Which one of the following is the effect to alkaline buffers that have in commercial formulations of aspirin?

Examine the chemical structure of diclofenac (see image). Which of the following structures best represents a major active metabolite of diclofenac?

The presented structure belongs to the proton pump inhibitor tenatoprazol (see image). Which of the following metabolic reactions can occur at the pointed arrow on the structure?

Which of the following medications contains triazole moiety? (see image)

Histamine (pKa= $$9.4$$ ) is endogenous chemical release when allergic reaction happened. As a pharmacist you are responsible to understand the mechanism and the conformation of this chemical in the blood (see image). Which of the following is the least dominant tautomer of the histamine at the physiological pH?

D-Galactose and D-Mannose are monosaccharide sugar. They have the same number of carbons and the same functional group, but they differ in their configurations. This reflects their pharmaceutical uses (see image). Which of the following types of stereo-isomerization do these sugars represent?

Ropivancain is an important local anesthetic. The figure shows the chemical structures of ropivacaine and 4 other local anesthetics (see image). Which of the following is the bioisoster for ropivacaine?

Amphotericin undergo which reaction?

Epimer of glucose?

Two chemical configurations for the same drug, one is R and the other is S. What is it called?

Morphine to heroine?

Morphine to heroine??

Type of bond between amino acids?

Aspirin metabolism?

Bond between carboxyl and amine?

Benzimidazole and pyridine connected together with?

Structures of zidovudine antivirals, marked 4 area on structure and asked about which part to remove that make the antiviral drug not effective?

Which element is not involve in heterocyclic compounds?

Which the least dominant tautomerism of the histamine at the physiological pH?

Ephedrine phenylephrine additional of hydroxyl group what do to activity?

Which of the following is the active metabolite of primidone?

Which of the following is the therapeutic indication for methylphenidate?

A 6-year-old boy is brought with complaint of uncontrollable spasm-like movements and excessive eye blinking for four months. Chronic motor disorder was diagnosed. Which of the following is the best management?

Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A 67-year-old man presents with complaints of tremors, trouble walking and masked face. Parkinson’s disease is suspected. Levodopa is prescribed along with a compound to lower required dose of levodopa and to achieve an effective brain dopamine concentration. Which of the following is that most likely compound?

Which of the following is a potential side effect of using chlorpromazine in an elderly person?

A 14 years-old man expressed withdrawal symptoms from using benzodiazepine drug which included irritability and aggression. Which of the following types of benzodiazepines is more likely associated with these symptoms?

A 38-year-old man is using citalopram 20 mg po daily for depression which he has been taking for 1 year. A week ago, he had an infection and was prescribed linezolid 600 mg po q12h for a total of 14 days. The patient began to get confused and easily agitated like he was breathing rapidly and started to sweat and develop tremor. Which of the following is name of this drug-drug interact happened to this patient?

An elderly man presented to the emergency room with dizziness, consciousness loss, and respiratory depression. He was recently on medication for inability to sleep. Which of the following medications is the most likely drug involve toxicity?

An 18-year-old boy with a history of illicit drug use is suspected to have an overdose of benzodiazepines and is experiencing ataxia, drowsiness and nystagmus. Which of the following would be the best antidote?

Which of the following is considered first line therapy for the management of partial seizures?

Which of the following electrolyte imbalances predispose to lithium toxicity?

Which of the following anticonvulsants needs serum level monitoring for optimize safety and efficacy?

Which of the following dosage regimen is approved for severe Alzheimer’s disease?

Which of the following counseling points is most important to discuss with a patient who is taking carbidopa/levodopa?

Which of the following is the most likely reason for increased risk of falls in geriatric patients using tricyclic antidepressants?

Which of the following medications is the most appropriate for nausea induced by the anti-Parkinson’s drug bromocriptine?

Which of the following is the mechanism of action of entacapone?

Which of the following drugs causes oligohydrosis?

Which of the following does mechanisms Carbidopa act as an anti-parkinsonian agent?

Which of the following is the therapeutic use of the dietary supplement Valerian?

A 61-year-old man was recently diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. He was prescribed an anti-Parkinson medication. Later, he was presented to the clinic with mydriasis and narrow angle glaucoma. Which of the following medication was prescribed?

Which of the following is the active metabolite of primidone?

A 45-year-old woman was prescribed a sedative for anxiety to be taken at night. Three days later, she presented complaining of drowsiness, dysphoria and motor depression every morning. Which of the following medications was most likely prescribed?

Which of the following medications is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease?

Which of the following receptors is the target for morphine action?

Which of the following side effects is common with short half-life hypnotics?

A 67-year-old man presents with tremors, trouble walking, and a masked face. Parkinson’s disease is suspected. Levodopa is prescribed along with a compound to lower the required dose of levodopa and to achieve an effective brain–dopamine concentration. Which of the following is the most likely compound?

Which anxiolytic drug has a slow onset of action?

Which of the following is the therapeutic use of the dietary supplement valerian?

Which of the following statements best describes L-DOPA?

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the use of barbiturates in elderly?

Which of the following mechanism of actions most appropriately describes benzodiazepines?

Which of the following is a therapeutic use of lorazepam?

Epilepsy patient with positive HLA-B 1502: Which antiepileptic can be used?

Drug of choice for a patient with focal seizure and positive HLA-B 1502: Which agent should be selected?

Which of the following is the first-line drug for Alzheimer’s disease?

Which of the following is the active metabolite of primidone?

Which of the following drugs causes oligohydrosis? Select all that apply.

Patient with diabetes mellitus, neuropathy, and depression: Which single medication is appropriate to use?

Memantine mechanism of action in Alzheimer’s disease: Which statement is correct?

Which mood stabilizer would be most appropriate in a patient with liver disease?

Which of the following medications would be first-line monotherapy for an acute episode of mania?

Pregnant patient with tonic–clonic seizure: Which treatment is most appropriate?

Side effect characteristic of short half-life hypnotics: Which is most typical?

Which drug is associated with Stevens–Johnson syndrome?

Common side effect of chlorpromazine: Which is most characteristic?

Breastfeeding with epilepsy: Which antiepileptic is suitable?

Phenytoin metabolism reaction: Which transformation is correct?

A Parkinson’s patient has a dry cough and had been using selegiline (an MAOI) but stopped it 3 weeks ago. What should be done now?

Which of the following increases lithium concentration?

A 45-year-old man injured in a car accident is admitted with a blood alcohol level of 275 mg/dL. Hospital records show prior hospitalization for alcohol-related seizures and heavy drinking for weeks. Which treatment should be provided to prevent alcohol withdrawal seizures?

A patient on benzodiazepines for anxiety had a car accident due to drowsiness. She took cimetidine for heartburn. What happened?

Status epilepticus case already received lorazepam IV. Which drug should be given next?

You prepared aqueous and organic solutions from green leaves of a herbal supplement used as a tea for weight loss and energy. The patient reports tremors, palpitations, and insomnia. Phytochemical screening results were: Dragendorff’s test positive (red–orange precipitate); Fehling’s test negative; Foam test negative; Lead acetate test negative; Ninhydrin test negative; Salkowski’s test negative; Keller–Killiani test negative. Which is the most likely active ingredient?

A 49-year-old woman regularly drinks an herbal infusion made from dry senna fruit and developed severe hepatotoxicity. Which active glycoside in senna is associated with this hepatotoxic effect?

Which of the following is an alkaloid isolated from the autumn crocus plant and is useful in the treatment of the symptoms of gouty arthritis?

Which of the following herbal medicines may cause oral carcinoma if chewed daily?

Which of the following herbal products can potentiate the effects of oral antidiabetic medications?

Which of the following plants has a sedative effect?

Sennoside B is an anthranoid derivative present in Senna leaves used as a treatment for constipation. It is characterized by O‑glycosides linkage, and its potential activity arises from its aglycon form. Which of the following types of aglycon is the active metabolite of Sennoside B?

Which of the following is the retention factor (Rf) for strychnine and brucine, respectively?

A patient was admitted to the hospital due to poisoning symptoms after ingesting an unknown herbal remedy from an unknown source. The herbal drug was submitted to the analytical lab for analysis. The laboratory phytochemical screening shows the following results: FeCl3: +ve; Dragendorff’s: −ve; saponin: −ve; Baljet test: ++++ve. Which of the following substances is the most likely main content of the unknown herb?

Which dietary supplement can be suggested to overcome jetlag?

Plant used in peripheral arterial disease?

Which plant exhibits 5‑HT3 activity?

Which plant is used for cough?

Which alkaloid causes skeletal muscle relaxation?

What is the active ingredient in plant leaves?

What is the benefit of grape seeds?

Best way to collect volatile oil?

FDA approved that it induces sleep?

Cough with viral infection and green sputum: which medication is appropriate?

An order for amoxicillin 500 mg three times daily for 7 days is prescribed. The pharmacy only stocks amoxicillin 250 mg capsules. Which of the following is the number of capsules the pharmacist should dispense?

A pharmacist showed a patient how to use injection by pictures. What type of communication is this?

Which of the following situations allows accepting a verbal order?

Cleaning is a very important step when working with laminar flow hoods. Which of the following disinfectants is most suitable for cleaning the hood before compounding a sterile preparation?

Itraconazole capsules require acidic pH for optimal dissolution and absorption. Which of the following is an appropriate advice to optimize the oral absorption of the drug?

Corticosteroids are given in sepsis for which primary purpose?

A 32‑year‑old female with an acute flare of Crohn’s disease was started on methylprednisolone 4 mg once daily. The medical team is ready to transition her to hydrocortisone once daily. What is the equivalent daily dose?

A 59‑year‑old male is currently taking prednisolone 10 mg. His physician would like to switch to an equivalent methylprednisolone dose. What is the correct dose?

A medication order is given to the pharmacist: Olive oil 60 ml and Vitamin A 60,000 IU. What is likely to be the final form of preparation?

Which of the following is the basis of the biopharmaceutics classification system of drugs?

Which of the following techniques will hinder tablet dissolution?

A 3‑year‑old boy presents with diarrhea. His weight is 13 kilograms. Which of the following is the most appropriate maintenance fluid requirement for this patient?

Which of the following is another name for a true solution?

Which of the following is the calculation of the apparent volume of distribution if the patient received 400 mg of intravenous medication that produced immediate blood concentration of 10 microgram/ml?

Which of the following is another term for the ability of a liquid to dissolve in another?