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WorksheetsPage 1
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins
Which term best describes software that enables creating, storing, and retrieving structured data efficiently?
Version control system for source code
Database Management System for data handling
Operating system for hardware control
Network management tool for routing
What is the primary purpose of a Database Management System in an enterprise application?
Manage structured data and queries
Render user interface components
Compile application source code
Encrypt network traffic end-to-end
Which activity is most directly supported by a DBMS?
Continuous integration pipelines
Static website file hosting
ACID-compliant transaction processing
Packet switching across routers
In the acronym DBMS, what does the letter ‘D’ stand for?
Daemon
Database
Dashboard
Dataflow
Which component typically interacts with a DBMS to run SQL queries?
Firmware bootloaders
Graphics rendering engines
Power supply controllers
Application backend services
Which scenario best justifies adopting a DBMS over flat files?
Need for concurrent, consistent updates
Need for low-level device drivers
Need for offline document printing
Need for high-resolution image editing
Which function aligns with DBMS responsibilities for data integrity?
Render vector graphics images
Schedule CPU time slices
Enforce constraints on table columns
Provide GPU shader pipelines
Which statement best captures a core advantage of DBMS architecture?
Tight coupling of data with presentation
Centralized control of storage and access
Exclusive reliance on local text files
Elimination of logical data models
Which operation is commonly executed through a DBMS query language?
Create, Read, Update, Delete records
Encode, Decode, Compress, Encrypt
Fetch, Push, Merge, Rebase commits
Start, Stop, Restart, Monitor services
Which role would most likely teach a course titled “Database Management System (DBMS)” at a college?
Embedded systems assembler
Network technician at an ISP
Professor specializing in IT
Freelance graphic designer
Which term best describes raw, unprocessed facts stored for later use in a database context?
Information curated for reporting
Data as raw unprocessed facts
Knowledge derived from models
Metadata about stored schemas
Which option correctly defines a database in IT?
Interface for administrative tasks
Structured collection of related data
Hardware dedicated to storage arrays
Program executing user queries
What is the primary role of a DBMS?
Provide Internet connectivity services
Design physical server architectures
Manage and control access to databases
Generate analytics dashboards
Which phrase best captures the purpose of a database system?
Render complex user interfaces
Support consistent data management
Accelerate GPU computations
Replace operating system schedulers
Which characteristic aligns with robust databases?
Limited scalability and growth
Integrity with minimal inconsistency
Manual indexing for all queries
High data redundancy levels
Choose an advantage commonly associated with DBMS use.
Reduced query optimization options
Less reliable transaction handling
Stronger data security controls
Higher manual processing effort
Which database language is primarily used to define schemas and constraints?
TCL for altering hardware
DCL for auditing users
DDL for creating structures
DML for modifying tuples
In a three-level architecture, which mapping hides physical storage details from users?
External-to-conceptual mapping
External-to-internal mapping
Conceptual-to-internal mapping
Internal-to-external mapping
Which component is responsible for ensuring transactions follow ACID properties in a DBMS?
Catalog manager service
Query parser component
Transaction manager module
Buffer manager subsystem
A company wants to reduce data duplication across departments. Which DBMS feature should be prioritized?
Normalization of relational schemas
Client-side caching strategies
Manual spreadsheet consolidation
GPU-accelerated data rendering
Which statement best defines data in the context of databases?
Recorded facts with inherent meaning
Unstructured noise without meaning
Assumptions drawn from opinions
Final insights presented to executives
What does the Latin word 'Datum' specifically refer to?
A single piece of information
A set of related tables
A complete database system
A processed report for users
Which option describes information in computing?
Raw observations lacking context
Encrypted bits unreadable by humans
Processed data meaningful to end users
Hardware signals transmitted across cables
Choose the best description of a database.
Logical, clear collection of related data
Visual chart of business processes
Program used solely for data entry
Random assortment of independent files
Which term is most closely aligned with a structured grouping of data elements and their relationships?
Packet on a network
Schema within a database
Thread in an operating system
Frame in a video stream
A catalog in a DBMS primarily serves to store what?
Metadata about database objects
Cached web pages for users
Temporary sensor readings
Compiled code modules
Which action converts data into information?
Copying to multiple backup locations
Encrypting to protect confidentiality
Processing to add context and meaning
Compressing to reduce storage size
Which example best illustrates data rather than information?
Report recommending thermostat adjustments
List of temperature readings over time
Dashboard showing actionable heating alerts
Summary explaining weekly climate trends
In a well-designed database, related data is organized to be what?
Hard-coded into application UI
Randomized and shuffled regularly
Hidden and opaque for security
Logical and clear for retrieval
Which statement distinguishes data from information most accurately?
Data are recorded facts; information is processed meaning
Data are visual charts; information is raw numbers
Data are executive summaries; information is emails
Data are reports; information is sensor output
Which statement best describes a Database Management System (DBMS)?
A hardware device dedicated to network packet routing
A manual filing method for storing paper records
A single-purpose tool only for printing database reports
A computerized system that enables creating and maintaining databases
What is the primary role of a general-purpose DBMS software system?
Rendering graphical user interfaces for applications
Encrypting all network traffic between servers
Defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases
Running operating system kernel threads efficiently
Which activity is NOT typically supported directly by a DBMS?
Sharing databases among multiple users and applications
Compiling source code for desktop applications
Defining database schemas for new applications
Manipulating stored data using structured queries
Which phrase best explains metadata in databases?
Network routing tables for distributed systems
Data about data, describing storage structures
Executable instructions for database engines
Raw transactional values captured from sensors
A team plans to add a new table and indexes to support reporting. Which DBMS capability is most relevant?
Rendering graphical dashboards for analysts
Constructing database structures for applications
Compiling query code into machine language
Encrypting emails sent by administrators
Why is metadata essential for database operations?
It transmits data packets across network switches
It compresses data to save disk space automatically
It formats user interfaces for mobile devices
It defines structures so data can be stored and accessed
Which scenario illustrates database sharing among users and applications?
A single user editing a text document offline
Multiple services reading and writing the same database
A printer queue handling one job at a time locally
A graphics app exporting images to a local folder
When engineers refine table columns and constraints, which DBMS process are they performing?
Rendering vector graphics on screen
Routing traffic through firewalls
Compiling application source code
Defining database structures and schemas
Which description aligns with manipulating databases in a DBMS?
Running scripts to transform stored records
Designing icons for the application interface
Configuring network subnets for servers
Editing markdown files for documentation
In the context of databases, which best differentiates metadata from data?
Metadata holds business transactions themselves
Metadata describes formats, fields, and relationships
Metadata stores user passwords and tokens
Metadata contains image pixels and audio samples
Which statement best describes a table in a relational database?
A hierarchical tree of linked records
A rectangular grid storing rows and columns
A set of files organized by directories
A sequential log of transactions only
Within a schema, how is a table uniquely identified?
By the storage engine type
By the creation timestamp
By the number of rows
By its distinct table name
Which claim about table names across schemas is correct?
Schemas are unrelated to table naming
Different schemas can share the same table name
All schemas must have unique table names globally
Table names cannot repeat across any database
What is the minimum structural requirement for a table?
At least one column present
At least two primary keys
At least one foreign key
At least one index defined
In a table, what is a vertical array of cells called?
A column in the table
A key in the table
A page in the table
A row in the table
In a table, what is a horizontal array of cells called?
A block in storage
A tuple in a file
A field in the table
A row in the table
A database designer wants two sales schemas, each with a table named Orders. Is this allowed?
Only with identical column sets
Only if table owners are identical
No, names must be globally unique
Yes, same name in different schemas
Which statement aligns with rectangular grid representation of tables?
Entries appended as a single log
Objects stored as binary blobs
Records linked as parent-child
Cells arranged by rows and columns
Choose the best identification within a schema when referencing a table.
Use latest update timestamp
Use row count with name
Use storage size in MB
Use the table name only
Which basic expectation applies before inserting any data into a new table?
Define at least one column
Create three indexes minimum
Assign a foreign key first
Populate two initial rows
A table shows two rows: (101, BBA, Baroda) and a second incomplete row with only 102 and blank cells. What database principle is violated by storing an incomplete tuple in a relation?
Duplicate rows are always allowed
Columns can be nullable by default
Tuples must be complete in a relation
Primary keys may be partially missing
In a relational table, which practice ensures data integrity for each record?
Provide values for all defined attributes
Leave optional columns always blank
Fill attributes only when queried
Store only the primary key attribute
A second example shows two rows: (101, BBA, [blank]) and (102, BCA, [blank]) marked NOT ALLOWED. Which normalization concern does this highlight?
Disable foreign keys for flexibility
Prefer denormalized storage patterns
Use variable-length primary keys
Avoid partially filled tuples
The allowed table displays (101, BBA, Baroda) and (102, BCA, Baroda). What constraint is most consistent with having the same city for multiple rows?
City must be unique per table
City is not a key attribute
City is a composite primary key
City determines student ID
Given attributes: ID, Program, City. Which choice best identifies a primary key candidate?
Program must be unique across rows
ID alone uniquely identifies rows
Program and City together must repeat
City must be unique across rows
Which operation is safest before inserting a row into the table?
Validate all attribute presence
Insert then patch missing values
Skip null checks entirely
Allow partial inserts indefinitely
Assume City is a required attribute. What error should be raised when inserting (102, BCA, NULL)?
Unique index duplicate error
NOT NULL constraint violation
Check constraint length error
Foreign key mismatch error
If Program is functionally determined by ID, which statement is correct?
City → ID holds in every schema
Program and City form the only key
Program → ID is always true by default
ID → Program is a functional dependency
Which design choice best prevents partial tuples in transactional inserts?
Permit sparse columns everywhere
Use required columns with NOT NULL
Disable all table constraints
Rely only on application logging
Suppose an ETL loads records where City is missing for some IDs. Which immediate remediation aligns with good relational practice?
Merge missing city with program name
Reject rows until City is provided
Auto-fill with random city names
Convert City to an optional field
Which characteristic describes a database that stores both data and its schema so the system can interpret its structure?
Self-describing database system metadata
Application-layer schema hardcoding
Program-driven external data files
User-generated runtime documentation only
What does insulation between programs and data primarily achieve in a DBMS?
Elimination of all storage overhead
Faster network latency for queries
Automatic user interface generation
Reduced program-data dependency
Which concept in DBMS hides internal storage details from users and developers?
Inline schema duplication
Physical record addressing
Manual file pointer control
Data abstraction layers
A sales analyst views aggregated revenue while an accountant sees detailed invoices. Which DBMS characteristic enables this?
Viewless direct file access
Fixed physical table layouts only
Strict single global view
Support for multiple views
Which scenario best illustrates data sharing in a DBMS?
Multiple users accessing the same data concurrently
Each user keeping separate local spreadsheets
Data exported as static CSVs weekly
Read-only archives mailed to teams
In a DBMS, what mechanism ensures several users can execute transactions at the same time without incorrect results?
Single-threaded batch updates nightly
Concurrency control and transaction processing
Client-side caching without locks
Manual turn-taking for data edits
Which outcome is a direct benefit of program-data insulation?
Security policies become unnecessary
Applications remain stable after schema changes
Indexes never require maintenance
Queries always execute in constant time
Which layer is closest to end users in a typical three-level data abstraction model?
Hardware access layer
Physical storage layer
External view layer
Logical conceptual layer
A DBMS that maintains a data dictionary describing tables, columns, and constraints exemplifies which characteristic?
Self-describing system catalog
Application-only schema files
Procedural schema comments
Runtime-generated random metadata
When multiple users perform transfers between accounts simultaneously, which property set must the DBMS enforce?
BASE eventual consistency
ACID properties for transactions
Only read committed isolation
CAP theorem trade-offs
Which data model organizes data in parent–child hierarchies using tree structures?
Hierarchical data model using tree structures
Relational data model with tables and keys
Network data model with set relationships
Graph data model using nodes and edges
Which logical data model primarily represents data as tables with rows and columns?
Key–value store model with simple pairs
Object oriented model with classes and methods
Relational data model with tabular relations
XML data model using tagged elements
Which model is explicitly categorized under NoSQL on the slide?
Multidimensional data model for cubes
Object relational data model with types
Document store data model highlighted red
Relational data model with SQL queries
Which model represents data as nodes connected by edges to capture relationships?
XML data model with hierarchical tags
Network data model with set types
Graph data model with nodes and edges
Nested relational model using tuples
Which model extends classes and encapsulation to persist objects directly?
XML model with attribute tags
Key–value store with hashed keys
Relational model with normalization
Object oriented data model with classes
Which model combines relational tables with object features like user-defined types?
Multidimensional model for OLAP
Object relational data model hybrid
Network data model with sets
Document store model with JSON
Which model uses simple associative arrays where each key maps to a single value?
XML model with nested elements
Relational model with foreign keys
Key–value store data model pairs
Hierarchical model with tree roots
Which model organizes data into cubes with dimensions and measures for analytics?
Document store model with collections
Network data model with owners
Multidimensional data model for cubes
Nested relational model with tuples
Which model structures data in self-describing tagged documents suitable for interchange?
XML data model using tags
Relational model using schemas
Object oriented model using methods
Graph model using relationships
Which model allows sets of records to have multiple parents, generalizing hierarchies?
Relational model with primary–foreign keys
Document model with nested JSON
Hierarchical model with single parent roots
Network data model with many-to-many sets
Which DBMS advantage directly reduces duplicated data across multiple files?
Controlling redundancy
Economics of scale
Flexibility for queries
Multiple user interfaces
Which advantage focuses on preventing illegitimate data access in a database system?
Backup and recovery
Restricting unauthorized access
Up-to-date information availability
Persistent storage for objects
A DBMS providing persistent storage for program objects primarily ensures what?
Relationships become automatically simple
Interfaces support only one user
Data survives process restarts
Queries run in parallel always
Which advantage enables faster query processing through tailored data arrangements?
Economics of scale in hardware
Storage structures and search techniques
Availability of up-to-date information
Representing complex relationships
What DBMS feature minimizes downtime after unexpected failures?
Complex relationship modeling
Multiple user interfaces support
Backup and recovery mechanisms
Integrity constraints enforcement
Which advantage improves usability for different user roles like admins and analysts?
Persistent program storage
Controlling redundancy
Economics of scale
Multiple user interfaces
Representing complex relationships among data in a DBMS most closely supports which outcome?
Elimination of network latency
Guaranteed zero storage overhead
Automatic encryption of every table
Accurate modeling of real-world entities
Enforcing integrity constraints in a DBMS primarily ensures what?
Interfaces render responsive UIs
Queries use recursive logic
Data remains consistent and valid
Backups store compressed archives
Which advantage can shorten the time needed to deliver database-backed applications?
Potential for application development time reduction
Availability of up-to-date information
Economics of scale for operations
Restricting unauthorized access
In a DBMS, flexibility as an advantage typically refers to what?
Mandatory denormalized designs
Single fixed user interaction model
Guaranteed constant response times
Adaptable schema and query capabilities
Which advantage ensures users and applications see the latest committed data?
Availability of up-to-date information
Restricting unauthorized access
Economics of scale benefits
Backup and recovery processes
Economics of scale in DBMS adoption typically implies what benefit?
Lower per-unit cost as usage grows
Guaranteed zero licensing expenses
Elimination of all maintenance work
Unlimited storage without charges
Which DBMS feature primarily minimizes duplication to avoid inconsistencies and inefficiencies?
Scheduling backups for recovery plans
Designing indexes for fast queries
Providing interfaces for varied users
Controlling redundancy in stored records
What is the main purpose of restricting unauthorized access in a database system?
To simplify data modeling tasks
To reduce storage requirements
To ensure only permitted users access data
To speed up query execution
Persistent storage for program objects ensures which outcome?
Data remains available after shutdowns
Data is compressed during queries
Data vanishes after restarts
Data is encrypted by default
Which combination best supports efficient query processing?
GUIs and CLIs for interaction
Backups and disaster procedures
Authentication and authorization
Indexes and appropriate algorithms
Providing backup and recovery primarily addresses which risk?
Loss or corruption of stored data
Unauthorized administration actions
Slow interface response times
Schema changes during deployment
Which example illustrates multiple user interfaces for a DBMS?
Mirroring, snapshots, and logs
GUIs, CLIs, and web front-ends
Indexes, B-trees, hash tables
Roles, policies, and permissions
A system implements strict authentication and role-based permissions. Which goal is being met?
Controlling data redundancy
Efficient query processing
Persistent object storage
Restricting unauthorized access
Choose the best approach to reduce redundancy when designing a database schema.
Use only hash indexes for keys
Increase backup frequency weekly
Add more GUI controls for input
Normalize data across related tables
You must ensure queries on a large product catalog return results quickly. What should you implement first?
Daily full backups of the database
Indexes and well-chosen search structures
Additional GUI views for filtering
Role policies for department access
After a server crash, the organization needs rapid data restoration. Which prepared measure is most relevant?
Routine backups with recovery procedures
Normalization of transactional tables
Authentication using multi-factor methods
Adding B-tree indexes to key columns
Which database feature captures intricate relationships like one-to-many and many-to-many using appropriate models?
Partitioning tables across multiple servers
Indexing for faster query performance
Representing complex relationships among data
Transaction logging for audit trails
What is the primary purpose of integrity constraints in a database?
To automate application deployment steps
To compress large datasets efficiently
To ensure accuracy and consistency of data
To visualize entity-relationship diagrams
A well-designed database can reduce coding time and streamline maintenance. What concept does this describe?
Potential for application development time
Availability of up-to-date information
Flexibility across environments
Economics of scale for storage
In database contexts, what does flexibility most directly enable?
Locking tables during updates
Eliminating all integrity checks
Fixed schemas that never change
Adapting to evolving requirements
Keeping information current and accurate in a database primarily involves which practice?
Sharding to balance read workloads
Regular updates and synchronization
Periodic backups of transaction logs
Normalization of all attribute values
What best characterizes economics of scale in database systems?
Higher per-user costs with more users
Lower per-unit costs as scale increases
Costs driven only by CPU utilization
Constant costs regardless of growth
Which scenario demonstrates enforcing integrity constraints?
Allowing nulls in all columns
Duplicating rows for faster reads
Using primary keys to identify records
Dropping indexes to simplify writes
Which modeling approach can be used when data relationships are highly intricate beyond simple relational schemas?
Star schemas for transactional logs
Flat-file storage models only
Graph databases for complex associations
Hash tables for constant lookups
If a database design is inflexible, which outcome is most likely during new business process changes?
Significant rework and longer cycles
Immediate improvements in query speed
Smooth integration with minimal effort
Automatic scaling without intervention
Which disadvantage of a DBMS best describes the need for frequent vendor patches and version changes?
Complexity of administration tasks
Currency maintenance requirements
Performance overhead in queries
Data isolation across modules
A company finds DBMS licensing and hardware requirements exceed the budget. Which listed drawback applies?
Difficulty in accessing data
Increased cost of ownership
Compatibility across platforms
Complex design structures
Which item refers to the challenge of ensuring the DBMS and applications run on varied operating environments?
Compatibility across platforms
Performance in transactions
Data isolation in silos
Damaged part replacement
Teams struggle with schema, indexing, and tuning because the system is hard to understand. Which disadvantage is highlighted?
Difficulty accessing data
Frequency upgrade cycles
Currency maintenance tasks
Complexity of administration
If a component failure disrupts service due to a single faulty module, which disadvantage is being experienced?
Performance overhead in IO
Complex design causing confusion
Data isolation between users
Damaged part causing outages
Which drawback can lead to slower response times when running complex queries on large datasets?
Performance overhead issues
Currency maintenance tasks
Frequency upgrade cycles
Compatibility across platforms
What disadvantage describes separate subsystems or modules that do not share information effectively?
Difficulty in accessing data
Complex design of schemas
Data isolation between components
Increased cost of licenses
Which disadvantage captures the need to repeatedly replace or upgrade DBMS components?
Compatibility across platforms
Complexity of administration tasks
Difficulty in accessing data
Frequency upgrade or replacement cycles
Users report that retrieving records requires many steps and permissions, slowing work. Which disadvantage is this?
Complex design structures
Currency maintenance tasks
Damaged part causing outages
Difficulty in accessing data
Architects note that the overall schema involves many interdependent entities and constraints. Which disadvantage is noted?
Complex design of database schema
Data isolation between modules
Performance overhead issues
Compatibility across platforms
Which concept best describes the rise in expenses from scaling a database system, including licensing and staffing needs?
Performance optimization for responsiveness
Currency maintenance of live data
Complexity from interdependent modules
Increased cost from scaling resources
In a database context, what does currency maintenance focus on most directly?
Keeping data current with latest changes
Reducing licensing fees and overhead
Increasing throughput via parallelism
Scheduling frequent hardware replacements
Which factor measures how efficiently a system operates in terms of speed and responsiveness?
Currency of synchronized data
Complexity across system modules
Performance metrics for efficiency
Frequency of planned upgrades
Why can higher system complexity raise operational costs in DBMS environments?
Lower licensing costs for software
More potential errors and support needs
Fewer interdependent components exist
Reduced need for troubleshooting staff
Which activity most likely ensures a database remains relevant and functional over time?
Disabling advanced optimization features
Avoiding schema changes for stability
Cutting personnel for lean operations
Regular updates to software or hardware
A team schedules frequent upgrades to match technological advances. What trade-off is most expected?
Lower complexity and fewer modules
Higher costs and possible disruptions
Guaranteed peak performance always
Immediate elimination of data errors
Which combination best supports high user satisfaction in DBMS operations?
Minimal updates to reduce changes
Greater complexity and interdependence
Frequent replacements without planning
Strong performance and optimization
A DBA notices lag during complex tasks. Which factor is most relevant to improve responsiveness?
Performance affected by capabilities
Currency maintained by data freshness
Complexity reduced by extra modules
Costs lowered by fewer licenses
Which statement aligns with frequency upgrade/replacement cycles in enterprise databases?
Upgrades may be costly yet maintain effectiveness
Complexity always decreases with replacements
Licensing fees always drop after upgrades
Cycles guarantee no service interruptions
Which best describes complex design in a database system context?
Flat files without relational constraints
Single-user interface with basic navigation
Minimal schema with few interrelated tables
Intricate architecture with interdependent components
A damaged part in hardware supporting a DBMS most directly affects which outcome?
License keys for client applications
Overall system performance and reliability
Only the user interface layout
Backup schedules without failures
Compatibility in IT systems primarily refers to the ability to:
Integrate components to work together seamlessly
Encrypt data using multiple algorithms
Replace legacy code with new syntax
Run systems without any physical hardware
Which statement best characterizes data isolation in database design?
Keeping distinct datasets separated via controls
Pooling unrelated records in one table
Merging logs and transactions for speed
Duplicating rows across multiple schemas
Difficulty in accessing data is MOST likely caused by:
Poor design and inefficient query processing
Frequent user training and documentation
Excess memory and redundant bandwidth
Abundant indexes and denormalized views
Which practice most directly supports data isolation goals?
Continuous screen resolution adjustments
Client-side caching of static assets
Frequent UI theme changes and branding
Role-based access controls and schema design
A new update causes conflicts and reduced functionality. What issue is indicated?
Compatibility problems with existing systems
Excess data isolation policies applied
Complex design removed from architecture
Damaged part in power supply module
Which consequence is commonly linked with complex designs?
Difficult development, maintenance, troubleshooting
Instant deployment with minimal testing required
Automatic elimination of indexing challenges
Guaranteed performance under all workloads
Ensuring easy access to data primarily improves:
Volume of stored backups per day
Number of physical servers in the cluster
Count of developer commits per sprint
Effective data management and user satisfaction
Which scenario best illustrates failure to manage the listed factors?
Faster queries with consistent uptime
Improved efficiency with fewer incidents
Stable integrations with seamless upgrades
System errors and reduced usability across modules
Which category includes commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP in SQL?
Data Definition Languages
Transaction Control Languages
Data Manipulation Languages
Data Control Languages
Which SQL command is categorized under DML operations?
GRANT
TRUNCATE
UPDATE
COMMIT
Which command manages privileges and belongs to DCL?
SAVEPOINT
RENAME
MERGE
REVOKE
Which statement best fits the TCL category in SQL?
EXPLAIN PLAN
DELETE
ROLLBACK
ALTER
Which operation is specifically used to remove all rows quickly without logging each delete?
TRUNCATE
MERGE
CALL
DELETE
Which command adds a new row to a table?
RENAME
GRANT
INSERT
COMMIT
Which command combination is most appropriate to change a table’s column name?
COMMIT with SAVEPOINT
GRANT with REVOKE
DELETE with MERGE
ALTER with RENAME
Which command is used to finalize a transaction and make changes permanent?
ROLLBACK
COMMIT
AUTOCOMMIT
SAVEPOINT
Which option correctly pairs category to an example command?
DML – GRANT
DCL – DELETE
TCL – SELECT
DDL – CREATE
Which command helps plan or analyze execution without changing data?
EXPLAIN PLAN
ROLLBACK
DROP
UPDATE
