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WorksheetsA&P I Midterm Practice
Total questions: 60
Worksheet time: 30mins
Define anatomy.
Study of body functions
Study of body structure
Study of disease processes
Study of drug interactions
Define physiology.
Study of body structure
Study of body functions
Study of body cavities
Study of genetic inheritance
Which statement best explains the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy focuses on structure, whereas physiology focuses on function.
Anatomy focuses on function, whereas physiology focuses on structure.
Both anatomy and physiology focus on chemical reactions only.
Both anatomy and physiology focus exclusively on body planes.
Which option correctly lists the biological levels of organization from smallest to largest?
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
Atom → Molecule → Organ → Organ system → Organism
Tissue → Cell → Organ system → Organ → Organism
Organ → Tissue → Cell → Organ system → Organism
How many organ systems are typically recognized in the human body?
9
10
11
12
Homeostasis is best defined as which of the following?
The amplification of change to reach a new state
The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes
The random fluctuation of physiological variables
The process of cell division during growth
Why is homeostasis important for survival?
It prevents any change from occurring in the body.
It maintains internal conditions within ranges that permit normal cellular function.
It accelerates aging to adapt faster.
It eliminates the need for organ systems to coordinate.
Which definition of negative feedback is most accurate?
A mechanism that amplifies a change away from a set point
A mechanism that counteracts a deviation to restore a set point
A mechanism that operates only during growth
A mechanism that relies solely on hormones
Which definition of positive feedback is most accurate?
A mechanism that diminishes the initial stimulus
A mechanism that amplifies the initial stimulus to drive a process to completion
A mechanism that prevents any response
A mechanism that restores a set point after small deviations
In a feedback loop, which sequence correctly identifies the roles of stimulus, control center, and response?
Control center detects change; stimulus sends commands; response measures variables.
Stimulus triggers change; control center processes information and directs effectors; response is the effectors’ action.
Response occurs first; stimulus follows; control center maintains the outcome.
Stimulus and response are identical processes controlled by effectors.
Identify whether each situation represents negative or positive feedback: body temperature regulation, blood sugar regulation, and childbirth.
Body temperature regulation
Negative feedback
Blood sugar regulation
Negative feedback
Childbirth
Positive feedback
Which features are included in the standard anatomical position? Select all that apply.
Standing upright
Palms facing posterior
Arms at the sides
Head and eyes facing forward
Feet together with toes pointing forward
Why is using the anatomical position important when describing the body?
It allows consistent, universal reference for directional terms and relationships.
It ensures every person is measured the same height.
It identifies disease severity uniformly.
It replaces the need for imaging studies.
Match each directional term pair to the correct relationship.
Anterior vs. posterior
Front vs. back
Superior vs. inferior
Above vs. below
Medial vs. lateral
Toward midline vs. away from midline
Proximal vs. distal
Near point of attachment vs. farther from point of attachment
Deep vs. superficial
Far beneath surface vs. near surface
Which plane divides the body into right and left portions?
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane
Oblique plane
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane
Median plane
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Sagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse plane
Midsagittal plane
Which statement correctly identifies the dorsal body cavity and its major subdivisions?
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Cranial and vertebral cavities
Pleural and pericardial cavities
Oral and nasal cavities
Which statement correctly identifies the ventral body cavity and its major subdivisions?
Cranial and vertebral cavities
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Pelvic and cranial cavities
Mediastinum and vertebral cavities
Match each organ to the primary body cavity in which it is located.
Brain
Cranial cavity
Lungs
Thoracic cavity
Stomach
Abdominal cavity
Spinal cord
Vertebral (spinal) cavity
What is the role of the diaphragm in relation to the body cavities?
It separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and functions in respiration.
It separates the cranial and vertebral cavities and aids digestion.
It divides the abdominal cavity into quadrants and controls heart rate.
It partitions the mediastinum and increases blood pressure.
Which bone type is best represented by the femur?
Short bone
Long bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Which bone type is best represented by the carpals?
Long bone
Flat bone
Short bone
Sesamoid bone
Which bone type is best represented by the sternum?
Flat bone
Long bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
Which bone type is best represented by the vertebrae?
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Which bone type is best represented by the patella?
Irregular bone
Short bone
Sesamoid bone
Flat bone
Match each bone cell to its primary function.
Osteoblast
Builds bone matrix
Osteoclast
Resorbs (breaks down) bone
Osteocyte
Maintains bone tissue and monitors strain
What is ossification?
Breakdown of bone by osteoclasts
Formation of bone tissue, often replacing cartilage during development
Conversion of bone to cartilage
Mineral loss from bone due to aging
Transverse lines visible in long bones most commonly indicate which of the following?
Sites of muscle attachment
Growth arrest (Harris) lines from periods of physiological stress
Healed spiral fractures
Areas of excessive osteoblast activity causing bone spurs
Match each long bone structure to its function.
Epiphysis
Ends of long bones; spongy bone with red marrow
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone; compact bone for support
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane covering bone; houses vessels and osteogenic cells
Medullary cavity
Central cavity containing yellow marrow (fat storage) in adults
Define the axial skeleton and identify which major body regions it includes.
The skeleton of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles
The central skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
The cartilage framework supporting joints throughout the body
The bone structures of the hands and feet only
Define the appendicular skeleton and identify its main components.
Bones of the skull and vertebral column
Bones of the ribs and sternum
Bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Bones of the inner ear and facial region
Sort each bone into the correct skeleton group: femur, sternum, humerus, vertebrae.
Femur
Appendicular skeleton
Sternum
Axial skeleton
Humerus
Appendicular skeleton
Vertebrae
Axial skeleton
Identify the regions of the vertebral column by correct order from superior to inferior.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Thoracic, cervical, lumbar, coccygeal, sacral
Lumbar, thoracic, cervical, sacral, coccygeal
Cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccygeal
Identify true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs based on their attachment to the sternum.
True ribs attach indirectly to the sternum, false ribs attach directly, floating ribs have costal cartilage only
True ribs attach directly to the sternum, false ribs attach indirectly via costal cartilage, floating ribs do not attach to the sternum
True ribs do not attach to the sternum, false ribs attach directly, floating ribs attach via costal cartilage
True ribs attach via vertebrae only, false ribs via sternum only, floating ribs via both
State how many bones are in the adult human body.
196
206
216
226
Apply movement terms: which option best describes abduction at the shoulder joint?
Moving the arm away from the midline of the body
Bending the elbow to decrease the angle between forearm and arm
Moving the arm toward the midline of the body
Extending the knee to increase the angle between thigh and leg
Apply movement terms: which option best describes adduction at the hip joint?
Moving the thigh away from the midline
Moving the thigh toward the midline
Bending the thigh to decrease joint angle
Moving the thigh beyond its normal extension range
Apply movement terms: which option best describes hyperextension at the neck?
Flexing the neck forward
Extending the neck backward beyond anatomical position
Rotating the neck to the right
Abducting the neck away from midline
Differentiate connective tissues: tendons primarily connect which structures?
Bone to bone
Muscle to bone
Bone to cartilage
Muscle to muscle
Differentiate connective tissues: ligaments primarily connect which structures?
Bone to bone
Muscle to bone
Muscle to muscle
Cartilage to bone
Differentiate connective tissues: which statement best describes cartilage?
Dense fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones
Elastic tissue that connects bones to other bones
Smooth, supportive tissue providing cushioning at joints
Calcified tissue composing the vertebral bodies
Compare muscle tissue types: which muscle type is voluntary and striated?
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Visceral muscle
Compare muscle tissue types: which muscle type is involuntary and striated?
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Ligament tissue
Compare muscle tissue types: which muscle type is involuntary and non-striated?
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Tendon tissue
Define key muscle structures: what is the sarcomere?
A connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber
The functional contractile unit between Z-discs within a myofibril
A nerve terminal that releases acetylcholine
The entire muscle organ
Define key muscle structures: actin is best described as which component?
Thick filament that forms cross-bridges
Thin filament that interacts with myosin during contraction
Elastic filament that forms the Z-disc
Membrane channel for sodium
Define key muscle structures: myosin is best described as which component?
Thin filament within the I-band
Thick filament whose heads form cross-bridges with actin
Protein forming the Z-disc
Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction
Identify the function of the Z-disc.
Anchors thin filaments and defines sarcomere boundaries
Region containing thick filaments only
Central area where only thin filaments are present
Membrane that propagates action potentials
Identify the band that contains overlapping thick and thin filaments.
I-band
A-band
H-zone
Z-disc
Identify the region of the sarcomere composed of thick filaments only (no thin filaments).
I-band
A-band
H-zone
Z-disc
Explain what causes muscle striations.
Random distribution of mitochondria
Alternating arrangement of A-bands and I-bands in myofibrils
Presence of adipose tissue between fibers
Irregular spacing of nuclei in muscle fibers
Sliding filament theory: how do actin and myosin interact during contraction?
Actin and myosin repel each other, lengthening the sarcomere
Myosin heads form cross-bridges and pull actin toward the M-line, shortening the sarcomere
Actin dissolves and is replaced by myosin, stiffening the muscle
Myosin remains fixed while actin rotates out of the sarcomere
Identify the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction.
Hormone that increases bone density
Neurotransmitter that initiates muscle fiber depolarization at the neuromuscular junction
Enzyme that breaks down ATP in the mitochondria
Protein that anchors thick filaments
Identify the three macronutrients referenced and choose the correct set.
Vitamins, minerals, water
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Nucleic acids, proteins, minerals
Fiber, water, electrolytes
Match each macronutrient to its primary monomer or building block: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)
Proteins
Amino acids
Lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
Identify the main function of each macronutrient: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids.
Carbohydrates
Primary source of quick energy
Proteins
Structural components and enzymes; growth and repair
Lipids
Long-term energy storage and membrane structure
Written response preparation topic: muscle fatigue. Which choice best explains a common physiological cause of acute muscle fatigue during intense activity?
Excess oxygen binding to hemoglobin prevents delivery to muscle
Depletion of ATP reserves and accumulation of metabolic byproducts such as inorganic phosphate
Sudden increase in bone density reduces joint mobility
Complete denervation of the muscle
Written response preparation topic: anabolic steroids. Which statement best describes a risk associated with non-medical anabolic steroid use?
Improved liver function and reduced blood pressure
Increased risk of liver toxicity, hormonal imbalance, and cardiovascular complications
Permanent increase in bone marrow production without side effects
Enhanced immune function with no metabolic changes
Final self-check: identify a correct use of directional anatomical terminology in a sentence.
The heart is distal to the elbow
The patella is proximal to the hip
The sternum is anterior to the heart
The vertebral column is superficial to the skin
