction is accompanied by

Precapillary pulmonary hypertension can develop with

Postcapillary pulmonary hypertension can develop with

Alpha‑1 antitrypsin deficiency is characteristic of

Violation of respiratory regulation associated with a lack of excitatory afferentation occurs when

Violation of the diffusion properties of alveolar‑capillary membranes is observed in

Periodic breathing in which the amplitude and frequency of breathing increases in a wave‑like manner and then decreases is

The leading pathogenetic factor of cardiogenic pulmonary edema is