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ESS Midterm Review

Total questions: 97

Worksheet time: 3hrs 47mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What kind of sorting is this?

a)

Vertical

b)

Horizontal

c)

Cross-bedding

d)

Unsorted

2.

Which of the following statements is the definition of porosity?

a)

the amount of air space between sediments

b)

the ability of water to flow through sediments

c)

the density of sediments

d)

the rate of infiltration

3.

Which sample has the GREATEST porosity?

a)

sorted

b)

unsorted

4.

Water moves very slowly through clay. Which statement about clay must be true?

a)

clay has large pore spaces

b)

clay has round particles

c)

clay is impermeable

5.
Water flows through permeable materials ____________________ than impermeable materials.
a)
slower
b)
faster
6.

If particle size decreases, permeability...

a)

decreases

b)

increases

c)

remains the same

7.

How are plants important in stopping runoff from getting into nearby waterways.

a)

increase amount of water

b)

absorb water

c)

look nice

8.
Abrasion is...
a)
the breaking apart, wearing away, or dissolving of rock. 
b)
the scraping away of materials
c)
material that comes from the weathering of rock
d)
the moving of sediment and rock from one place to another. 
9.

As a quartz pebble is transported by a stream, the

pebble will become more rounded as a result of

a)

A) deposition in well-sorted layers

b)

B) dissolving as water is running over the rock

c)

C) resistance to weathering and erosion

d)

D) abrasion by colliding with other rocks

10.

Why is this pattern of horizontal sorting produced?

a)

A) 

Sediments with a flatter shape settle faster.

b)

B) 

Lower density particles settle faster.

c)

C) 

Dissolved minerals are deposited first.

d)

D) 

Larger particles are deposited first.

11.

Which statement about a rock sample is most likely an inference?

a)

A) The rock has flat sides and sharp corners.

b)

B) The rock is made of small, dark-colored crystals.

c)

C) The rock has thin, distinct layers.

d)

D) The rock has changed color due to weathering.

12.

At which point does the greatest stream erosion occur?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

13.
How is mechanical weathering different from chemical weathering?
a)
Chemical weathering happens over much shorter time frame than mechanical weathering.
b)
Chemical weathering changes the chemical composition of rocks; mechanical weathering does not.
c)
Chemical weathering occurs only in tropical climates; mechanical weathering occurs only in cool climates.
d)
Chemical weathering occurs only in the mountains; mechanical weathering occurs only on flat land.
14.

Which characteristic would most likely remain constant when a limestone cobble is subjected to extensive abrasion?

a)

shape

b)

mass

c)

volume

d)

composition

15.

The rate of soil development in tropical areas is usually greater than the rate of soil development in arctic areas because tropical areas have

a)

less chemical weathering and a scarcity of living organisms

b)

less chemical weathering and an abundance of living organisms

c)

more chemical weathering and a scarcity of living organisms

d)

more chemical weathering and an abundance of living organisms

16.

Particles of soil often differ greatly from the underlying bedrock in color, mineral composition, and organic content. Which conclusion about these soil particles is best made from this evidence?

a)

They are residual sediments.

b)

They are transported sediments.

c)

They are uniformly large-grained.

d)

They are soluble in water.

17.

What will be the most probable arrangement of rock particles deposited directly by a glacier?

a)

sorted and layered

b)

sorted and not layered

c)

unsorted and layered

d)

unsorted and not layered

18.

Fine-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth's surface.

a)

Minerals

b)

Intrusive

c)

Extrusive

d)

Sediments

19.
What type of weathering is it when acid rain breaks down and changes the rock.
a)
chemical weathering 
b)
physical or mechanical weathering
c)
erosion
d)
Deposition
20.

Mechanical weathering in which rock is worn away by the action of other rock particles is

a)

erosion

b)

cracking

c)

abrasion

d)

frost wedging

21.

Oxbow lakes are generally formed by

a)

A) deposition, resulting in a sudden increase in the stream's gradient

b)

B) erosion, resulting in a sudden increase in the stream's gradient

c)

C) erosion along the outside banks of the curve in a meandering stream

d)

D) deposition along the outside banks of the curve in a meandering stream

22.
The diagrams  shows a natural process that weathers rock.
 Which statement best explains why this process results in weathering?
a)
frozen water acts as a solute
b)
water expands when it freezes
c)
the mass of water increases when it freezes
d)
frozen water dissolves most types of rock
23.
How does freezing water cause the weathering of rocks?  The freezing water—
a)
keeps the rocks in place
b)
makes the rocks last longer
c)
expands cracks and breaks rocks
d)
causes rocks to fall in landslides
24.

The movement of water in a river causes the rocks to become ______________ over time.

a)

smaller/smoother

b)

larger/rougher

25.

Running water/River/Stream sediment =

a)

unsorted, round, smooth

b)

unsorted, angular, rough

c)

sorted, round, smooth

d)

sorted, angular, rough

26.

Which profile best shows the general depositional pattern that occurs when water from a stream enters

the ocean?

a)
b)
c)
d)
27.

Four quartz samples of equal size and shape were

placed in a stream. Which of the four quartz samples

below has most likely been transported farthest in the

stream?

a)
b)
c)
d)
28.

The diagram represents a meandering stream flowing into the ocean. Letter C indicates a triangular-shaped depositional feature where the stream enters the ocean.

The triangular-shaped depositional feature indicated by letter C is a

a)

Floodplain

b)

Delta

c)

Ellipse

d)

Water Table

29.

How do sediments looks when eroded by water?

a)

rough, jagged, polished edges

b)

round, smooth, polished edges

c)

round, jagged, polished edges

d)

rough, smooth, polished edges

30.

What would the river channel look like from B to B'

a)
b)
c)
31.

What would the river channel look like from A to A'

a)
b)
c)
32.

What would the river channel look like from C to C'

a)
b)
c)
33.
Igneous intrusions cause which type of metamorphism?
a)
contact
b)
regional
34.
Where do we usually find regional metamorphism?
a)
ocean floor
b)
mountain
c)
plate boundaries
d)
deserts
35.
The original rock before metamorphism is called a _?_.
a)
original
b)
parent rock
c)
kid rock
d)
starter rock
36.
Metamorphic rocks form from ___.
a)
igneous rocks
b)
other metamorphic rocks
c)
sedimentary rocks
d)
all types of rocks
37.

This metamorphic rock is...

a)

foliated

b)

non-foliated

c)

extrusive

d)

intrusive

38.

This metamorphic rock is...

a)

foliated

b)

non-foliated

c)

extrusive

d)

intrusive

39.

When ________________ is exposed to high heat and pressure, it becomes marble.

a)

limestone

b)

shale

c)

quartz sandstone

d)

conglomerate

40.
How do metamorphic rocks form? 
a)
Heat and Pressure
b)
Compaction & Cementation
c)
Cooling of Magma
d)
Sediments & Glue
41.
__________ metamorphism occurs when rock formations in the crust collide and build pressure
a)
Regional
b)
Forced
c)
Igneotrophic
d)
Contact
42.
During Contact Metamorphism, rocks are changed primarily by this:
a)
Subducting Plates
b)
Heat from magma
c)
Hot chemical fluids
d)
Pressure from tectonic activity
43.

Can a metamorphic rock form by melting?

a)

Yes

b)

No

44.

What are the lakes called that formed in the holes left when ice blocks buried in glacial drift melted?

a)

Esker lakes

b)

Drumlin lakes

c)

Kettle lakes

d)

Drift lakes

45.

If this magma cools and solidifies underground, it will become

a)

intrusive igneous

b)

extrusive igneous

c)

sedimentary

d)

metamorphic

46.

slow cooling underground results in ____

a)

large mineral grains

b)

small mineral grains

c)

glassy texture

d)

gas pockest

47.

The photograph shows a valley created by a glacier. The result of this glacial action will be a

a)

U-shaped valley with well-sorted, rounded sediment

b)

U-shaped valley with scratched and grooved bedrock

c)

V-shaped valley with scratched and grooved bedrock

d)

V-shaped valley with well-sorted, rounded sediment

48.

Massive amounts of sediment pushed along the end of the glacier is called...

a)

End or Terminal Moraine

b)

Outwash plain

c)

Kettle lakes

d)

erratic

49.

What is stream discharge?

a)

The speed of water flow in a stream

b)

The volume of water that passes a given location within a given period of time

c)

The depth of a stream

d)

The width of a stream

50.

What is the latitude of this person?

a)

66.5° S

b)

66.5° N

c)

23.5° N

d)

23.5° S

51.

What process breaks down rocks into smaller pieces by physical means?

a)

Chemical Weathering

b)

Acid Precipitation

c)

Mechanical Weathering

d)

Differential Weathering

52.
The diagram below shows a section of a meander in a stream. The arrow shows the direction of stream flow. The stream bank on the outside of this meander is steeper than than the stream bank on the inside of this meander because the water on the outside of the meander is moving
a)
Slower, causing deposition
b)
Faster, causing deposition
c)
Slower, causing erosion
d)
Faster, causing erosion
53.

The greatest stream velocity are found closest to points

a)

A and B

b)

B and C

c)

C and A

d)

D and A

54.

Which object best represents a true scale model of the shape of the Earth?

a)

a Ping-Pong ball

b)

a football

c)

an egg

d)

a pear

55.

Which line of latitude is located at 0 degrees?

a)

Tropic of Cancer

b)

Tropic of Capricorn

c)

Equator

d)

Arctic Circle

56.

The Prime Meridian is located at what degree of longitude?

a)

90 degrees East

b)

0 degrees

c)

180 degrees

d)

45 degrees West

57.

How many degrees of longitude are there between each hour in the time zones around the world?

a)

10 degrees

b)

15 degrees

c)

20 degrees

d)

30 degrees

58.

What is the latitude of the North Pole?

a)

0 degrees

b)

45 degrees North

c)

90 degrees North

d)

180 degrees North

59.

Soil is formed by two processes. They are... (pick 2)

a)

Weathering of bedrock

b)

Biological processes (like decomposing of plants)

c)

Intense heat and pressure

d)

Cementation

60.

New York's Tug Hill landscape region is classified as a plateau because this region has a high elevation with nearly horizontal layers of bedrock

a)

high elevation with distorted bedrock

b)

low elevation with distorted bedrock

c)

low elevation with nearly horizontal layers of

bedrock

d)

high elevation with nearly horizontal layers of

bedrock

61.

Which cross section best represents a plateau landscape region?

a)

b)

c)

d)

62.

The diagram below shows two landscapes, A and B.

The difference in appearance of these two landscapes was caused mainly by a difference in the

a)

Rock type

b)

Rock structure

c)

Amount of uplift

d)

Climate

63.

Which New York State landscape region is composed of mostly horizontal sedimentary bedrock and has a high elevation?

a)

Hudson Highlands

b)

the Catskills

c)

Manhattan Prong

d)

Taconic Mountains

64.

Which two factors have the most influence on the development of landscape features?

a)

bedrock structure and climate variations

b)

rate of erosion and fossils in the bedrock

c)

bedrock age and weathering rates

d)

rate of deposition and thickness of the bedrock

65.

Landscape regions are generally determined by

a)

amount of yearly precipitation

b)

method of surface sediment deposition

c)

underlying rock structure and elevation

d)

amount of stream discharge and direction of flow

66.

what is included in the geosphere/lithosphere?

a)

all living things on earth

b)

all the gases

c)

all the water fresh & saltwater

d)

all the rocks and minerals

67.

what is included in the hydrosphere?

a)

all living things on earth

b)

all the gases

c)

all the water fresh & saltwater

d)

all the rocks and minerals

68.

what is included in the atmosphere?

a)

all living things on earth

b)

all the gases

c)

all the water fresh & saltwater

d)

all the rocks and minerals

69.

what is included in the biosphere?

a)

all living things on earth

b)

all the gases

c)

all the water fresh & saltwater

d)

all the rocks and minerals

70.

When a plant dies, it is broken down into the soil. Which 2 spheres is this?

a)

Hydrosphere and atmosphere

b)

Cryosphere and biosphere

c)

Atmosphere and geosphere

d)

Biosphere and geosphere

71.

How do clastic sedimentary rocks form?

a)

By precipitation of minerals

b)

By compaction and cementation of sediments

c)

By volcanic activity

d)

By metamorphism

72.

What type of sedimentary rock is limestone?

a)

Clastic

b)

Bioclastic

c)

Organic

d)

Chemical precipitate

73.

How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?

a)

By compaction and cementation of sediments

b)

By precipitation of minerals

c)

By volcanic activity

d)

By metamorphism

74.

Which 2 processes change dissolved minerals into chemical sedimentary rocks?

a)

Weathering & Erosion

b)

Compaction & Cementation

c)

Evaporation & Precipitation

d)

Sedimentation & Deposition

75.

How is Rock Salt classified?

(hint: saltwater evaporates)

a)

Chemical

b)

Organic

c)

Clastic

76.

Which New York State landscape region is composed of mostly horizontal sedimentary bedrock and has a high elevation?

a)

Hudson Highlands

b)

Manhattan Prong

c)

the Catskills

d)

Taconic Mountains

77.

Which sequence shows the order in which landscape regions are crossed as an airplane flies in a straight course from Albany, New York, to Massena, New York?

a)

plateau-plain-mountain

b)

plateau-mountain-plain

c)

plain-mountain-plain

d)

mountain-plain-plateau

78.

Which types of surface bedrock are most likely found near Jamestown, New York?

a)

slate and marble

b)

quartzite and granite

c)

shale and sandstone

d)

schist and gneiss

79.

Which two New York State landscape regions are formed mostly of surface bedrock that is approximately the same geologic age?

a)

Manhattan Prong and Atlantic Coastal Plain

b)

Erie-Ontario Lowlands and Adirondack Mountains

c)

Adirondack Mountains and Allegheny Plateau

d)

Tug Hill Plateau and St. Lawrence Lowlands

80.

Buffalo, New York, and Plattsburgh, New York, are both located in landscape regions called

a)

mountains

b)

highlands

c)

plateaus

d)

lowlands

81.

Which two locations are found in the same New York State landscape region?

a)

Old Forge and Utica

b)

Niagara Falls and Watertown

c)

Kingston and Rochester

d)

Plattsburgh and Ithaca

82.

The photograph shows the texture of a rock composed of various minerals as seen through a microscope. Which rock is most likely shown above?

a)

sandstone

b)

anthracite coal

c)

dunite

d)

schist

83.
What category of igneous rock has two different sizes of crystals?
a)
glassy
b)
aphanitic/extrusive
c)
phaneritic/intrusive
d)
porphyritic
84.

Which statement is best supported by Bowen's Reaction Series?

a)

Most minerals crystallize at the same temperature.

b)

Most felsic minerals usually crystallize before most mafic minerals.

c)

Muscovite mica and quartz are the last minerals to crystallize as magma cools.

d)

Biotite mica is the first mineral to crystallize as magma cools.

85.

The igneous rock gabbro is sometimes sold as 'black granite.' Compared to the density and composition of granite, describe how the density and composition of gabbro are different.

a)

Gabbro is denser and has a mafic composition compared to granite.

b)

Gabbro has the same density but a mafic composition compared to granite.

c)

Gabbro is less dense and has a felsic composition compared to granite.

d)
Gabbro is less dense but has the same composition compared to granite.
86.

If an object is much more dense than water (1.0 g/mL), it will do which of the following?

a)

Float on water

b)

Sink in water

c)

Bob up and down in water (like a cycle)

d)

Levitate above the water

87.

As the y-variable decreases, the x-variable increases. This graphing relationship is

a)

Inverse

b)

Cyclic

c)

Direct

d)

Reverse

88.

Kendall takes 40 minutes to get to work. If he lives 30 miles away, what is his average speed (rate of change)?

a)

0.75 miles/min

b)

1.3 miles/min

c)

50 miles/min

d)

1200 miles/min

89.
Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 14g and a volume of 2cm3. What is the density of the rock?
a)
7 mL
b)
7 g/cm3
c)
28 g/cm3
d)
1/7 g/cm3
90.
Find the volume of this piece of brass.  
a)
50 g
b)
10 cm
c)
6 cm3
d)
12 cm3
91.
True or False:  The density of a specific type of material never changes.  
a)
True
b)
False
92.
What is the formula for density?
a)
density = mass x volume
b)
density = mass / volume
c)
density = mass + volume
d)
density = mass - volume
93.

What is the formula for Volume?

a)

Mass/Volume

b)

Density x Volume

c)

Mass/Density

94.

What is the formula for Mass?

a)

Mass/Volume

b)

Density x Volume

c)

Mass/Density

95.
What units are used to measure Density?
a)
cm3/g
b)
g
c)
g/cm3
d)
cm3
96.

An irregularly shaped rock was lowered into a graduated cylinder holding a volume of water equal to 50 ml. The height of the water rose to 75 ml. If the mass of the stone was 250 g, what was its density?

a)

15 g/mL

b)

3.3 g/mL

c)

10 g/mL

d)

20 g/mL

97.
Calculate the density of the cube.
a)
2 g/cm3
b)
4 g/cm3
c)
6 g/cm3
d)
8 g/cm3

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