The standard deviation

If Andy has an IQ of 130. If the mean for IQ is 100 with a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of the population has an IQ greater than Andy's, assuming the population falls on a normal distribution?

Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and control group other than the independent variable are _____________________.

The factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment is the _________________.

The subgroup of the population that participates in the study is referred to as the _________.

When a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results, ____________ bias has occurred.

A psychological or physical treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group, but that contains no active ingredient, is known as the ______________.

This research method is a technique for ascertaining the self -reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, often by questioning a representative sample of the group.

The _____________ method of research is where the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering.

The advantage of a(n) ________________ is that it yields a great deal of detailed descriptive information.

The advantage of _______________ is that they create an immense amount of data that can be gathered quickly and inexpensively.

The primary disadvantage of _______________ research is that it does not permit researchers to establish cause-and-effect results instead only showing a relationship exists between the two variables being studied.

A disadvantage of _________________ is that the artificiality of the lab may not lend itself to real results that are unaffected by sampling, participant, or experimenter bias.

_____________research can only be measured between the values of -1 and 1, and it is graphed on a scatterplot.

In _______________, questions must be asked “just right” to get reliable answers, and the researcher may doubt the veracity of the answers.

What is a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable such as an emotion?

Which of the following methods best limits the influence of unknown variables in an experiment?

It is important for researchers to use precise operational definitions when . . .

Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that...

A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study's . . .

Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, which is the most likely method researchers will use to study it?

Which procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher?

All of the following are American Psychological Association (APA) ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

If Ethan is doing an experiment that involves how long Liv's just washed car will stay clean, what is unexpected rain in this experiment?

In a controlled FDA study, the group receiving the treatment is the _______________________ group.

In an FDA study, the group receiving the placebo is referred to as the _______________ group.

In IQ testing, the standard error of measure indicates a _______________ of possible scores because IQ is not exact. For example, if your score on the test is 125, it is written as 125 +/-3.

Before Liam embarks on a full-blown experiment, he might gather ________________ research first to see if a strong enough relationship exists to do a cause-effect study.

If Dr. J pulls every 10th student out of the auditorium to create a sample of ninth graders, what method is she using?

If Mr. Lawless asks for everyone in the gym who has red hair to vote for student body president and one of the candidates has red hair, what has he created?

Which type of psychological study uses measures of central tendency and measures of variability?

_______________ is a statistical method that deduces from a small but representative sample the characteristics of a bigger population.

_________________ says the test covered what it is supposed to cover; ____________________ says the results will be similar if given a month apart with no additional preparation.

Modern psychology is often maligned because its results aren't always ___________________.

Before the APA Code of Ethics existed, psychology was often maligned because its results weren't always ___________________.

Which type of graph is most often used to represent correlational findings?

Which of the following images shows a scatterplot?

The major problem with _____________ research is that you have no control of variables and the behavior may be a fluke occurrence.

Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and control group other than the independent variable are _____________________.

A researcher has recorded that, during a typical day in a primary school classroom, green-eyed children are more likely than blue-eyed children to ask questions. This researcher most likely employed a(n) __________ research method to gather data. A researcher most likely employed a(n) research method to gather data.

Observational research allows a researcher to

Professor MacDougall is interested in the reaction of students to a new university policy requiring attendance at all class meetings. Professor MacDougall inconspicuously listens to student conversations when the topic comes up and records the students' opinions. This technique represents

Compared to the others, which example BEST illustrates the observational method?

Archival research is based on

Professor Yarnofsky wonders whether recent acts of airline terrorism have made the public more fearful of airline flight. He secures records of the amount of flight insurance that people have purchased via machines at the airport, and compares the records of insurance purchases before the last hijacking to purchases after the last hijacking. Professor Yarnofsky has employed a(n) research method.

A researcher is interested in the changing nature of sex roles in contemporary society. If she were to employ an archival analysis, what would she be most likely to do?

Dr. Nash wants to conduct research on partner abuse. Why would Dr. Nash be unwise to use observational methods for this topic?

The primary strength of the observational method is that it can be used to

The primary strength of correlational research is that it can be used to

What do observational and correlational research have in common?

A researcher wants to determine if there is any relationship between car color and the tendency to run through stop signs at intersections. The best method to address this question is

A researcher hired by a department store wants to examine whether manipulating the room temperature to be hotter as opposed to cooler affects sales of air conditioners. The best method for answering this question would be

A researcher hired by a department store wants to examine whether manipulating the room temperature to be hotter as opposed to cooler affects sales of air conditioners. The best method for answering this question would be

Song Ho has discovered that, according to information from the registrar's office, people who score higher on the SAT tend to have a higher GPA in their first year of college. Song Ho has used a(n) research method.

Assume that instead of conducting experiments, Bibb Latané and John M. Darley had used a correlational approach to study the relationship between the number of bystanders who witness an emergency and how quickly a victim receives help. Assume that the correlational data were compatible with results from experiments: the more bystanders, the more time it took bystanders to help. What type of correlation is this between time and number of bystanders?

A researcher conducted a study and found a positive correlation between age and life satisfaction. In other words, this researcher found that as age increases; life satisfaction tends to

Which statement provides the BEST definition of the term 'sample'?

Why is it unwise to conclude that if two variables are correlated, one must have caused the other?

Which technique is used in experiments but not in the correlational method?

Shannon conducts an experiment to test her hypothesis that longer arguments cause couples to become angrier at each other. She randomly assigns couples to argue for either 10 minutes or 20 minutes. After her assistant Ken runs the study, Ken tells Shannon that he allowed the couples who were really fighting hard to keep arguing longer than Shannon had originally stated. Shannon cringes, for she knows that the ________ of her study is very low.

Internal validity is to causality; generalizability as external validity is to

A drawback to using experiments is that

Under carefully controlled experimental conditions, Dominique finds that seventh graders who study an additional 2 hours raise their test scores by 5 percent. Before publishing her results, she repeats the experiment with a different group of seventh graders, another group of seventh graders studying different material, and a group of eighth graders; in all cases the same pattern of results emerges. What important feature of the scientific process is Dominique demonstrating? What important feature of the scientific process is Dominique demonstrating?

A psychologist first conducted a study on helping behavior by enlisting the participation of a sample of college undergraduates. This psychologist then replicated the study using the same procedure with a different sample of participants drawn from a social club for retirees. If similar results were obtained with both samples, this experimenter has demonstrated

Javier and his twin sister both have the same science exam. Javier sleeps for 9 hours the night before the exam and his sister sleeps for 6 hours. After they take the test, they both compare their test grades. What is the independent variable?

What is the primary purpose of the control group in an experiment?

To improve the generalizability of their findings, researchers strive to:

Chris puts 20 children in a drumming class and contrasts their drumming abilities with 20 children who have not had any drum instruction.

Tracey chooses 1,000 people to be in her study about the personalities of youngest children.

Danny picks 100 students to try a new AP Psychology text and compares them with 100 other students who are using the old text.

Keith exposes half of his participants to an episode of a sitcom and half to an episode of a violent television show and then observes them for signs of aggressive behavior.

Select the sampling method that would most fairly represent the people in the viewing area.

A researcher is interested in determining if infant crying and caretaker responses are different in developed and developing nations. She trains her research assistants to watch and record babies' behaviors in 3-minute increments, including variations in crying (e.g., whimpering, pain cries, etc.), as well as caregiver responses (e.g., holding, speaking, etc.). She then chooses 50 participants in four different countries to be included in her study. What type of research design is she using?

Jane Goodall lived among wild chimpanzees intermittently for decades, studying their social and family systems while keeping her interaction with the chimpanzees to a minimum. Her research method can most accurately be described as

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is

In a study to determine whether how long a student sleeps affects test scores, the independent variable is the _________ while the dependent variable is the _________.

Given a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 7, what percentage of scores are greater than 68?

If I tell you that you scored at the 55th percentile on your final exam, you would know:

What is the standard deviation on this Normal Curve?

The distribution of household incomes in a small town is strongly skewed to the right. The mean income is $42,000 and the standard deviation is $24,000. The Ames family’s household income is $60,000. The z-score for the Ames family’s income is

What percent is represented by the area between -2 and -1?

What is a double-blind study?

A scientist wants to understand if stress can affect memory. She tests this hypothesis by observing teachers teaching students quietly, peacefully, gently and other teachers teaching by shouting and getting angry. The students are tested and the results show that the students with the calm teachers got better grades. Which is the dependent variable?

A teacher wants to know if playing relaxing music during study time helps students study better. Every day for one week the teacher plays nice music to the students, then gives them a test. Next week the students study without music then do a test. The grades from the first week are 10% higher than the grades from the second week. What is the independent variable?

A scientist wants to see if birds prefer different colours of lights at night. She sets a lamp with a red bulb in her garden for one week, yellow for another week, blue for another week. She counts how many birds come into her garden every night for all three weeks. Which is the dependent variable?

Jake took the ACT and Marlena took the SAT. Jake's z-score was 1.2 and Marlena's z-score was 1.4. Which is true for both Jake and Marlena?

Jake took the ACT and Marlena took the SAT. Jake's z-score was 1.2 and Marlena's z-score was 1.4. Who did better on their test?

Which option is a theory?

Observation: In several schools, teens who get late-night phone notifications fall asleep later; turning notifications off or parking phones outside the bedroom links to earlier sleep.

Which theory best satisfies the law of parsimony?

Which options count as variables the team could measure or manipulate? (Mark all that apply)

Which outlet most likely uses peer review before publication?

Which statements best capture the purpose of operational definitions in psychological research?

(Check all that apply)

Ideally, researchers not affiliated with those who produce the original findings conduct replication studies.

Replication is an important method in psychological science primarily because it:

Which scenario best illustrates a false positive?

Which of the following studies is most likely to face problems with replication?

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between sample size, representativeness, and population validity in psychological research?

Before collecting any data, Dr. Alvarez uploads her study’s hypotheses and planned analyses to a public, time-stamped site. Later, she finds an unexpected result but chooses not to change her original plan.
What practice is Dr. Alvarez following?

What is the main goal of pre-registration in psychological research?

Dr. Li wants to understand whether mindfulness apps reduce anxiety. Instead of running her own experiment, she gathers results from 40 published studies, giving more weight to those with thousands of participants and rigorous methods. What research method is Dr. Li using?

Which of the following statements best distinguishes a meta-analysis from a simple literature review?

When conducting a meta-analysis, how are research findings from different studies typically combined?

_______________ is a statistical method that deduces from a small but representative sample the characteristics of a bigger population.

To improve the generalizability of their findings, researchers strive to:

Ashley was researching tuition costs for college and noticed the cost has increased over the last ten years. As she was researching, she noticed that there has also been an increase in the number of electric cars sold. Is this association or causation?

Given that field experiments are high in external validity, why is it that social psychologists still rely on laboratory experiments?

Brielle is working to increase the productivity of employees during the holiday season at the retail store she is employed by. She is most likely what type of psychologist?