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WorksheetsAssertion-Reason and Passage-based Questions Extraction
Total questions: 122
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: The laws of our country permit legal adoption and it is as yet, one of the best methods for childless couples looking for parenthood. Reason: Emotional, religious and social factors are no deterrents to the legal adoption of orphaned and destitute children in India.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: IUT is the transfer of embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into the uterus. Reason: IUT is a very popular method of forming embryos in vivo.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In IVF fertilisation is done inside the body of the woman. Reason: Zygote up to 8 blastomeres can be transferred into the fallopian tube.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Saheli is an oral contraceptive pill for females containing non-steroidal preparation. Reason: It is 'once in a day' pill with very few effects.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Diaphragms and cervical caps are barriers made of rubber. Reason: They block the entry of sperms through the cervix.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In barrier methods of contraception ovum and sperms are prevented from physical meeting. Reason: Barrier methods are used during coitus to prevent entry of sperms into the female reproductive tract.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tubes is cut and tied up. Reason: In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is cut and tied up.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Syphilis, gonorrhea and AIDS are some common STDs. Reason: STDs are transmitted through sexual intercourse.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: ICSI is an assisted reproductive technique. Reason: In ICSI sperm is directly injected into the ovum to form an embryo in vitro.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Through Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme in India, we could bring down the population growth rate. Reason: A rapid increase in MMR and IMR were the reasons, along other reasons for this.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: INVO cell is a new cost-effective technology for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in which the sperm and the egg are mixed in a lab, put in a small capsule which is inserted into the vagina for a five days incubation period, post which the capsule is removed, and the embryos are implanted inside the uterus as usual. Reason: Instead of growing the embryo in an incubator, allowing it to develop in the natural environment in woman's vagina reduces the cost in case of INVO cell as compared to regular IVF technology.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) program was initiated in India in 1951 to attain total reproductive health as a social goal. Reason: Audio-visual and print media awareness was created among the people about reproduction related aspects under the program.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Tubectomy is a sterilisation procedure advised for females as a terminal method. Reason: In tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up blocking gamete transport thereby preventing conception.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Determining the sex of an unborn child followed by MTP is an illegal practice. Reason: Amniocentesis is a practice to test the presence of genetic disorders also.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Given below is the diagram of CuT, a commonly used contraceptive method. Based on the information answer the following questions.
Based on the passage and diagram of CuT, which option best explains the contraceptive actions of CuT recommended to a mother who wants to space her second child?
CuT increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and releases Cu2+ ions that suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity.
CuT releases high doses of progesterone that permanently inhibit ovulation for several years.
CuT forms a physical plug in the cervix that blocks menstrual flow and ovulation.
CuT prevents testosterone production in males, thereby reducing sperm formation.
Which statement correctly differentiates CuT from LNG-20 based on the passage?
CuT releases copper ions that reduce sperm motility, whereas LNG-20 releases hormones that make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.
Both CuT and LNG-20 release copper ions that increase sperm motility to prevent fertilisation.
CuT prevents implantation primarily by releasing progesterone, while LNG-20 works by releasing copper ions.
LNG-20 increases sperm motility and promotes fertilisation, while CuT thickens the endometrium to support implantation.
Which pairing of Intra Uterine Device and primary action is correct according to the passage? (Alternative to the previous question.)
Copper-T — releases Cu2+ ions that suppress sperm motility and enhance phagocytosis in the uterus.
LNG-20 — releases copper ions that stimulate sperm motility for faster clearance.
Multiload 375 — releases estrogen to prevent ovulation throughout the cycle.
Any Cu-releasing IUD — promotes endometrial receptivity to aid implantation.
A newly married couple does not want to produce children for at least one year and also does not want to use any contraceptives. Based on the passage, which method should be suggested to prevent pregnancy?
Periodic abstinence (safe period method) by avoiding coitus during the fertile window of the menstrual cycle.
Tubectomy to permanently prevent gamete transport in the female.
Insertion of a copper IUD to prevent fertilisation and implantation.
Daily combined oral contraceptive pills to suppress ovulation.
PASSAGE-2. Study the diagram of the reproductive systems and answer the questions based on the diagram.
Based on the diagram, what process is depicted?
Vasectomy and tubectomy
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
In vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer
Hysterectomy and orchidectomy
In Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT), at what stage is the zygote introduced into the fallopian tube?
2-celled stage
4-celled stage
8-celled stage
Morula stage (16+ cells)
In Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT), at what stage is the embryo introduced into the uterus?
2–4 blastomere stage
More than 8 blastomeres
Zygote before first cleavage
Single blastomere
Which pair of events is inhibited by oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy in humans?
Ovulation and implantation
Fertilisation and lactation
Menstruation and parturition
Capacitation and cleavage
PASSAGE-3. Read the passage about assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and answer the questions. The so‑called test‑tube babies are produced by the technique of in vitro fertilisation. It is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The steps of ART include: (a) administration of gonadotropins or clomiphene citrate to the woman, (b) aspiration of several ova (secondary oocytes) by laparoscopy, (c) collection of the sperm from the husband/donor semen, (d) incubation of ovum and sperm together in special media and environment, (e) fertilisation and early development of the embryo in the culture plate, and (f) implantation of the 8‑celled embryos (or more) in the uterine cavity.
What are valid reasons for using the ART technique described in the passage? Select all that apply.
Inadequate mobility of spermatozoa
Obstruction of the uterine tube
Presence of multiple ovulations in a cycle
High progesterone levels during pregnancy
At what stage are ova aspirated using laparoscopy in the ART procedure?
Primary oocyte stage
Graafian follicle stage
Zygote stage
Blastocyst stage
Why are gonadotropins administered to the woman in the ART protocol described?
To induce growth of the corpus luteum
To suppress follicular development
To prevent endometrial thickening
To inhibit ovulation
Why is progesterone administered to the woman before implantation of the embryo in the ART protocol?
To make the endometrium of the uterus receptive
To stimulate sperm motility
To prevent the zona pellucida from hardening
To induce menstruation
Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of amniocentesis.
Advantage: detects chromosomal or physical abnormalities; disadvantage: encourages sex determination of the unborn child
Advantage: guarantees a healthy baby; disadvantage: increases fertility
Advantage: determines paternity; disadvantage: treats fetal disorders
Advantage: prevents Down syndrome; disadvantage: cures spina bifida
At the time of Independence, the population of India was about 350 million and exceeded 1 billion by May 2000. Identify a correct pair of reasons for this rise and a correct pair of government steps to check the explosion.
Reasons: rapid decline in death, maternal and infant mortality rates; increase in people in reproductive age. Steps: raising legal marriageable age to 18/21 years; incentives for small families
Reasons: widespread famine; decreasing life expectancy. Steps: banning all marriages; abolishing childcare services
Reasons: high emigration; reduced birth rates. Steps: promoting larger families; lowering marriageable age
Reasons: increased epidemics; decreased healthcare access. Steps: restricting vaccinations; closing maternal hospitals
Population growth leads to scarcity of basic requirements. Which set lists appropriate population control measures other than contraception, with reasons?
Use media to promote advantages of small families; raise legal marriageable age to 18 years for females and 21 years for males; give incentives to couples with small families, as these measures delay and reduce births
Encourage early marriage; provide tax rebates for large families; limit access to education to reduce costs, as this accelerates economic growth
Close family welfare clinics; reduce awareness campaigns; penalise couples with two children, as this deters childbearing
Ban women’s employment; encourage child labour; reduce maternal healthcare, as this lowers survival of infants
Comment on the RCH programme of the government to improve the reproductive health of the people.
It creates public awareness on reproduction‑related aspects and provides facilities to build a healthy society with special emphasis on the health of mother and child
It focuses only on increasing birth rates to boost the workforce
It promotes replacement of natural births with only ART procedures
It restricts information on reproductive health to married adults only
What is amniocentesis, and why has the government imposed a statutory ban in spite of its medical importance?
A foetal sex determination test using cells from amniotic fluid; it has been banned due to misuse for sex selection leading to female foeticide
A maternal blood test to detect anaemia; it has been banned because it is too expensive
An imaging technique to monitor fetal growth; it has been banned because it replaces ultrasound
A vaccination given during pregnancy; it has been banned because it causes birth defects
A couple is eager to know the sex of their unborn child. Which diagnostic technique are they likely to seek, and what social abuse is associated with it?
Amniocentesis; female foeticide
Chorionic villus sampling; improved sex ratio
Ultrasound; prevention of genetic disorders
MRI; increased fertility
Match the IUD type with its suitable example. Column I: Non‑medicated; Copper releasing; Hormone releasing. Column II: Lippes loop; Multiload‑375; LNG‑20. Which example corresponds to the non‑medicated IUD?
Lippes loop
Multiload‑375
LNG‑20
Match the IUD type with its suitable example. Column I: Non‑medicated; Copper releasing; Hormone releasing. Column II: Lippes loop; Multiload‑375; LNG‑20. Which example corresponds to the copper‑releasing IUD?
Lippes loop
Multiload‑375
LNG‑20
Match the IUD type with its suitable example. Column I: Non‑medicated; Copper releasing; Hormone releasing. Column II: Lippes loop; Multiload‑375; LNG‑20. Which example corresponds to the hormone‑releasing IUD?
Lippes loop
Multiload‑375
LNG‑20
GIFT is recommended for females who
cannot produce eggs.
cannot retain foetus in uterus.
cannot provide suitable environment for fertilisation.
cannot allow sperms to enter cervix.
Which of the following is not a STD?
AIDS
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
Encephalitis
A female undergoing IVF treatment has blocked fallopian tubes. The technique by which the embryo with more than 8 blastomeres will be transferred into the female for further development is
ZIFT
GIFT
IUT
AI
The mode of action of the copper ions in an IUD is to
increase the movement of sperms.
decrease the movement of the sperms.
make the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
make the cervix hostile to the sperms.
Match each contraceptive device with its mode of action. Devices: Lippes loop; Multiload 375 ; Subcutaneous Norplant; Saheli. Modes of action: Inhibition of ovulation; Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus; Causes thickening of cervical mucus; Makes cervix hostile to sperms. Which is the correct mode of action for Lippes loop?
Inhibition of ovulation
Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus
Causes thickening of cervical mucus
Makes cervix hostile to sperms
Match each contraceptive device with its mode of action. Devices: Lippes loop; Multiload 375 ; Subcutaneous Norplant; Saheli. Modes of action: Inhibition of ovulation; Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus; Causes thickening of cervical mucus; Makes cervix hostile to sperms. Which is the correct mode of action for Multiload 375 ?
Inhibition of ovulation
Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus
Causes thickening of cervical mucus
Makes cervix hostile to sperms
Match each contraceptive device with its mode of action. Devices: Lippes loop; Multiload 375 ; Subcutaneous Norplant; Saheli. Modes of action: Inhibition of ovulation; Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus; Causes thickening of cervical mucus; Makes cervix hostile to sperms. Which is the correct mode of action for Subcutaneous Norplant?
Inhibition of ovulation
Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus
Causes thickening of cervical mucus
Makes cervix hostile to sperms
Match each contraceptive device with its mode of action. Devices: Lippes loop; Multiload 375 ; Subcutaneous Norplant; Saheli. Modes of action: Inhibition of ovulation; Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus; Causes thickening of cervical mucus; Makes cervix hostile to sperms. Which is the correct mode of action for Saheli?
Inhibition of ovulation
Phagocytosis of sperms in uterus
Causes thickening of cervical mucus
Makes cervix hostile to sperms
In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer from the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Health and education of young people is an important attribute to the reproductive health of the society. Reason (R): Reproductive health programmes of young men primarily encourages responsible sexual behaviour.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer from the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Sterilisation methods stops the production of testosterone. Reason (R): It is a permanent method of birth control.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer from the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Oral birth control pills contain hormonal formulations. Reason (R): Birth control pills do not have any side effects.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer from the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Lactational amenorrhea is the natural method of contraception. Reason (R): It increases the phagocytosis of sperm.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer from the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Saheli, an oral contraceptive for females, contains a steroidal preparation. Reason (R): It is a “once a week” pill with very few side effects.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Write the basic steps followed in the Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) programme to help childless couples and why it is also known as a test tube baby programme.
Oocytes and sperms are collected, fertilisation is carried out outside the body, the embryo is cultured to suitable stage and then transferred to the uterus; it is called test tube baby because fertilisation occurs in vitro.
Sperms are injected into the vas deferens to fertilise the ovum in vivo and the zygote is allowed to implant naturally; it is called test tube baby because implantation occurs in a tube.
Ovaries are stimulated and the zygote is transferred directly to the oviduct without prior fertilisation; it is called test tube baby because the oviduct acts as a tube.
Sperms and eggs are frozen and later thawed for natural conception in the fallopian tube; it is called test tube baby because embryos are stored in tubes.
Name any two copper‑releasing intra‑uterine devices and state two reasons that make them effective contraceptives.
Multiload‑375 and Cu‑T; they release copper ions that decrease sperm motility and increase phagocytosis of sperms in the uterus.
Lippes loop and LNG‑20; they inhibit ovulation and increase oestrogen levels.
Norplant and Saheli; they thicken endometrium and promote implantation.
Condom and diaphragm; they chemically inactivate sperms and cause oocyte degeneration.
“Amniocentesis is a very useful and important technique, but due to some reason there is a statutory ban on amniocentesis.” The most appropriate justification is that
it can be misused for prenatal sex determination leading to female foeticide.
it invariably causes congenital defects in the foetus and must be avoided.
it has no diagnostic value and is obsolete.
it always results in abortions because it damages the placenta.
Why is the term in vitro fertilisation (IVF) used, and what is its importance?
Fertilisation occurs outside the body in laboratory conditions and helps infertile couples to conceive.
Fertilisation occurs inside the oviduct and treats sexually transmitted infections.
It involves surgical removal of the uterus to prevent pregnancy permanently.
It is a method of natural contraception during lactation.
Which statement correctly distinguishes GIFT from ZIFT?
GIFT involves placing gametes into the fallopian tube for in vivo fertilisation, while ZIFT transfers a zygote/early embryo into the fallopian tube.
GIFT transfers a zygote into the uterus, while ZIFT injects sperm into the oocyte cytoplasm.
GIFT and ZIFT are identical procedures for embryo transfer into the uterus.
GIFT is used only when the oviducts are blocked, whereas ZIFT requires both oviducts to be non‑functional.
Why do some women use Saheli pills?
They are a once‑a‑week, non‑steroidal oral contraceptive with fewer side effects.
They permanently block the fallopian tubes after a single dose.
They are emergency pills that induce immediate ovulation.
They are injectable steroids taken daily with high androgenic effects.
Which set best represents characteristics of an ideal contraceptive?
Highly effective, reversible, no significant side effects, easily available and affordable, user‑friendly.
Irreversible, causes amenorrhoea, expensive, requires surgical expertise, rare availability.
Requires daily hospital supervision, induces infertility permanently, low acceptability.
Alters genetic makeup of gametes, has strong side effects, and low efficacy.
Which three approaches together prevent fertilisation of a human ovum by sperm?
Abstinence during fertile period, barrier methods to prevent sperm entry, and intra‑uterine devices or surgical methods to prevent sperm transport/implantation.
Inducing superovulation, transfusing hormones, and embryo freezing.
Daily administration of androgens, endometrial scraping, and oocyte removal.
Early pregnancy testing, glucose monitoring, and folic acid supplementation.
Observe the pictured contraceptive device and answer: What is the device used for?
It is an intra‑uterine device (Copper‑T type) used for spacing/contraception by preventing fertilisation and implantation.
It is a cardiac catheter used to open blocked arteries.
It is a laparoscopic instrument for vasectomy in males.
It is an ovum pick‑up needle used in IVF to retrieve oocytes.
Why do intensely lactating mothers not generally conceive?
High prolactin during intense lactation suppresses GnRH, preventing ovulation and cycles (lactational amenorrhoea).
Breast milk destroys all sperm entering the vagina.
The uterus becomes permanently infertile during lactation.
Lactation thickens cervical mucus permanently blocking sperm entry.
Our government has intentionally imposed strict conditions for MTP (Medical Termination of Pregnancy) in our country. The most appropriate justification is that this is to
prevent misuse for illegal sex‑selective abortions while ensuring safe procedures.
increase the overall abortion rate to control population growth.
ban all contraceptive methods in favour of surgical procedures only.
ensure abortions are performed only in the second trimester as a routine.
Explain the mode of action of copper‑releasing IUDs and how a hormone‑releasing IUD differs.
Copper IUDs release Cu2+ that reduce sperm motility and viability and increase phagocytosis; hormone‑releasing IUDs release progestogen to thicken cervical mucus and make endometrium unsuitable for implantation.
Copper IUDs inhibit ovulation completely; hormone‑releasing IUDs stimulate ovulation.
Copper IUDs act as physical barriers at the cervix; hormone‑releasing IUDs dissolve in blood to promote implantation.
Copper IUDs deliver oestrogen to the uterus; hormone‑releasing IUDs supply androgens to block menstruation.
Why is Saheli a preferred contraceptive by women?
It is a non‑steroidal, once‑a‑week oral pill (centchroman) with high efficacy and fewer side effects.
It is a daily injectable steroid with strong androgenic effects causing amenorrhoea.
It is a permanent method requiring surgery under general anaesthesia.
It is an emergency contraceptive with high nausea and vomiting.
Expand the abbreviation ZIFT used for a mode of assisted reproduction.
Zygote Intra‑Fallopian Transfer
Zygote Intra‑Uterine Transport
Zona‑Initiated Fertility Technique
Zygote‑Induced Follicular Transfer
Expand the abbreviation ICSI used for a mode of assisted reproduction.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Intrauterine Cervical Sperm Inoculation
Intercellular Cytoplasmic Sperm Infusion
Intracervical Semen Instillation
Expand the abbreviation IUT used for a mode of assisted reproduction.
Intra‑Uterine Transfer
Intra‑Uterine Therapy
Intra‑Ureteral Transfer
Integrated Uterine Technology
Expand the abbreviation GIFT used for a mode of assisted reproduction.
Gamete Intra‑Fallopian Transfer
Gamete Intra‑Uterine Transfer
Gonadal Intrafollicular Transfer
Germ‑cell Intrauterine Transfer
Which one among ZIFT, ICSI, IUT and GIFT cannot be considered a procedure of IVF, and why?
GIFT, because fertilisation occurs inside the body after placing gametes in the fallopian tube.
IUT, because embryos are never transferred into the uterus in IVF.
ZIFT, because a zygote is never formed in IVF.
ICSI, because sperm injection into the oocyte is not compatible with IVF.
Which option best states reasons for introducing sex education to school‑going children?
To create awareness about reproductive health, safe sexual behaviour, prevention of STDs and unwanted pregnancies, and respect for gender equality.
To encourage early marriages and high birth rates for population growth.
To replace biology classes with moral science and reduce scientific literacy.
To promote sex‑selective practices and increase use of unsafe abortions.
Which two factors other than physical and congenital disorders can cause infertility in couples?
Chronic stress and sexually transmitted infections
Excessive carbohydrate intake and colour blindness
Regular exercise and balanced diet
Blood group incompatibility and myopia
How has IVF as a technique helped childless couples in having children?
By enabling fertilisation outside the body and subsequent transfer of the embryo to the mother when natural conception fails.
By permanently sterilising both partners to avoid pregnancies.
By replacing the uterus with an artificial organ for gestation.
By genetically modifying embryos to increase birth weight.
Which statement correctly compares GIFT with ICSI?
GIFT places gametes in the fallopian tube for in vivo fertilisation, whereas ICSI injects a sperm directly into an oocyte in vitro before embryo transfer.
Both GIFT and ICSI involve injecting sperm into the oocyte cytoplasm in vivo.
GIFT transfers a zygote into the uterus, whereas ICSI transfers only sperm into the cervix.
ICSI is done only if both oviducts are patent, while GIFT does not require patent oviducts.
IUDs are said to be effective contraceptives. Which option correctly names two commonly used IUDs and states their modes of action?
Cu‑T and Multiload‑375; copper ions reduce sperm motility/viability and increase uterine phagocytosis, preventing fertilisation and implantation.
Lippes loop and diaphragm; they inhibit ovulation by blocking LH surge.
Norplant and Saheli; they cause oocyte degeneration and promote implantation.
Condom and cervical cap; they release hormones to thin the endometrium.
When is sterilisation advised to married couples, and how is it carried out in a human male and a female, respectively?
After family is complete; by vasectomy in males (cutting/tying vas deferens) and tubectomy in females (cutting/tying fallopian tubes).
Before first child; by hysterectomy in females and orchidectomy in males.
During adolescence; by daily hormonal injections in both sexes.
Immediately after marriage; by cutting the urethra in males and cervix in females.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In birds the sex of the offspring is determined by males. Reason: Males are homogametic while females are heterogametic.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: The law of independent assortment can be studied through dihybrid cross. Reason: Only those genes show independent assortment which are linked.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: There is expression of only one gene of the parental character in a Mendelian monohybrid cross in F1 generation. Reason: In a dissimilar pair of factors one member of the pair dominates the other.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In a monohybrid cross, only dominant characters exhibit themselves in the F1 generation. Reason: Dominant trait is expressed only in the heterozygous condition.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: ABO blood group system is a good example of pleiotropic genes. Reason: In ABO blood group system, when IA and IB alleles are present together, both express themselves.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In birds, females are heterogametic and males are homogametic. Reason: In birds, females have ZW sex chromosomes and males have ZZ sex chromosomes.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: The maximum frequency of recombination that results from crossing over of linked genes is 50 percent. Reason: If distance between linked genes is longer, they show higher frequency of crossing over.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Down’s syndrome is caused due to absence of either X or Y sex chromosome. Reason: Such individuals show mental retardation and broad head with characteristic features.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Sickle-cell anaemia is an autosome-linked recessive disorder. Reason: It appears only in human male which can be transferred to their grandson through carrier daughter.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Haemophilia never occurs in women. Reason: Gene for haemophilia is located on X chromosome.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: The genetic complement of an organism is called genotype. Reason: Genotype is the type of hereditary properties of an organism.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: All genetic disorders, Mendelian or chromosomal, are transmitted from one generation to the other. Reason: Genes are located on chromosomes.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In humans the genotype with all the dominant alleles (AABBCC) will have the darkest skin colour. Reason: In a polygenic trait, phenotype reflects the contribution of each allele.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Birds like pigeon have heterogametic females whereas the males are homogametic. Reason: In pigeons, females have Z and W sex chromosomes whereas males have ZZ sex chromosomes.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: In Thalassemia an abnormal myoglobin chain is synthesized due to a gene defect. Reason: α-Thalassemia is controlled by genes HBA1 and HBA2 on chromosome 16.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: When the two genes in a dihybrid cross are situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combinations is much higher than non-parental type. Reason: Higher parental gene combinations can be attributed to crossing over between two genes.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion-Reason format. In the following question, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices: (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion: Substitution of Glutamine by Valine at the sixth position of the Beta globin chain of haemoglobin leads to sickle-cell anaemia in humans. Reason: Deletions and insertions of base pairs in DNA cause frame-shift mutations.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Study the figures given below and answer the questions that follow. Cross A depicts Drosophila chromosomes with markers y and w in females and y+ and w+ in males; the phenotypes shown are yellow white and wild type. Cross B depicts Drosophila chromosomes with markers w and m in females and w+ and m+ in males; the phenotypes shown are white miniature and wild type; parental type is indicated in the diagram. Consider these as examples used by Morgan and his group to explore linkage and recombination in dihybrid crosses.
In a dihybrid cross, when would the proportion of parental gene combinations be much higher than non-parental types, as experimentally shown by Morgan and his group?
When the genes are linked on the same chromosome and crossing over between them is infrequent
When the genes assort independently on different chromosomes with frequent crossing over
When one gene is dominant and the other is recessive, regardless of their location
When the organism is homozygous for both genes in the parents
If two genes are located far apart from each other on a chromosome, how will the frequency of recombination be affected?
It will be higher because crossing over is more likely between distant loci
It will be lower because distant loci rarely recombine
It will be unchanged because recombination depends only on dominance
It will be zero because far loci behave as if unlinked
How is distance between genes related to the frequency of recombination?
Greater the distance, higher the recombination frequency
Greater the distance, lower the recombination frequency
No relationship; recombination frequency is constant
Recombination frequency is maximal only at intermediate distances
What are ‘true breeding lines’ that are used to study inheritance patterns of traits in plants?
Lines produced by continuous self-pollination for several generations, homozygous for traits
Lines that show maximum heterozygosity due to repeated cross-pollination
Lines with only dominant phenotypes maintained by selection in one generation
Lines that are genetically identical clones produced by grafting
PASSAGE-2 The chromosome number is fixed for all normal organisms leading to species specification whereas any abnormality in the chromosome number of an organism results into abnormal individuals. For example, in humans 46 is the fixed number of chromosomes both in male and female. In male it is 44 + XY and in female it is 44 + XX. Thus the human male is heterogametic, in other words produces two different types of gametes: one with 22 + X chromosomes and the other with 22 + Y chromosomes respectively. Human female, on the other hand is homogametic, i.e., produces only one type of gamete with 22 + X chromosomes only. Sometimes an error may occur during meiosis of cell cycle, where the sister chromatids fail to segregate, called nondisjunction, leading to the production of abnormal gametes with altered chromosome number. On fertilisation such gametes develop into abnormal individuals.
State what is aneuploidy.
Variation in entire chromosome sets resulting in polyploidy
Occurrence of absence or excess of one or more chromosomes due to nondisjunction
Change in DNA base sequence without changing chromosome number
Loss of DNA segments because of crossing-over errors
If during spermatogenesis, the chromatids of sex chromosomes fail to segregate during meiosis, write only the different types of gametes with altered chromosome number that could possibly be produced.
22 + X and 22 + Y
22 + XY and 22 + 0
22 + XX and 22 + YY
22 + X and 22 + 0
A normal human sperm (22 + Y) fertilises an ovum with karyotype 22 + XX. Name the disorder the offspring thus produced would suffer from and select all the symptoms that apply.
Gynaecomastia and feminine pitched voice
Short stature with webbed neck
Poor beard growth and sterility
Intellectual disability with epicanthic eye folds
Tall stature with masculine body proportions
Name a best known and most common autosomal aneuploid abnormality in humans and select all the symptoms that apply.
Down's syndrome; intellectual disability and epicanthic eye folds
Turner syndrome; streak ovaries and infertility
Down's syndrome; simian crease and hypotonia
Klinefelter syndrome; gynaecomastia and sterility
PASSAGE-3 A relevant portion of β‑chain of haemoglobin of a normal human is given below (positions 1–7): Val–His–Leu–Thr–Pro–Glu–Glu. The codon for the sixth amino acid is GAG. The sixth codon GAG mutates to GAA as a result of mutation ‘A’ and into GUG as a result of mutation ‘B’. Haemoglobin structure did not change as a result of mutation ‘A’ whereas haemoglobin structure changed because of mutation ‘B’ leading to sickle‑shaped RBCs.
Explain, giving reasons, how mutation ‘B’ could change the haemoglobin structure and not mutation ‘A’.
Mutation ‘A’ is silent because GAG and GAA both code for glutamic acid, whereas mutation ‘B’ replaces glutamic acid with valine altering haemoglobin
Mutation ‘A’ deletes the sixth amino acid, while mutation ‘B’ duplicates it without structural effect
Mutation ‘A’ changes the reading frame, while mutation ‘B’ occurs in an intron
Mutation ‘A’ substitutes proline for glutamic acid, whereas mutation ‘B’ keeps glutamic acid unchanged
Write the genotype of an individual who is carrier of sickle‑cell anaemia gene but apparently unaffected.
HbA HbA
HbA HbS
HbS HbS
HbA HbC
Write the genotype of an individual affected with this disease.
HbA HbA
HbA HbS
HbS HbS
HbA HbC
Which mutation is responsible for causing this disease.
Point mutation
Chromosomal deletion
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
Frameshift insertion
PASSAGE-4 Sex‑Determination in Honey Bees In case of honey bee, the male is haploid while the female is diploid. Similar conditions are found in some other insects like ants and wasps. Male insects are haploid because they develop parthenogenetically from unfertilised eggs. The phenomenon is called arrhenotoky. Meiosis does not occur in the formation of sperms. Females grow from fertilised eggs and are hence diploid. Queen bee picks up all the sperms from drone during nuptial flight and stores them in a seminal receptacle. When the queen visits drone cells it lays eggs but seminal receptacles fail to emit the sperms. The male honey bee develops parthenogenetically from these unfertilised eggs. However in all other cells, i.e., cells of workers, the female lays eggs and sperms are emitted properly from its seminal receptacle, upon these eggs leading to their fertilisation. Hence except drones other honey bees (worker and queen) are diploid.
The diploid number of chromosomes for honey bee is 32. How many chromosomes will be present in the cells of drone?
16
24
32
8
What type of cell division is involved in spermatogenesis in honey bee?
Mitosis
Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II
Meiosis only
Amitosis
What type of cell division is involved in oogenesis in honey bee?
Mitosis
Meiosis
Binary fission
Endomitosis
What factors are responsible for the fertilised eggs to develop into queen or workers?
Larval nutrition
Haplodiploidy of the parents
Pheromonal cues from drones
Temperature during pupation
Choose the correct option: Select the incorrect match from the following Human karyotype–character pairs: (A) 45 + XX — Broad palm with characteristic palm crease (B) 44 + XXY — Overall feminine development (C) 44 + XO — Sterile females as ovaries are rudimentary (D) 44 + XY — Normal male.
45 + XX — Broad palm with characteristic palm crease
44 + XXY — Overall feminine development
44 + XO — Sterile females as ovaries are rudimentary
44 + XY — Normal male
Choose the correct option: Match the items in Column I with those in Column II and select the correctly matched option. Column I (Cross): (1) Mendelian monohybrid (2) Mendelian dihybrid (3) Incomplete dominance (4) Test cross (monohybrid). Column II (Phenotypic Ratio): (i) 1 : 2 : 1 (F2) (ii) 1 : 1 (iii) 3 : 1 (F2) (iv) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (F2).
1-(ii), 2-(i), 3-(i), 4-(iii)
1-(iii), 2-(i), 3-(iv), 4-(ii)
1-(iii), 2-(iv), 3-(i), 4-(ii)
1-(i), 2-(i), 3-(iv), 4-(iii)
Choose the correct option: A woman with normal vision has a colour blind father. She marries a man with normal vision. The percentage chance of their progeny being colour blind is
25%
50%
75%
100%
Choose the correct option: In which of the following chromosomal disorders do the individuals have short stature, small head, furrowed tongue and partially open mouth?
Turner's syndrome
Down's syndrome
Klinefelter's syndrome
Edwards' syndrome
Choose the correct option: A Snapdragon plant bearing pink colour flowers is crossed with a Snapdragon plant bearing white colour flowers. Their F1 progeny will show
25% Red : 50% Pink : 25% White
50% Red : 50% White
50% Pink : 50% White
25% Pink : 50% Red : 25% White
Identify the category of genetic disorder in the pedigree chart shown (filled symbols indicate affected individuals; squares represent males and circles represent females).
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of organic evolution after his experiments on
Garden pea
Evening primrose
Fruit fly
Four O' clock plant
Turner's syndrome in humans occurs due to
Aneuploidy
Euploidy
Polyploidy
Autosomal abnormality
The recombinant frequency between four linked genes is as follows: I. between X and Y is 40% II. between Y and Z is 30% III. between Z and W is 10% IV. between W and X is 20%. Select the option that shows the correct order of the position of W, X, Y and Z genes on the chromosome.
Y—X—Z—W
Y—W—Z—X
X—Y—Z—W
Z—X—Y—W
In chick pea assume there is no linkage and allele of large seed (L) is dominant over small seed (l) and green colour seed (G) is dominant over yellow colour seed (g). Two chick pea parent plants when crossed resulted in progeny having small seeds with green colour and large seeds with yellow colour besides other phenotypic progenies. Select the genotype of these two parent plants.
LLGG × llgg
llgg × LLGG
llGG × llGG
llGg × Llgg
A child with blood group O has father with blood group A and mother with blood group B. Choose the correct option for the possible genotypes of parents and the child.
Father I^B i, Mother I^A i, Child I^A i
Father I^A i, Mother I^B i, Child ii
Father I^A I^A, Mother I^B I^B, Child ii
Father I^B i, Mother I^A I^A, Child I^B i
Polydactyly (six-fingered hands) is a genetic condition due to a dominant allele (P) over recessive allele (p). If a six-fingered woman and a five-fingered man have a five-fingered child, the genotype of the parents and the child would be
Mother PP, Father PP, Child Pp
Mother PP, Father PP, Child PP
Mother Pp, Father pp, Child PP
Mother Pp, Father pp, Child pp
A cross is made between tall pea plants having green pods and dwarf pea plants having yellow pods. In the F2 generation, out of 80 plants how many are likely to be tall plants?
15
20
45
60
In Antirrhinum, RR is phenotypically red flowers, rr is white and Rr is pink. Select the correct phenotypic ratio in F1 generation when a cross is performed between RR × Rr.
1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
2 pink : 1 white
2 red : 2 pink
All pink
What would be the genotype of the parents if the offspring have the phenotypes in 1 : 1 proportion?
Aa × Aa
AA × AA
Aa × AA
Aa × aa
What is the pattern of inheritance in the pedigree chart shown (filled symbols indicate affected individuals; squares represent males and circles represent females)?
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Sex-linked dominant
Sex-linked recessive
A couple has two daughters. What is the probability that the third child will also be a female?
25%
50%
75%
100%
Genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 is obtained in a cross between
AB × AB
Ab × Ab
Ab × ab
ab × ab
The gene that controls the ABO blood group system in human beings has three alleles — IA,IB and i . A child has blood group O. His father has blood group A and mother has blood group B. Genotypes of other offsprings can be: (i) IBIB (ii) IAi (iii) IBi (iv) IAIB (v) ii . Choose the correct option.
(i), (ii), (iii), (v)
(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
(iii), (iv), (v)
(iv), (iii), (i)
Placed below is a karyotype of a human being. On the basis of this karyotype, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
Normal human female
Person is suffering from colour blindness
Affected individual is a female with Down's syndrome
Affected individual is a female with Turner's syndrome
Given below is a dihybrid cross performed on Drosophila. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of this cross? When yellow bodied (y), white eyed (w) Drosophila females were hybridised with brown bodied (y+), red eyed males (w+) and F1 progenies were inter-crossed, the F2 generation would have shown the following ratio
1 : 2 : 1 because of linkage of genes
9 : 3 : 3 : 1 because of recombination of genes
Deviation from 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio because of segregation of genes
Deviation from 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio because of linkage of genes
The chromosomal theory of inheritance was put forth by
Gregor Mendel and Tschermak
Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant
De Vries and Correns
Failure of segregation of sister chromatids during cell cycle results in
Polyploidy
Autopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy
Aneuploidy
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Linked genes do not show dihybrid F2 ratio 9:3:3:1 . Reason (R): Linked genes do not undergo independent assortment.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Human skin colour show polygenic inheritance. Reason (R): Each allele of human skin colour gene shows participation and the phenotype is controlled by many genes.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): The genes on a chromosome are physically linked. Reason (R): The number of linkage groups in an organism is equal to their haploid number of chromosomes.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. Assertion (A): Phenylalanine reductase is needed to breakdown the amino acid phenylalanine. Reason (R): Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Although haemophilia and sickle-cell anaemia are two blood related Mendelian disorders, yet they differ in their pattern of inheritance. State any two differences.
Haemophilia is X-linked recessive while sickle-cell anaemia is autosomal recessive.
Carriers of haemophilia are typically females; carriers of sickle-cell trait can be either sex.
Haemophilia primarily affects blood clotting; sickle-cell anaemia primarily affects the shape of red blood cells and oxygen transport.
Haemophilia shows codominance in carriers; sickle-cell trait shows complete dominance with no carrier state.
Given below is a picture that shows the magnified blood smear of a patient under a microscope. Name the disease the blood smear is indicative of. Write the symptoms of the disease and its cause.
Sickle-cell anaemia; painful crises with fatigue and jaundice due to abnormal haemoglobin caused by a point mutation in the β -globin gene (HbS)
Thalassaemia; recurrent infections due to deletion of α -globin genes
Leukaemia; uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells due to chromosomal translocation
Haemophilia; prolonged bleeding due to deficiency of clotting factor VIII caused by an X-linked mutation
Given below is a picture that shows the magnified blood smear of a patient under a microscope. Explain the inheritance pattern of the disease with the help of a suitable cross.
Autosomal recessive; cross of two carriers HbAHbS×HbAHbS produces 1HbAHbA:2HbAHbS:1HbSHbS
X-linked recessive; cross of a carrier mother XHXh and a normal father XHY produces affected sons only
Autosomal dominant; cross of heterozygotes Aa×Aa produces 3 affected : 1 normal
Mitochondrial inheritance; affected mothers pass the trait to all children
Write the karyotype and the genetic disorder of an individual who has developed from a zygote formed from an 'XX' egg fertilised by a 'Y' sperm.
47,XXY ; Klinefelter syndrome
47,XXX ; Triple X syndrome
45,X0 ; Turner syndrome
47,XYY ; Jacobs syndrome
Mention any two symptoms of the genetic disorder that results when a zygote is formed from an 'XX' egg fertilised by a 'Y' sperm.
Underdeveloped testes and sterility in males
Tall stature with gynecomastia
Severe intellectual disability with epicanthic folds
Webbed neck with short stature in females
Write the possible reason that leads to the formation of an 'XX' egg.
Nondisjunction of X chromosomes during oogenesis producing a disomic egg
Crossing over between nonhomologous chromosomes in meiosis I
Non-disjunction of chromosome 21 during spermatogenesis
Cytoplasmic inheritance from the mother
Three crosses were carried out in pea plants with respect to flower colour violet/white ( V/v ) and flower position axial/terminal ( A/a ). Study the table for the crosses 'a', 'b' and 'c' where parental phenotypes and their F1 progeny phenotypes are given, then find the genotypes of each parental pair. Cross (a): Parental plants — violet, axial × white, axial. F1 progeny — 6/16 white, axial; 2/16 white, terminal; 6/16 violet, axial; 2/16 violet, terminal.
VvAa×vvAa
VvAA×vvAA
VVAA×vvaa
VvAa×vvaa
Three crosses were carried out in pea plants with respect to flower colour violet/white ( V/v ) and flower position axial/terminal ( A/a ). Study the table for the crosses 'a', 'b' and 'c' where parental phenotypes and their F1 progeny phenotypes are given, then find the genotypes of each parental pair. Cross (b): Parental plants — violet, axial × white, terminal. F1 progeny — 1/4 violet, axial; 1/4 violet, terminal; 1/4 white, axial; 1/4 white, terminal.
AaVv×aavv
AAVV×aavv
AaVv×AaVv
AAVv×aavv
Three crosses were carried out in pea plants with respect to flower colour violet/white ( V/v ) and flower position axial/terminal ( A/a ). Study the table for the crosses 'a', 'b' and 'c' where parental phenotypes and their F1 progeny phenotypes are given, then find the genotypes of each parental pair. Cross (c): Parental plants — violet, axial × violet, axial. F1 progeny — 3/4 violet, axial; 1/4 white, axial.
VvAA×VvAA
VvAa×VvAa
VVAA×VVAA
VVAA×VvAA
A pea plant with purple flowers, when crossed with a plant with white, produced 50 plants with only purple flowers. On selfing these plants produced 482 plants with purple flower and 162 with white flowers. Explain the pattern of inheritance with the help of a Punnett square.
Complete dominance of purple over white with a monohybrid cross showing 3:1 ratio in F2
Incomplete dominance with pink F1 and 1:2:1 ratio in F2
Codominance with red and white spots in F1 and F2
Multiple allelism with 9:3:3:1 ratio in F2
Many patterns of inheritance deviate considerably from the pattern of inheritance as explained by Mendel. List any four such inheritance patterns and explain any three with an example each.
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Multiple alleles
Polygenic inheritance
Cytoplasmic (maternal) inheritance
