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WorksheetsMas Unit 6 1890 to 1920's
Total questions: 82
Worksheet time: 41mins
Which event created the backdrop for J.T. Canales’s 1919 actions in the Texas borderlands?
World War II and postwar economic changes
The Gold Rush and western settlement boom
The Mexican Revolution and La Matanza violence
The Civil War and Radical Reconstruction conflicts
What was the primary goal of J.T. Canales’s 1919 investigation into the Texas Rangers?
Expose misconduct and seek legislative oversight
Disband the Rangers and replace them entirely
Create a federal court to try vigilantes
Expand Ranger authority along the border
Which statement best describes La Matanza in the early 20th-century borderlands?
A diplomatic dispute resolved by treaties
Mass killings of ethnic Mexicans without due process
Peaceful protests for land rights and wages
A legal reform wave led by frontier judges
Which reform resulted from the Canales investigation’s aftermath?
Creation of new vigilante patrol districts
Abolition of state-level law enforcement
Federalization of the Texas Rangers unit
Procedures for citizens to file complaints
Why did the hearings during the 1919 investigation pose personal risk to Canales?
He risked losing federal military rank
He lacked any legal training or allies
He faced threats and political ostracism
He was stationed on the front lines
What does the quoted testimony—“These acts have created fear and injustice among innocent people.”—most directly imply about law enforcement at the time?
Frontier communities enjoyed strong protection
Border courts were slow but fair overall
Minor paperwork errors caused confusion
Lawlessness by authorities undermined democracy
How did Canales extend his impact beyond the investigation in later years?
He retired from politics and opened a ranch
He focused solely on federal immigration law
He helped found LULAC to organize reform
He became a Ranger commander to reform within
Which combination accurately lists multiple outcomes of the legislative reforms after 1919?
Privatized policing, border closures, new prisons
Unchanged force, suspended pay, pardons issued
Larger force, fewer audits, militia support
Smaller force, better pay, complaint procedures
Which newspaper published by Jovita Idár’s family shaped her early belief in journalism’s power?
El Heraldo Cristiano
La Liga Bulletin
La Crónica
El Progreso
Why did Jovita Idár leave her job as a teacher in Texas?
Family relocation to Mexico City
Better pay in journalism work
Substandard segregated school conditions
Pressure from Texas Rangers officials
In 1911, Jovita Idár helped organize which historic gathering focused on fighting injustice?
El Primer Congreso Mexicanista
La Convención Progresista
The Laredo Education Forum
The Borderlands Rights Council
What was the primary mission of La Liga Femenil Mexicanista that Idár founded?
Religious conversion programs
Support for ranchers’ interests
Voter registration for men
Education and aid for the poor
During the 1914 confrontation at El Progreso, which constitutional right did Idár invoke to block the Texas Rangers?
Freedom of the press
Right to bear arms
Protection from quartering
Trial by jury
Which injustice did Jovita Idár regularly expose through her reporting in South Texas?
Land zoning violations
Prohibition and speakeasies
Tax evasion by newspapers
Lynching and racial discrimination
Which statement best explains how Idár’s journalism functioned as activism?
She used reporting to challenge oppression
She wrote only neutral community notes
She avoided criticizing government actions
She focused on celebrity entertainments
Which later role did Idár take that continued her public service beyond journalism?
Mayor of Laredo for two terms
Federal judge on the Fifth Circuit Court
Volunteer nurse during the Mexican Revolution
Owner of a national radio network
What long-term impact did Jovita Idár’s actions have on civil rights history?
Eliminated segregation in all Texas schools
Founded the United States civil rights law
Ended Texas Rangers enforcement entirely
Pioneered Mexican American women’s activism
Which condition most directly pushed Mexican American communities to form mutualistas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Uniform enforcement of protective labor regulations
Abundant access to fair bank loans and credit
Systemic exclusion from mainstream social services
Universal health insurance with inclusive coverage
What best describes how mutualistas were funded and operated for members?
Wealthy patrons donated irregular large grants
Private insurers managed individual premium accounts
Members paid monthly dues into a common fund
Federal subsidies guaranteed emergency benefits
Which function goes beyond economic protection and shows the broader role of mutualistas in community life?
Recruiting workers for agricultural employers
Running private prisons for local authorities
Selling imported goods at discounted prices
Organizing patriotic festivals and preserving culture
Which service illustrates the legal advocacy provided by many mutualistas?
Pooling resources to hire lawyers for members
Creating sports leagues for young members
Arranging group travel to cultural festivals
Offering language classes for bilingual literacy
Jovita Idár’s legacy included continued community service later in life. Which pairing correctly lists two such examples?
Serving in Congress and founding a bank
Owning railroads and leading a cartel
Opening a kindergarten and becoming a nurse
Commanding troops and writing tax law
Why is Jovita Idár considered significant in Mexican American and U.S. history?
She is a Mexican American civil rights activist
She is an early 20th century railroad tycoon
She is a leading segregationist policy author
She is a famous professional athlete figure
Which scenario best shows how mutualistas provided a safety net for members facing hardship?
A member refuses dues and gains extra benefits
A member wins a lottery and funds the group
A member declines help and pays higher taxes
A member loses a job and receives financial aid
Which statement best explains the link between mutualistas and the later Chicano Movement?
Mutualistas taught organizing skills that later movements used
Mutualistas focused only on funerals and burials
Mutualistas discouraged advocacy to avoid controversy
Mutualistas replaced all later civil rights organizations
Which educational role did many mutualistas take on in response to segregated schools?
Sponsoring their own programs and scholarships
Restricting bilingual instruction in public schools
Lobbying to expand military training on campuses
Eliminating libraries to cut community expenses
Which description best captures how individuals can challenge injustice, as reflected in Idár’s story?
Standing up to those acting unjustly despite risks
Avoiding conflict to keep existing hierarchies intact
Waiting for outsiders to solve local community issues
Complying with unfair laws to maintain social order
Which statement best describes Marcelino Serna’s decision to enlist in the U.S. Army in 1917?
He joined to avoid penalties for draft evasion
He enlisted after gaining U.S. citizenship in 1916
He was drafted despite being a citizen already
He volunteered even though exempt as a Mexican national
What infantry unit was Serna assigned to during World War I?
Company B, 355th Infantry, 89th Division
Company A, 141st Infantry, 36th Division
Company D, 5th Marines, 2nd Division
Company C, 2nd Infantry, 1st Division
During the Battle of Saint-Mihiel on September 12, 1918, what risky action did Serna volunteer to do?
Scout ahead alone under enemy fire
Carry wounded soldiers to a field hospital
Operate a machine gun under heavy fire
Call in artillery from the rear lines
Which tactic is described as “shoot and scoot” in Serna’s actions during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive?
Holding a fixed position with suppressive fire
Firing and throwing grenades while relocating positions
Charging directly at enemy trenches without cover
Setting traps and waiting in ambush for hours
How many enemy soldiers did Serna capture by himself during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive?
Eight prisoners taken after a brief skirmish
Twelve prisoners taken during a trench raid
Twenty-four prisoners taken using maneuver tactics
Twenty-six prisoners taken during a night assault
Which awards did Serna receive for his wartime bravery?
Distinguished Service Cross and two foreign Croix de Guerre
Congressional Gold Medal and British Victoria Cross
Medal of Honor and Silver Star from Pershing
Purple Heart and Navy Cross from French command
Which reason was reportedly given for why Serna did not receive the Medal of Honor?
He was captured and exchanged before the war ended
He left his unit without orders during an attack
He was too junior in rank and not fluent in English
He refused to accept recognition for personal beliefs
After the war, what significant change occurred in Serna’s life in 1924?
He received the national Medal of Honor
He entered politics in the Texas legislature
He moved back to Mexico permanently
He became a United States citizen
Which modern recognition reflects efforts to address earlier discrimination against Serna?
Creating a federal holiday honoring immigrant soldiers
Bestowing the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor in 2022
Naming a European battlefield after his unit
Awarding him the British Military Cross posthumously
Which action best illustrates Serna’s adherence to the laws of war?
Refusing to accept promotions during combat
Preventing the execution of captured prisoners by allies
Volunteering for reconnaissance without orders
Destroying enemy supplies behind the front lines
Why does Marcelino Serna’s story hold enduring significance in American history?
It proves officers always recognized immigrant valor
It shows trench warfare was ineffective overall
It demonstrates the war ended due to domestic protests
It highlights immigrant patriotism amid discrimination
Which statement best explains why David Bennes Barkley concealed his Mexican heritage when enlisting in World War I?
Combat units excluded many soldiers of Mexican descent
Recruiters only accepted applicants from Laredo, Texas
Family tradition required using only his father's surname
He wished to receive faster promotions and special pay
What unit did David Bennes Barkley join after enlisting at age 17?
Texas National Guard artillery battalion
1st Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division
Air Service reconnaissance squadron, Western Front
Company A, 356th Infantry Regiment, 89th Division
What was the immediate objective of Barkley’s November 9, 1918 mission near the Meuse River?
Scout enemy positions across the river and return with intelligence
Rescue trapped American soldiers from a damaged bridge
Deliver a ceasefire proposal before the Armistice was signed
Destroy German artillery with explosives at night
How did Barkley and Private Jesse P. Odom avoid detection during their mission?
They waited for a snowstorm to conceal their movement
They disguised themselves as German medical orderlies
They swam silently at night and kept low to avoid sentries
They crossed using a small fishing boat borrowed nearby
Which factor most directly led to Barkley’s death during the return swim?
Enemy machine-gun fire from entrenched positions
A collapsed bridge swept him under the current
Severe leg cramps caused by the freezing water
Exhaustion after carrying heavy equipment ashore
Which pair correctly matches a term from the story with its meaning?
Reconnaissance — bombardment of enemy trenches by artillery
Entrenched — quickly changing and unstable over time
Posthumously — officially recognized after the person’s death
Segregation — merging racial groups into unified units
What outcome did Odom’s delivery of the intelligence enable for the 89th Division?
A successful breakthrough of the German lines
An immediate negotiated truce with German forces
Aerial bombardment by allied planes the next day
A withdrawal to reorganize on the friendly shore
Which honor did Barkley receive from the United States for his actions?
Silver Star with oak leaf cluster
Medal of Honor awarded after his death
Purple Heart with campaign clasp
Distinguished Service Cross in person
Which countries, besides the United States, recognized Barkley’s heroism with decorations?
France and Italy awarded him wartime honors
Britain and Canada presented campaign medals
Spain and Mexico granted ceremonial citations
Belgium and Russia sent commemorative crosses
Why was Barkley publicly acknowledged as the Army’s first Hispanic Medal of Honor recipient only in 1989?
A family dispute delayed permission to publish his story
Official recognition followed documentation of his Mexican heritage
A legal change newly allowed dual-citizens to receive awards
His unit’s records were sealed until their declassification
Which statement best captures a central theme of Barkley’s story?
Military success relies solely on advanced technology
Heroism requires public recognition during one’s lifetime
Patriotism can demand sacrifice amid systemic barriers
Racial segregation had little effect on combat assignments
Which timeline correctly fills the key events from Barkley’s life?
1901 birth in San Antonio; 1917 enlistment; 1918 Meuse mission; 1919 Croix only
1899 birth in Laredo; 1916 enlistment; 1918 Armistice; 1921 recognition
1897 birth in El Paso; 1918 enlistment; 1919 Armistice; 1920 Medal of Honor
1899 birth in Laredo; 1917 enlistment; 1918 Meuse mission; 1919 Medal of Honor
Which role best describes Cleofas Jaramillo’s lifelong mission in New Mexico?
Anthropologist studying Pueblo cultures from afar
Educator promoting English-only public schooling
Politician advancing federal assimilation policies
Folklorist preserving Nuevomexicano traditions
What concern motivated Jaramillo to begin writing and organizing publicly?
Disputes over territorial statehood debates
Lack of modern schools in rural counties
Declining agricultural yields in haciendas
Rapid Americanization eroding Spanish traditions
How did Jaramillo’s perspective differ from many Anglo anthropologists of her era?
She focused primarily on economic statistics
She dismissed oral histories as unreliable
She used only English academic terminology
She wrote as an insider within the culture
Which organization did Jaramillo help found to protect local customs?
La Sociedad Folklórica in Santa Fe
The Hispano Cultural League
The Taos Historical Alliance
The New Mexico Writers Circle
Which pairing matches Jaramillo’s book with its broader significance?
The Genuine New Mexico Tasty Recipes — cultural affirmation
Borderland Voices — textbook for bilingual education
Shadows of the Past — guide for tourism marketing
Northern Trails — atlas of regional railroads
Which statement best defines cultural preservation as shown in Jaramillo’s work?
Limiting history to written legal records
Borrowing traditions from unrelated regions
Replacing heritage with modern efficiency
Safeguarding customs, language, and folklore
Which vocabulary match is correct for this unit’s terms?
Authenticity — popularity in mass marketing
Preservationist — collector of rare minerals
Hacienda — large estate with dwelling house
Folklorist — official in government archives
Why does the distinction between authentic and outsider perspectives matter in documenting culture?
Insider accounts can reduce misrepresentation
Only outsiders can remain neutral observers
Authentic views eliminate personal bias entirely
Outsider studies always increase community pride
Which reasoning best supports founding groups like La Sociedad Folklórica during social change?
Smaller groups deter all cultural blending forever
Organizations coordinate efforts to sustain traditions
Such groups replace families as culture bearers
Formal clubs guarantee government funding automatically
Which early career helped Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales gain public recognition before his activism?
Military service during World War II
Professional baseball with local teams
Newspaper journalism and reporting
Amateur and professional boxing career
What accomplishment marked Gonzales’s boxing achievements in the late 1940s?
Coaching the national Olympic boxing team
Winning Diamond and Golden Gloves tournaments
Breaking the featherweight world record time
Becoming the first televised boxing champion
In 1988, Gonzales received which sports honor?
A national Olympic gold medal recognition
Induction into the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame
ESPN lifetime boxing achievement award
Induction into the International Boxing Hall
Which business did Gonzales open in 1953 that became known as Denver’s first sports bar?
Azatlán Boxing and Grill
Five Points Athletic Lounge
Corky’s Corner neighborhood tavern
Gonzales Brothers Taproom
What was the Crusade for Justice primarily?
A grassroots cultural center and civil rights group
A national radio program on poetry
A statewide political party for elections
A private boxing academy for youth
Yo Soy Joaquín is best described as which type of work?
A newspaper column on city politics
A biography of César Chávez’s life
A legal manifesto for voting rights
An epic poem exploring Chicano identity
What core idea did El Plan de Aztlán promote within the Chicano Movement?
Return migration to Mexico for all Chicanos
Isolation from other civil rights movements
Immediate assimilation into mainstream culture
Self-determination and cultural liberation
Which event involved Gonzales organizing a student action at Denver’s West High School in 1969?
A boycott of school lunches for fair prices
A march supporting a city bond measure
A sit-in demanding new athletic facilities
A walkout protesting racist language by a teacher
With which national leaders did Gonzales collaborate during the 1960s?
César Chávez and Martin Luther King Jr.
Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan
Malcolm X and Thurgood Marshall
Robert Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson
What happened to Gonzales’s position with the Neighborhood Youth Corps in the mid-1960s?
He retired early for health reasons
He transferred to a federal post in D.C.
He was promoted to national director
He was fired and later resigned party roles
Which statement best explains why Gonzales became disenchanted with the Democratic Party?
Change in U.S. immigration quotas in 1965
Defeat in his first boxing-related endorsement
Belief that party ignored Chicano community needs
Disagreement over state highway expansion
Who was Carmelita Torres in the 1917 events at the U.S.–Mexico border?
A journalist reporting from El Paso
A federal judge who halted delousing
A city mayor who ordered inspections
A young maid who sparked the Bath Riots
What policy triggered the Bath Riots of 1917 at the El Paso–Juárez crossing?
Mandatory chemical delousing of Mexican immigrants
New passport fees for cross-border workers
Conscription of migrants into wartime labor
A total closure of the international bridges
Which ideology influenced officials to label Mexicans as biological threats during World War I era?
The eugenics movement promoting pseudoscience
Existentialist philosophy on identity
Pacifist movements opposing the war
Classical liberalism emphasizing markets
What was one tactic used in El Paso’s “cleaning up” campaign before 1917?
Distributed free vaccines at border clinics
Forced residents into kerosene and vinegar baths
Built new housing to replace unsafe units
Established bilingual public health outreach
In 1917, protests at the U.S.–Mexico border erupted primarily against which practice imposed on Mexican border crossers?
New customs import taxation
Compulsory English language exams
Mandatory military registration
Forced chemical delousing procedures
Who became a leading figure associated with the 1917 “Bath Riots” in El Paso–Juárez?
A group of American suffragists
A U.S. Army medical officer
Carmelita Torres, a young Mexican woman
The mayor of El Paso, Texas
Which chemical was adopted by officials by the 1920s for delousing at border facilities?
Phenol disinfectant for wounds
Iodine tincture for sanitation
Chlorine gas used in trenches
Zyklon B, a cyanide-based pesticide
According to historical accounts, how did officials respond to the protests after 1917?
They moved facilities far from the border
They limited it to documented travelers only
They abolished the program immediately
They expanded delousing and increased throughput
Which statement best explains how eugenics shaped border public health policy in this period?
It labeled Mexican migrants as biologically risky
It relied on voluntary hygiene education
It focused solely on stopping typhus outbreaks
It prioritized equal treatment of all crossers
Which later historical connection underscores the legacy of these border practices?
Cuban ports banned all U.S. pesticides
Canadian officials funded the same program
United Nations adopted El Paso health codes
Nazi scientists cited El Paso’s facilities as models
What does the pattern described by historians suggest about ideas of cleanliness at the border over time?
Officials stopped linking danger to migrants
Cleanliness became purely self-defined
The language shifted while the logic persisted
Both the logic and language disappeared
Why is Carmelita Torres’s defiance remembered by scholars today?
It shows how a single refusal can spark resistance
It ended border delousing for decades afterward
It proved all chemicals were medically unnecessary
It created a treaty guaranteeing equal crossings
