Which type of intravenous fluid is similar to the concentration of blood?

Isotonic fluids include which of the following types:

Which type of intravenous fluid replaces minimal fluid loss, routinely administered to maintain hydration during surgical procedures

Which of the following types of intravenous fluids has cautions of fluid overload, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and renal impairment

Which intravenous fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than blood?

The following types of fluids are apart of hypotonic?

Which of the following are the uses for hypotonic fluids?

The following cautions are for which type of IV fluids?

Can cause hyponatremia, do not give to hypotonic, hypovolemia without hypernatremia, trauma, burn victims, can cause cells to rupture

Which type of IV fluid has a higher concentration of solutes than blood?

Which of the following types of fluids are hypertonic?

Which IV fluid is used in the ICU, for hyponatremia, hypoglycemia severe, pull excess fluid from cells (causing cells to shrink)

Which IV fluid has cautions of fluid overload, pulmonary edema, hyperglycemia, do not give to dehydrated, kidney/heart disease patients

Which IV fluids may need diuretics in addition to fluids?

Your patient is in the ICU for severe burns. Which IV fluid would you not give your pt?

Which IV fluid would you not give to your dehydrated patient?

Loss of extracellular fluid volume

Loss of electrolytes along with fluid

Shift from vascular space to interstitial space

occurs when water and sodium are lost in equal proportions, primarily depleting the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume

occurs when the body loses more electrolytes than water, leading to low blood sodium and causing water to shift into cells, making them swell

body loses more water than sodium, causing high sodium levels (hypernatremia) and making the fluid outside cells too concentrated, pulling water out of them

Which of the following are common causes of fluid volume deficiency?

Which of the following are fluid volume deficit clinical manifestations?

What all does a basic metabolic panel test for?

Which of the following are manifestations of chronic dehydration, commonly seen in older adults?

Results from four possible forces, results from conditions that cause retention of sodium and water, swelling can be local or generalized

Fluid volume excess can be caused by:

Which of the following are risk factors of fluid volume excess?

Which of the following are good prevention measures against fluid volume excess?

Which of the following are fluid volume excess clinical manifestations?

Electrolytes are gained and lost in relatively equal amounts

________ __________ values tells us concentrations of electrolytes in blood

Imbalance is typically in only one electrolyte

Which of the following is the normal levels of sodium?

Which electrolyte is the most abundant in extracellular fluid?

Which electrolyte assists in maintaining osmotic pressure and acid-based balance?

Serum sodium level >145 mEq/L

Which electrolyte imbalance presents as increase in thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, hypotension, tachycardia, low jugular venous pressure, and restlessness

How is hypernatremia treated?

Serum sodium level <135 mEq/L

Which electrolyte manifests as lethargy, headaches, confusion, apprehension, seizers, diarrhea, vomiting, and coma?

Which of the following is the treatment of hyponatremia?

Normal potassium levels are

Which electrolyte plays role in cellular depolarization, repolarization

-Moves into cell while sodium moves out of cell

Which electrolyte imbalance can lead to deadly cardiac dysrhythmias?

Serum potassium level >5.3 mEq/L

Which electrolyte imbalance includes muscle twitching, weakness, flaccid paralysis, irritability, anxiety, low BP, tall peaked T waves, dysrhythmias, abdominal cramping, diarrhea

Which of the following are used as management for hyperkalemia?

Serum potassium level <3.5 mEq/L

Which electrolyte imbalance has the following signs and symptoms?

-alkalosis, shallow respirations, irritability, confusion and drowsiness, weakness and fatigue, arrhythmias, lethargy, thready pulse?

How do we manage hypokalemia?

Which of the following are normal levels of calcium?

Which electrolyte is responsible for neuromuscular transmission, control of muscle contraction, blood clotting, bone and teeth formation, and cellular membrane functioning?

Which electrolyte levels are controlled by vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone?

Which electrolyte deficiency has a serum calcium level >11 mg/dL?

Which electrolyte imbalance manifests as confusion, muscle weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, excessive urination, cardiac arrest, arrhythmias?

Which electrolyte imbalance has a serum calcium level of <9 mg/dL?

Which electrolyte imbalance has manifestations of convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, stridor, and spasms

What is the management for hypocalcemia?

Which of the following are normal levels of magnesium?

Which electrolyte is the fourth most abundant cation, 60% is found in bones, 40% in muscles, and plays role in energy production, protein synthesis, neuromuscular function

Which of the following electrolyte imbalances manifests as the following:

confusion, increased deep tendon reflex, neuromuscular irritability, seizures, muscle cramps, tremors, insomnia, and tachycardia?

Which electrolyte imbalance has serum magnesium level of <1.8 mEq/L

How is hypomagnesemia managed?

Which of the following electrolyte imbalances manifests as flushing, decreased deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, lethargy, decreased respirations, bradycardia, and hypotension?

Which electrolyte imbalance has serum magnesium level >3.0?

What is the management for hypermagnesemia?

What are the normal levels of chloride?

Which electrolyte is the most prevalent in the extra cellular fluid, along with sodium maintains electricity of body in neutral state, with hydrogen forms hydrochloric acid in stomach to aid digestion, plays role in acid-based balance

Which electrolyte imbalance has a serum chloride level >105 mEq/L

How is hyperchloremia managed?

Which electrolyte imbalance has serum chloride level <95 mEq/L

What is the management for hypochloremia?

Which of the following are normal levels of phosphate?

Second most abundant mineral in body (after calcium), 85% found in bones, teeth

Which electrolyte imbalance is rare, asymptomatic, and related to excessive intake?

>4.5 mg/dL serum phosphate

Serum phosphate level <3.0

Which of the following is described?

Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, clear lung sounds, decreased urine output, decreased weight?

Which of the following is described?

Normal/increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, crackles lung sounds, variable urine output, increased weight

Chloride has a strong relationship with

Calcium and _______ have an alternating effect on one another

What is caused by impaired blood flow to the myocardium?

-leading cause of death in the US

Sudden, reduced blood flow through coronary arteries, thereby resulting in reduced delivery of oxygen to cardiac tissues

Chest pain resulting from reduced coronary blood flow

-worsened and triggered by multiple conditions

What is the primary cause of CAD?

Atherosclerosis results from

Which of the following is NOT a sign of poor perfusion?

pallor, pain, psoriasis, paresthesia, pulmonary edema, paralysis, pulselessness, poikilothermia

The nurse is teaching a client about coronary artery disease (CAD). Which response by the client indicates the need for further teaching?

A. "Damage to the linings of my arteries can cause clots and blockage."

B. "It is a leading cause of death for men and women in the United States."

C. "It decreases quality of life but does not increase a person's risk of death."

D. "The increased levels of high-density lipoproteins decrease the risk of atherosclerosis."

Results when oxygen is not able to meet metabolic demands

-temporary and reversible but can progress to infarction

-switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism

Chest pain from ischemia

-can be silent

-one-time event or chronic

this angina is predictable with amount of activity and relieved with rest/nitrates

This angina has an increasing frequency, duration, and severity, and pain becomes unpredictable. Higher risk for MI

Which type of angina is unpredictable and caused by artery spasm?

A patient reports during a routine check-up that he is experiencing chest pain and shortness of breath while performing activities. He states the pain goes away when he rests. This is known as:

A. Unstable angina

B. Variant angina

C. Stable angina

D. Prinzmetal angina

A client who has a strong family history of coronary artery disease asks the nurse, "How can I decrease my chances of developing problems with my arteries?" Which response by the nurse is appropriate? Select all that apply

A. "You can reduce your risk by making some changes in your lifestyle, such as moderate exercise."

B. "There is little you can do except take medication to prevent coronary artery disease."

C. "As long as your cholesterol is normal, your arteries will remain clear."

D. "Keeping your blood pressure within normal levels will decrease the risk of injury to your arteries."

E."A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and unsaturated fatty acids may help protect your arteries."

Which of the following are clinical manifestations for CAD?

What is the golden standard for diagnostic tests with CAD?

Which of the following are diagnostic tests for CAD?

Which treatment for CAD involves using vein, artery section to create connection

-90% totally relieve, reduce angina

-heart stopped during surgery

Which treatment for CAD uses mechanical circulatory support device and is used to temporarily support cardiac function

Which of the following are types of angioplasties used to help open narrow/blocked arteries?

How do we treat anginal attack?

What are examples of short term goals for the treatment of an anginal attack?

Which of following are long-term management goals for angina?

Which of the following diets should someone who is suffering angina secondary to CAD be put on?

Which of the following chronic conditions need to be controlled in patients with CAD?

Which of the following are cholesterol lowering medications?

Which of the following are antianginals?

Which pharmacologic therapy inhibits a liver enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis?

-atorvastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin, pravastatin

-adverse effects: diarrhea, arthralgia and nasopharyngitis

*avoid grapefruit, monitor liver panel, educate patient on muscle pain, brown urine, or malaise

Which pharmacologic treatment has binding bile acids in the intestines (reducing cholesterol reabsorption)

-cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam

-adverse effects: bloating, constipation, reduced absorption of vitamins/minerals

-store in tightly closed container, mix with water or juice, drink ample fluids

Which pharmacologic treatment inhibits an enzyme used in triglyceride synthesis

-nicobid, nicolar, niaspan

-adverse effects: hepatoxicity, flushing, pruritis, peptic ulcer disease

-take with meal/beverage, monitor liver panel/glucose/uric acid levels, educate on alcohol intake, monitor for dizziness with position changes (usually lasts 2 weeks, prevent by taking NSAID)

Which pharmacologic treatment blocks triglyceride synthesis?

-Gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid

-adverse effects: hepatitis, myopathy, cholelithiasis, pancreatis

-monitor liver panel, educate patient that med takes months before therapeutic effects, take with meals, do not take pregnant

Which pharmacological treatment promotes vasodilation of blood vessels and decreases preload?

-Nitroglycerin, isosorbide

-adverse effects: headache, hypotension, and dizziness

-used for short term treatment and long acting preventatives, evaluate for relief of angina

*do not use with erectile dysfunction medications and alcohol!

What is the medication of choice for treating acute angina?

Why is nitroglycerin stored in a brown jar?

Umbrella term for conditions that impair blood supply to peripheral tissues, particularly the lower extremities

disorder of inadequate venous return over a prolonged period.

*Most common type of Peripheral Venous Disease

• Oxygenated Blood

• Pulses are felt on arteries

• Heart is responsible for circulation

• Blood goes away from the heart

• Un-oxygenated Blood

• No pulses

• Muscle movement is

responsible for circulation

• Blood returns to the heart

thickening, loss of elasticity, calcification of arterial walls

form in which deposits of fat, fibrin obstruct, harden arteries

-Plaque forms, narrows vessels, and causes tissue anoxia and hypoxia

-Collaterals form, but usually inadequate to meet needs

Manifests when an artery is occluded by~60% or more

Which of the following are risk factors for PAD?

Pain that occurs with a predictable level of activity

Which of the following are signs of peripheral arterial disease?

Which type of pain can occur with peripheral arterial disease?

Arterial ulcerations often form as a result of

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Which finding should the nurse expect?

A. Decreased sensation of the upper extremities

B. Delayed capillary refill in the lower extremities

C. Wheezing upon auscultation of the lungs

D. Dilated blood vessels in the eye

Which of the following could be used as diagnostic testing for PAD?

Which pharmacologic treatment is used to vasodilate and prevent platelet aggregation in patients with PAD ?

Which pharmacologic treatment for PAD reduces blood viscosity and increases RBC flexibility?

Which of the following is used as pharmacologic treatment for CAD?

Which of the following is important nonpharmacologic treatment for patients with CAD?

Disorder of poor venous return over prolonged period

stagnation of blood in leg

Venous stasis is stagnation of blood in leg

 Leading to CVI due to increased venous pressures

 Arterial circulation is also impaired, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues

 Metabolic waste products also accumulate

 Lower-extremity skin darkens due to RBC breakdown in congested tissue

 Reduction of capillary function results in skin atrophy

-All this leads to...

The following symptoms are signs of:

-edema, itching, dull leg pain, worsens when standing, brown skin pigmentation, statis dermatitis, weeping, ulcerations.

How do we diagnose CVI?

Which peripheral vascular disease is shown above?

Which of the following peripheral vascular diseases is described?

Treatment of CVI includes:

Which way do we place the legs to help with the effects of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)?

Which way to we place the legs to help with Coronary Arterial Disease?