WorksheetsExam 2.4.1 ResMeth and BasNut
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
Which statement best defines basic research in scientific inquiry?
Expands fundamental knowledge without immediate applications
Solves specific practical problems in real contexts
Tests hypotheses by manipulating variables
Observes natural behaviors without intervention
Applied research is primarily designed to do what?
Solve specific problems using scientific methods
Examine associations without inferring causation
Advance theory without practical targets
Describe phenomena without influencing them
Which variable is deliberately changed to observe its effect?
Dependent variable measured as outcome
Independent variable manipulated by researcher
Confounding variable external and misleading
Control variable kept constant throughout
In an experiment, the dependent variable is best described as the
outcome measured in response to manipulation
factor deliberately manipulated by the team
constant factor maintained to prevent confounding
external influence that biases both variables
What is the main purpose of a control variable?
Serve as the baseline without treatment
Remain constant to reduce confounding effects
Provide clear operational measurement
Ensure outcomes respond to manipulation
Which statement characterizes a confounding variable?
A precise description of how to measure
A baseline group not receiving treatment
An external influence affecting both IV and DV
A constant factor ensuring reliable results
An operational definition should primarily accomplish which goal?
Randomly assign subjects to reduce bias
Provide a precise, replicable measurement description
Manipulate variables to test hypotheses
Ensure accuracy rather than consistency alone
Probability sampling ensures what key property for each member of the population?
Accurate description of measured variables
Equal measurement reliability across groups
Convenience-based inclusion judgment
Known nonzero chance of selection
Which technique is a non-probability sampling method?
Cluster sampling selecting natural groups
Systematic sampling with fixed intervals
Stratified sampling across defined strata
Snowball sampling via participant referrals
Descriptive research primarily involves
observing phenomena without attempts to influence
manipulating variables to establish causality
solving targeted practical problems in context
inferring associations without direct causation
Experimental research is distinguished by its use of
association analysis without causation
population lists called sampling frames
random observation without intervention
controlled manipulation of variables
Correlational research aims to
describe natural phenomena without influence
manipulate variables to measure outcomes
establish cause-and-effect relationships
examine associations without inferring causation
Which statement best describes a population in a study?
Subset selected to participate
Entire group under investigation
List that identifies potential sources
Group receiving the intervention
A sampling frame refers to the
baseline group without treatment
precise measurement description
list or source from which samples are drawn
method for randomizing group assignment
Which practice helps reduce selection bias in experiments?
Blinding treatment allocation single or double
Randomization assigning subjects to groups
Replication repeating experiments for reliability
Confidentiality protecting participant information
What is the main function of a control group?
Provide baseline without treatment exposure
Conceal allocation to reduce bias
Ensure accuracy in measuring constructs
Receive the intervention during study
Replication in research primarily enhances
accuracy in measuring intended constructs
consistency and reliability of findings
precision of operational definitions
ethical protection of private information
Which scale has numeric values without a true zero, such as temperature in °C?
Ordinal ranked categories only
Interval numerical without true zero
Ratio numerical with absolute zero
Nominal non-numeric categories
Which data type is most suitable for statistical analysis based on numerical values?
Qualitative descriptive narratives
Quantitative numeric measurements
Ordinal ranked preferences
Nominal category assignments
Validity in measurement refers to
repeatability of results under conditions
accuracy in measuring intended constructs
concealing treatment to reduce bias
voluntary participation with full knowledge
Which principle focuses on maximizing benefits and minimizing harms in human research?
Justice and fair treatment for participants
Beneficence through risk–benefit balance
Respect for persons and autonomy
Integrity with accurate data reporting
What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
Publish national ethical guidelines
Award intellectual property protections
Examine ethical soundness of protocols
Fund promising research projects
Which practice best demonstrates Respect for Persons in a study?
Transparent reporting of methods
Periodic compliance monitoring
Fair selection of participants
Voluntary informed consent process
In the Philippine context, which body mandates ethical review for studies with human participants?
Philippine Health Research Ethics Board
Food and Agriculture Organization
World Health Organization office
Central Philippine University REC
Which ethical challenge involves manipulating data to misrepresent findings?
Weak data privacy safeguards
Fabrication and falsification
Plagiarism of ideas and words
Conflicts of interest in funding
Which safeguard is essential when researching vulnerable populations?
Additional protections for autonomy
Stricter data retention timelines
Mandatory open-access publication
Exclusive use of randomized trials
What must participants receive to ensure informed consent?
Assurance of eventual direct benefit
Full disclosure of purposes and risks
Guaranteed authorship on results
Free medical care during the study
Which action best aligns with Justice in participant selection?
Choosing participants with higher literacy
Ensuring equitable treatment and access
Prioritizing high-risk populations
Recruiting only easily available groups
Ongoing monitoring by IRBs primarily aims to:
Expand project budgets for safety
Increase publication acceptance rates
Train researchers in statistics
Ensure continued compliance with ethics
Which practice addresses Integrity and Honesty in research?
Accurate reporting without fabrication
Limiting public access to datasets
Protecting trade secrets aggressively
Avoiding recruitment from remote areas
How do research ethics intersect with intellectual property in the Philippines?
By mandating free reuse without attribution
By prohibiting authorship for junior staff
By recognizing researchers’ rights to original works
By requiring all studies to be patented
Which policy best promotes responsible authorship regarding IP?
Encouraging transparency in managing conflicts
Requiring anonymous reporting of results
Restricting data sharing across institutions
Eliminating citations in published articles
Which statement best distinguishes Positivism from Post-Positivism in scientific research?
Post-Positivism rejects empirical evidence entirely
Positivism claims objective truth is fully observable
Positivism embraces falsification and uncertainty
Post-Positivism assumes knowledge is purely subjective
In food science, which study most aligns with Interpretivism?
Running shelf-life tests with accelerated aging
Exploring cultural meanings of traditional dishes
Modeling heat transfer in retort processing
Measuring microbial counts in packaged salads
Pragmatism in research primarily emphasizes which outcome?
Choosing methods that solve practical problems
Adhering strictly to one methodological tradition
Seeking metaphysical certainty about phenomena
Eliminating all qualitative interpretations
Which approach is most appropriate for sensory evaluation that reports panel scores and variance?
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Mixed-Methods Research
Interpretivist Inquiry
A project combines instrumental texture measurements with consumer interviews to guide product development. Which approach is this?
Positivist Experimentation
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Mixed-Methods Research
Which method best fits Interpretivism for studying consumer behavior?
Structured ethnographies
High-throughput microbiology
Finite element simulations
Randomized controlled trials
Which scenario illustrates a pragmatic strategy in food technology?
Using only surveys to maintain consistency
Avoiding quantitative data to respect culture
Blending shelf-life tests with customer feedback
Focusing solely on theoretical modeling
Quantitative research in food science typically employs which tools?
Participant narratives and meanings
Statistical analyses and measurements
Open-ended focus group dialogues
Thematic coding of interviews
Which statement best distinguishes research design from method in scientific studies?
Design is logistics only, method is theory building
Design is data analysis only, method is hypothesis testing
Design is a list of instruments used, method is sampling steps
Design is a preplanned study blueprint, method is technical procedures
In quantitative research, which practice most accurately characterizes the approach to design?
Researchers specify a formal plan before data collection
Researchers avoid a structured plan to remain flexible
Researchers combine qualitative viewpoints with numbers
Researchers allow tactics to change as insights emerge
Which description aligns with qualitative research design evolution during a study?
Design defined by statistical tests only
Predefined design constrained by instrumentation
Fixed design that never changes
Emergent design shaped by ongoing decisions
What is the primary rationale for using mixed methods in research design?
To replace qualitative viewpoints entirely
To achieve breadth and depth of understanding
To eliminate quantitative analysis
To avoid triangulation of findings
Which quantitative design focuses on describing what exists and its frequency?
Descriptive design for existing phenomena
Interpretive design for meaning-making
Participatory design with co-developed plans
Illuminative design for one aspect
Which design examines whether a change in one variable relates to change in another without manipulation?
Predictive exploratory modeling
Correlational study of variable relationships
Experimental study with manipulated variables
Quasi-experimental study using existing groups
Which approach manipulates independent variables to infer causal links under controlled conditions?
Survey design observing already-occurred events
Experimental design with control and measurement
Investigative design tracing phenomena
Interpretive design focusing on meanings
What defines a quasi-experimental design compared with true experimental design?
Uses existing groups and cautiously infers causation
Uses random assignment and strong causal claims
Avoids control groups and focuses on description
Eliminates measurement of dependent variables
Which nonexperimental design examines events in naturally occurring groups after they have happened?
Experimental design measuring manipulated variables
Survey design assessing already-occurred events
Participatory design co-developed with participants
Instrumental design creating new tools
Which mixed methods tactic explicitly aims to achieve triangulation using both data types?
Use quantitative data to explain words
Use numbers to replace interviews
Use qualitative methods without numbers
Use both methods to reach triangulation
Which activity in qualitative research reflects the researcher as key data collection instrument?
Role of the researcher as responsible data collector
Random assignment to treatment and control groups
Use of prevalidated numerical scales exclusively
Blind hypothesis testing without field notes
Which component is more typical of quantitative methods than qualitative methods?
Use of apparatus and standardized procedures
Emergent design shaped by participants’ realities
Thick description from data representation
Participant co-development of research plan
Which statement best captures the purpose of sensitization in qualitative designs?
Descriptive efforts to encourage reader participation
Numerical categorization of dependent variables
Statistical procedures to quantify reliability
Randomization to reduce selection bias
When establishing research questions at the second level, what is the primary focus?
Explaining why relationships or differences exist
Generating action plans and program goals
Exploratory description beginning with “what is”
Measurement of dependent and independent variables
Which distinction best separates factor naming questions from relationship questions in research design?
Selecting the measurement instrument carefully
Defining the study population in detail
Exploring association between two variables
Determining ethical approval requirements
Labeling a single variable precisely
A clear research question should avoid yes/no answers. What is the primary reason for this guideline?
It reduces sample size requirements
It encourages measurable nuance in outcomes
It ensures faster data collection timelines
It eliminates the need for literature review
It guarantees causal inference conclusions
Which criterion directly assesses feasibility when judging a research question?
Interest to the wider community
Alignment with policy implications
Availability of time and resources
Novelty compared to past studies
Complexity beyond simple answers
After framing a research question, what is the recommended next step to strengthen the study focus?
Merge multiple topics for wider coverage
Delay evaluation until data collection
Revise variables into broader categories
Replace quantitative methods with qualitative
Create testable hypotheses from the question
Which feature indicates a research question is too broad for effective study?
States a predictive relationship clearly
Uses established operational definitions
Needs multiple distinct subfields to answer
Includes a measurable dependent variable
Specifies a narrow population subgroup
Which level of inquiry is represented by asking, “What are testosterone levels among patients with condition X?”
Descriptive factor naming level
Comparative relationship level
Explanatory causal level
Evaluative policy level
Predictive modeling level
Which revision best improves clarity of a research question about hormone differences between groups?
Add multiple unrelated health outcomes
Change to a yes-or-no confirmation
Increase jargon without definitions
Specify the variables and target population
Remove the comparison group entirely
Which component transforms a general question into a focused study plan?
Background anecdotes without sources
Hypotheses predicting variable relations
Open-ended interviews with no protocol
Random sampling without criteria
Ethical consent forms alone
In the touch therapy example, which variable is an outcome measure rather than an intervention detail?
Type of incubator confinement
Observable reduction in stress
Specific therapist qualifications
Sequence of therapy sessions
Duration of gentle stroking
Which question from the touch therapy study tests a relationship rather than naming a factor?
Therapy location within the hospital
Significant effect differences between groups
Seconds of stroking per session
Extent of perceptible therapy effects
How infants respond to gentle touch
When organizing a literature review thematically, what is the main advantage for refining research questions?
Guarantees larger experimental samples
Eliminates the need for methodology sections
Ensures strict chronological accuracy
Highlights diverse perspectives by concept
Replaces data analysis with summaries
Which organization method groups studies by shared concepts or models to explain a topic?
Geographic organization by study location
Methodological organization by data types
Thematic organization around core ideas
Chronological organization across publication years
What is the primary goal of a Review of Related Literature in research?
Summarize and synthesize evidence
List every source ever published
Replace original data collection
Promote the author’s perspective
Which CRAAP criterion asks whether the source directly addresses your research question?
Accuracy of information
Authority of the author
Relevance to the topic
Currency of publication date
For medical and technology topics, which publication window is generally recommended to ensure up-to-date sources?
Last 10 years universally
Last 5 years typically
Last 3–4 years maximum
Last 1–2 years only
Which question best evaluates Authority in the CRAAP test?
Does the source match your topic?
What are the author’s qualifications?
Is the source peer-reviewed?
When was the source published?
A literature review organized chronologically would most likely be structured by which feature?
Theoretical frameworks used
Publication dates and periods
Methods and instruments
Regions and populations studied
Which action strengthens an RRL by demonstrating critical engagement with prior studies?
Avoid any critique to stay neutral
Analyze strengths and weaknesses
Summarize findings without synthesis
Exclude contradictory evidence
Which CRAAP element focuses on whether the source is biased or intended to persuade?
Authority criterion
Purpose criterion
Currency criterion
Relevance criterion
You find a humanities source published eight years ago, peer‑reviewed, and directly relevant. Which evaluation is most reasonable?
Reject because peer review is insufficient
Accept since humanities can use 5–10 years
Accept because relevance is high
Reject due to age alone
Which statement best describes the primary purpose of a research protocol?
Provide a flexible, informal outline for study
Offer a clear, structured plan for conducting research
Summarize previous studies without procedures
Serve only as a budget proposal for funding
What is the main role of the objectives or research questions section?
List investigators and affiliations
State clear, measurable goals linked to methods
Estimate costs and sources of funding
Provide a narrative literature review
Which component ensures accountability by naming investigators, study site, and funding body?
Time frame or schedule
General information
References list
Budget and resources
A concise abstract that outlines problem, design, population, methods, and significance belongs in which section?
Title page and project summary
Study design and methodology
Data management and statistical analysis
Ethical considerations
Which section explains sampling methods, inclusion/exclusion criteria, materials, and procedures?
Time frame or schedule
Study design and methodology
Ethical considerations
Rationale and background
Which plan demonstrates that findings will be interpreted accurately and objectively?
Title page and project summary
Budget and resources plan
General information section
Data management and statistical analysis plan
Which ethical practice is essential for research with human participants?
IRB approval and informed consent procedures
Skipping risk minimization for feasibility
Only anonymizing data after publication
Allowing investigators to self-certify ethics
Why include updated and credible references in a protocol?
To replace the need for methodology
To justify higher budget requests
To strengthen the study’s scientific foundation
To serve as the primary data source
Which statistical elements are appropriate to specify in the Data Management and Statistical Analysis section?
Timeline milestones for report writing
Only names of investigators and site
Sample size estimation and planned tests
Random anecdotes and opinions
Which statement best distinguishes qualitative from quantitative data in research?
Both are words but qualitative are computed
Both are numbers but quantitative are descriptive
Qualitative are words; quantitative are numbers
Qualitative are numbers; quantitative are words
What is the main goal of data collection in research?
Ensure validity, reliability, objectivity
Eliminate all confounding variables
Avoid using any secondary sources
Maximize sample size only
Primary data are characterized by which feature?
Aggregated from company databases
Derived from statistical repositories
Obtained from previous publications
Collected first time, original and fresh
Structured observation is defined by which attribute?
Researcher joins the participant group
Open, flexible, exploratory style
Planned with variables and a checklist
Observer remains non-interactive
In non-participant observation, the researcher primarily does what?
Conducts phone interviews
Manipulates the environment
Becomes part of the group
Observes without interacting
Which advantage is commonly associated with observation methods?
Guarantees ethical neutrality
Captures all details perfectly
Always eliminates observer bias
Good for behaviors not self-reported
A key disadvantage of observation methods is most likely what?
High cost of digital libraries
Limited theoretical background
Respondent literacy requirements
Observer bias and recording difficulty
A structured interview primarily uses which format?
Standardized questions
Open conversational prompts
Mixed flexible structure
Phone convenience only
Semi-structured interviews are best described as what?
Unscripted free conversation
Strict checklist and fixed wording
Mix of structured and flexible questions
Entirely conducted via telephone
Which feature most distinguishes a focused interview?
Concentrates on specific topics
Relies on large random samples
Ensures complete numerical data
Uses mechanical recording devices
Questionnaires with open-ended items allow respondents to do what?
Receive interviewer guidance
Express ideas freely
Avoid giving any answers
Select fixed options
A schedule method is preferable when respondents are what?
Interested in closed questions
Seeking anonymity online
Part of laboratory experiments
Illiterate or unable to fill forms
Which is a notable advantage of the questionnaire method?
Cost-effective and scalable
Always yields high response
Eliminates misinterpretation
Provides unlimited depth
Which technique is explicitly a group interview exploring perceptions?
Telephone interview
Focus group discussions
Controlled observation
Mechanical device tracking
Secondary data are best defined as what?
Previously collected by others
Original data from your study
Numerical results without context
Unpublished field notes only
Which is a published source of secondary data?
Personal diaries from participants
Private emails from respondents
Government and institutional reports
Raw lab notebooks unshared
Which advantage makes secondary data useful for historical work?
Ensures perfect alignment
Provides background framework
Forces new data collection
Eliminates sampling error
Operationally, statistics can be defined as what?
Summary numerical figures from samples
A poetic description of phenomena
Ethical rules for human subjects
Qualitative thematic categories
In research terminology, what is a variable?
Entire collection under study
Fixed constant in all groups
Numerical summary of a population
Characteristic that can change
What does the term population refer to in a study?
Portion or part of the group
Single measurement from a sample
Totality of elements under study
Only individuals in experiments
Which example fits electronic or digital secondary sources?
Handwritten field schedules
Face-to-face structured interviews
Physical laboratory instruments
Online databases like Scopus
Controlled observation typically occurs where?
Public policy hearings
Exclusive phone environments
Only online survey panels
Laboratory or natural setting
Which disadvantage is linked to questionnaires?
Guaranteed accurate deep insights
Mandatory interviewer presence
Possible misinterpretation, low response
Prohibitive cost and time
An unpublished secondary source may include which item?
International organization datasets
Trade reports and market books
National newspapers and magazines
Institutional archives and theses
Which variable type is expressed in numbers and measures quantity or amount?
Categorical variable describing qualities
Quantitative variable measuring amount
Nominal variable with unordered labels
Ordinal variable with ranked categories
Which example best fits a quantitative variable in food research?
Flavor category such as fruity
Protein percentage in yogurt
Gender of taste panelists
Brand name of cereal product
Discrete quantitative variables are characterized by which property?
Only two categories exist
Categories have logical ranking
Countable values without fractions
Values take any value within a range
Which measurement is a continuous quantitative variable?
Product type such as dairy
Number of bacteria colonies counted
Pass or fail classification outcome
Moisture content measured over time
Nominal categorical variables are defined by which feature?
More than two categories, no order
Two categories only, binary choice
Measured as numeric quantities
Categories with logical rankings
Which is an example of an ordinal variable in sensory studies?
Food color categories selected
Sensory scores on a 1–9 scale
Brand names listed alphabetically
Shelf life in measured days
The independent variable in an experiment serves which role?
Unintended factor causing bias
Outcome measured by researcher
Factor manipulated or changed
Factor kept constant for fairness
Which is primarily a dependent variable example in product testing?
Texture intensity measured
Cooking temperature selected
Storage time set by protocol
Mixing speed kept constant
A control variable is best described as which statement?
Unobserved construct inferred indirectly
Measured response to manipulation
Variable combined into composite index
Factor kept constant to ensure fairness
Which scenario illustrates a confounding variable?
Room humidity altering crispiness
Ranking satisfaction levels from low to high
Using post-hoc tests after ANOVA
Calculating an overall acceptability index
A latent variable in consumer research is typically measured how?
By frequency counts in categories
Direct observation of behavior
Single numeric reading from instrument
Through indicators like survey items
Which statement describes a composite variable?
Calculated as a single nominal label
Represents a binary yes or no choice
Made by averaging two or more measures
Derived from regression residuals
Which parametric test compares means of two independent groups?
Independent samples t-test
Paired t-test for repeated samples
Mann–Whitney U for ranked data
Chi-square test for categories
Which test is appropriate for comparing before-and-after measurements on the same subjects?
Kruskal–Wallis H for ranks
One-way ANOVA across three groups
Paired t-test for related samples
Independent samples t-test groups
One-way ANOVA is used primarily to do what?
Predict one variable from another
Compare means among three or more groups
Assess linear relation between two variables
Test association of categorical variables
Two-way ANOVA allows researchers to examine which effect?
Association between nominal categories
Effects of two factors and interaction
Correlation between two continuous variables
Only main effect of one factor
Pearson’s correlation coefficient r indicates what feature of data?
Expected cell frequencies threshold
Strength of linear relationship
Difference in group means significance
Monotonic rank association
Simple linear regression models the outcome using which form?
Y equals a plus bX regression
Median difference in ranked pairs
H-statistic for ordinal groups
Chi-square statistic for frequencies
Multiple regression is most suitable when you need to do what?
Assess nominal category associations
Predict outcome using several predictors
Compare medians across three rankings
Test differences between two independent groups
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is best used for which design?
Paired ordinal measurements repeated
Linear relation of continuous variables
Two independent categorical groups
Three unrelated ranked groups compared
Kruskal–Wallis H test serves as an alternative to which parametric method?
Pearson’s correlation of variables
One-way ANOVA across groups
Two-way ANOVA with interactions
Independent samples t-test method
Spearman’s rank correlation evaluates what type of relationship?
Difference in medians for two groups
Association between nominal categories
Predictive linear model with intercept
Monotonic association between ranked variables
Chi-square test is appropriate for analyzing which data type pairing?
Continuous outcome predicted by factors
Ordinal variables repeated measures
Two continuous variables correlation
Nominal variables association patterns
Friedman test should be applied when which condition holds?
Comparing texture rankings across three trials
Assessing linear relation of two continuous variables
Testing difference between two independent groups
Estimating slope in regression equation
Parametric tests generally assume which data conditions?
Ordinal scales with medians used
Nominal categories with counts
Non-normal distributions with ranks
Quantitative, normal, equal variances
In correlation analysis, an r value closer to +1 implies what?
Strong positive linear relationship
Weaker negative association observed
No relationship between variables
Strong monotonic rank correlation
When expected frequency per cell is less than 5, which test assumption becomes problematic?
Assumptions for chi-square analysis
Conditions for independent t-test
Requirements for Pearson’s correlation
Normality assumption of ANOVA
Which criterion best evaluates a Title & Abstract in a research report?
Highly technical, dense, exceeds scope and detail
Focuses on citations and formatting exclusively
Concise, informative, reflects purpose and scope
Narrative style, creative language, minimal data
A strong Introduction should primarily demonstrate which quality?
Logical, relevant background and rationale
Extensive statistical analysis and tests
Detailed budget and procurement plan
Personal opinions of the researcher
When assessing Objectives, what question is most appropriate?
Do they include all possible variables?
Are they longer than the abstract text?
Do they align with methodology and results?
Are they more ambitious than the literature?
Which check best ensures the Methodology section is sound?
Focuses on researcher’s personal workflow
Minimizes replication details for brevity
Contains numerous acronyms and jargon
Methods appropriate and clearly described
In evaluating Results, which item indicates proper presentation quality?
Charts colorful but missing legends
Narrative summaries without any figures
Tables/graphs labeled with units and significance
Only raw data files appended unprocessed
A valid Discussion should ensure interpretations are which of the following?
Focused on methods repetition
Speculative and loosely related
Linked to objectives or literature
Centered on formatting guidelines
Which check is most appropriate for verifying References?
Limited to sources from one decade
Primarily blog posts and opinion pieces
Updated, credible, properly formatted
Alphabetized but missing key details
Which term best describes the science of nourishing the body and studying nutrients’ roles in growth and maintenance?
Health, focusing on complete well-being
Diet, the sum of foods consumed
Wellness, pursuit of full potential
Nutrition, the science of nourishment
Which statement best defines wellness in the context of nutrition and lifestyle?
Strict adherence to calorie counting
Conscious pursuit of integrated living
Elimination of all dietary fats
Passive avoidance of stressors
Which description most accurately defines nutrient density?
Energy intake relative to energy expenditure
Calorie content relative to portion size
Essential nutrients relative to calorie content
Nutrients per serving regardless of calories
Which option correctly defines energy balance?
Rate of digestion in gastrointestinal tract
Ratio of macronutrients in a diet
Relationship between intake and expenditure
Calories per gram of each nutrient
Which food category refers to items not processed or altered from their natural state?
Processed foods with preservatives
Functional foods with bioactive compounds
Fortified foods with added nutrients
Natural foods unprocessed or unaltered
Which example represents whole foods consumed in their natural form?
Candy and soft drinks
Enriched flour-based products
Vegetables, fruits, and grains
Instant noodles with additives
Ultra-processed foods are best characterized by which feature?
Minimal processing, no additives
Multiple processes and many additives
Organic growth without pesticides
Nutrients restored after processing
Which statement accurately differentiates fortified from enriched foods?
Fortified adds new nutrients; enriched restores lost
Fortified restores lost; enriched adds new
Both remove synthetic additives
Both add only vitamins A and D
Which classification fits foods produced using environmentally friendly, ethical farming practices?
Sustainable foods from ethical practices
Organic foods with no synthetic inputs
Slow food from regional traditions
Functional foods with health compounds
