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WorksheetsPhysiology Mock Board Exam — Extraction
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 25mins
Which of the following sources can produce the greatest amount of ATP per minute over a short period of time?
Aerobic system
Phosphagen system
Glycogen-lactic acid system
Phosphocreatine system
Stored ATP
Which of the following food substances requires chewing for digestion?
Cheese
Eggs
Vegetables
Meat
Which of the following is the main digestible carbohydrate normally consumed in the human diet?
Amylose
Cellulose
Maltose
Starch
Which of the following is not normally found in abundance in the portal blood?
Amino acids
Glucose
Short-chain fatty acids
Triglycerides
The proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted mainly from which of the following structures?
Acinar cells of the pancreas
Ductal cells of the pancreas
Epithelial cells of the duodenum
Gastric glands of the stomach
Compared to plasma, saliva has the highest relative concentration of which of the following ions under basal conditions?
Bicarbonate
Chloride
Potassium
Sodium
Biopsies are taken from the antral and duodenal mucosa of a 65-year-old woman. Which of the following hormones can be found in tissue homogenates from both locations?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLIP)
Gastrin
Motilin
Secretin
A 10 year-old boy consumes a cheeseburger, fries and chocolate shake. The meal stimulates the release of several GI hormones. The presence of fat, carbohydrate, or protein in the duodenum stimulates the release of which of the following hormones form the duodenal mucosa?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLIP)
Gastrin
Motilin
Secretin
Parasympathetic stimulation increases GI motility and sympathetic stimulation decreases motility. The autonomic nervous system controls gut motility by changing which of the following?
Gastrin secretion
Pacemaker discharge frequency
Secretin secretion
Slow wave frequency
Spike potential frequency
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart
Releases acetylcholine at the sympathetic endings
Decreases sinus nodal discharge rate
Decreases excitability of the heart
Releases norepinephrine at the sympathetic endings
Decreases cardiac contractility
A 53-year-old woman eats a healthy meal. Approximately 20 minutes later the woman feels the urge to defecate. Which of the following reflexes results in the urge to defecate when the stomach is stretched?
Duodenocolic reflex
Enterogastric reflex
Gastrocolic reflex
Intestino-intestinal reflex
Retrosphincteric
What causes the excess muscle mass in the average male compared to a female?
Increased testosterone secreted in the male
Increased estrogen secreted by the female
Higher exercise levels in the male
Greater glycogen deposition by males
Olympic athletes who run marathons or perform crosscountry skiing have much higher maximum cardiac outputs than non-athletes. Which of the following statements about the hearts of these athletes compared to non-athletes is most accurate?
Stroke volume in the Olympic athlete is about 5% greater at rest
Percentage increase in heart rate during maximal exercise is much greater in the Olympic athletes
Maximum cardiac output is only 3% to 4% greater in the Olympic athletes
Resting heart rate in the Olympic athletes is significantly higher
Which of the following statements about respiration in exercise is most accurate?
Maximum oxygen consumption of a male marathon runner is less than that of an untrained average male
Maximum oxygen consumption can be increased about 100% by training
Maximum oxygen diffusing capacity of a male marathon runner is much greater than that of an untrained average male
Blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are abnormal during exercise
Which of the following athletes is able to exercise the longest before exhaustion occurs?
One on a high-fat diet
One on a high-carbohydrate diet
One on a mixed carbohydrate–fat diet
One on a high-protein diet
One on a mixed protein–fat diet
Tobacco smoking causes which of the following effects on the pulmonary system?
Dilation of terminal bronchioles
Decreased airflow resistance
Decreased fluid secretion in the bronchial tree
Paralyzed cilia on the respiratory epithelial cells
In athletes who use androgens to increase performance experience, which of the following would most likely occur?
Decreased high-density blood lipoproteins
Increased low-density blood lipoproteins
Increased testicular function
Decreased incidence of hypertension
Which of the following is inconsistent with the diagnosis of Graves’ disease?
Increased heart rate
Exophthalmos
Increased plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3)
Increased plasma levels of thyroxine (T4)
Increased plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which of the following statements about antidiuretic hormone is true?
It is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland
It increases salt and water reabsorption in the collecting tubules and ducts
It stimulates thirst
After menopause, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen-like compounds is effective in preventing the progression of osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of their protective effect?
They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts
They increase absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract
They stimulate calcium reabsorption by the renal tubules
They stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion by the parathyroid gland
One treatment for erectile dysfunction involves the injection of a substance into the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The injection of which of the following causes an erection?
Norepinephrine
A substance that inhibits formation of nitric oxide
Thromboxane A2, which is a vasoconstrictor prostaglandin
Angiotensin I
None of the above
Exposure to UV light directly facilitates which of the following?
Conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Transport of calcium into the extracellular fluid
Formation of calcium binding protein
Storage of vitamin D3 in the liver
Spermatogenesis is regulated by a negative feedback control system in which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the steps in sperm cell formation. What is the negative feedback signal associated with sperm cell production that inhibits pituitary formation of FSH?
Testosterone
Inhibin
Estrogen
Luteinizing hormone
Estrogen is required for normal reproductive function in the male. Where is the principal site of estrogen synthesis in the male?
Leydig cells
Osteoblasts
Liver cells
Prostate cells
In the circulatory system of a fetus, which of the following is greater before birth than after birth?
Arterial Po2
Right atrial pressure
Aortic pressure
Left ventricular pressure
Parathyroid hormone directly
controls the rate of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol formation
controls the rate of calcium transport in the mucosa of the small intestine
controls the rate of formation of calcium binding protein
controls the rate of formation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
stimulates renal tubular phosphate reabsorption
Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones plays a major role in the regulation of a nonendocrine target gland?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
A patient has a goiter associated with high plasma levels of both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Her heart rate is elevated. This patient most likely has which of the following?
Endemic goiter
Hypothalamic tumor secreting large amounts of TRH
Pituitary tumor secreting large amounts of TSH
Graves’ disease
Which of the following pairs of hormones and the corresponding action is incorrect?
Glucagon—increased glycogenolysis in liver
Glucagon—increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle
Glucagon—increased gluconeogenesis
Cortisol—increased gluconeogenesis
Cortisol—decreased glucose uptake in muscle
Which of the following structures will have the slowest rate of conduction of the cardiac action potential?
Atrial muscle
Anterior internodal pathway
A-V bundle fibers
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular muscle
Very early in embryonic development, testosterone is formed within the male embryo. What is the function of this hormone at this stage of development?
Stimulation of bone growth
Stimulation of development of male sex organs
Stimulation of development of skeletal muscle
Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion
Following ejaculation, arterial blood flow into the corpora cavernosa decreases back to the normal resting level resulting in the flaccid state. What is the best explanation for this decrease in blood flow?
Systemic arterial pressure decreases due to absence of sexual stimulation
The level of sympathetic stimulation to the arterioles supplying the corpora cavernosa decreases
Resistance of the arterioles supplying the corpora cavernosa increases
Formation of nitric oxide in the endothelial cells of the arterioles supplying the corpora cavernosa is stimulated by the increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity
Resistance of the venules draining the sinuses of the corpora cavernosa increases
Which of the following decreases the rate of urinary excretion of calcium ions by the kidney?
Increase in calcitonin concentration in the plasma
Decrease in phosphate ion concentration in the plasma
Increase in the plasma level of parathyroid hormone
Metabolic acidosis
Increase in calcium ion activity in the plasma
Before the preovulatory surge in luteinizing hormone, granulosa cells of the follicle secrete which of the following?
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Which of the following findings is most likely in a patient who has myxedema?
Somnolence
Palpitations
Increased respiratory rate
Increased cardiac output
Weight loss
Which of the following stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increase in extracellular calcium ion activity above the normal value
Increase in calcitonin concentration
Respiratory acidosis
Increased secretion of PTH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
None of the above
Which of the following characteristics of a biological membrane is most influenced by its cholesterol content?
Thickness
Ion permeability
Fluidity
Glycosylation
Hydrophobicity
Which of the following phases of the cardiac cycle follows immediately after the beginning of the QRS wave?
Isovolumic relaxation
Ventricular ejection
Atrial systole
Diastasis
Isovolumic contraction
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share which of the following characteristics?
Both are passive processes that do not require metabolic energy
Both can be blocked by specific inhibitors
Both require carrier proteins
Both exhibit saturable kinetics at high solute concentrations
Both transport only lipid-soluble substances
Excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves all of the following events EXCEPT one. Which one is this exception?
ATP hydrolysis
Binding of Calcium to Calmodulin
Conformational change in dihydropyridine receptor
Depolarization of the transverse tubule (T Tubule) membrane
Increased Na+ conductance of sarcolemma
A single contraction of skeletal muscle is most likely to be terminated by which of the following actions?
Closure of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Removal of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction
Removal of calcium from the terminal of the motor neuron
Removal of sarcoplasmic calcium
Return of the dihydropyridine receptor to its resting conformation
Which of the following statements about smooth muscle contraction is most accurate?
Calcium independent
Does not require an action potential
Requires more energy compared to skeletal muscle
Shorter in duration compared to skeletal muscle
Which of the following best describes attribute of visceral smooth muscle not shared by skeletal muscle?
Contraction is ATP dependent
Contracts in response to stretch
Does not contain actin filaments
High rate of cross‑bridge cycling
Low maximal force of contraction
The resting potential of a myelinated nerve fiber is primarily dependent on the concentration gradient of which of the following ions?
Calcium
Chloride
HCO3−
Potassium
Sodium
Calmodulin is most likely related, both structurally and functionally, to which of the following proteins?
G‑actin
Myosin light chain
Tropomyosin
Troponin C
Calmodulin is most closely related, both structurally and functionally, to which of the following proteins?
G‑actin
Myosin light chain
Tropomyosin
Troponin C
Similarities between smooth and cardiac muscle include which of the following?
Ability to contract in the absence of an action potential
Dependence of contraction on Ca++ ions
Presence of a T tubule network
Role of myosin kinase in muscle contraction
Striated arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments
Weightlifting can result in a dramatic increase in skeletal muscle mass. This increase in muscle mass is primarily attributable to which of the following?
Fusion of sarcomeres between adjacent myofibrils
Hypertrophy of individual muscle fibers
Increase in skeletal muscle blood supply
Increase in the number of motor neurons
Increase in the number of neuromuscular junctions
Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is most accurate?
The T‑tubules of cardiac muscle can store much less calcium than T‑tubules in skeletal muscle
The strength and contraction of cardiac muscle depends on the amount of calcium surrounding cardiac myocytes
In cardiac muscle the initiation of the action potential causes an immediate opening of slow calcium channels
Cardiac muscle repolarization is caused by opening of sodium channels
Mucopolysaccharides inside the T‑tubules bind chloride ions
Which of the following events occurs at the end of the period of ventricular ejection?
A‑V valves close
Aortic valve opens
Aortic valve remains open
A‑V valves open
Pulmonary valve closes
