Body Systems and Biomolecules

Body Systems and Biomolecules

Open Ended

What is your favorite meal? (Not dessert)

Biomolecules

Your favorite meal is made up of biomolecules.

In fact, every meal is made up of biomolecules.

Biomolecules are just nutrients the body needs to stay healthy.

Biomolecules

Every biomolecule is a polymer.

Polymer is just a fancy term that means something that is made up of many smaller parts.

The smaller parts are called monomers.

Biomolecules

Poly = many

Examples:

Polygon

Polygamy

Polytheism

Polymer

Biomolecules

Mono = one

Example:

Monocle

Monolingual

Monopoly

Monomer

Biomolecules

Every polymer is made up of many monomers.

The monomers are like individual Lego pieces.

The polymer is like the completed Lego structure.

Multiple Choice

Monomer or polymer?

• Monomer

• Polymer

Multiple Choice

Monomer or polymer?

• Monomer

• Polymer

Biomolecules

There are four types of biomolecules:

1.Carbohydrates

2. Lipids (Fats)

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Poll

What do you think is the primary biomolecule that makes up your favorite meal?

• Lipids (Fats)

• Protein

• Carbohydrate

• Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules

There are four types of biomolecules:

1.Carbohydrates

2. Lipids (Fats)

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules

There are four types of biomolecules:

1.Carbohydrates

2. Lipids (Fats)

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the body's quick source of energy.

Carbs can be complex or simple.

The digestive system eventually turns all carbs into glucose, or blood sugar.

Open Ended

What are some foods that contain lots of carbs?

Carbohydrates

The levels of glucose in your blood rise right after you eat.

The body releases insulin to reduce glucose levels back to normal.

Carbohydrates

Simples carbs can be easily dissolved by the saliva.

Sugar is the most common simple carb.

Carbohydrates

Simple carbs can be converted into glucose and used for energy almost immediately.

This is why cokes and sports drinks can provide a quick boost of energy.

However, they also cause the body to release more insulin, leading to a sugar crash.

Carbohydrates

Complex carbs take longer to be turned into glucose, so they provide a more steady source of energy without the sudden crash.

Complex carbs are starches and fibers.

These are found in whole grain, potatoes, and other vegetables.

Carbohydrates

Regardless, when you think carbs, think quick energy.

Multiple Choice

Where would you find simple carbs?

• Candy

• Broccoli

• Potatoes

• Whole Grains

Multiple Choice

How does the human body mainly use carbohydrates?

• Maintain structure of bones

• Quick source of energy

• Help fight diseases

• Building block of cells

Multiple Choice

Blood sugar is also known as:

• DNA

• Insulin

• Glucose

• Glucagon

Multiple Choice

What hormone released by the pancreas helps reduce the levels of glucose, or blood sugar?

• DNA

• Insulin

• Glucose

• Glucagon

Carbohydrates

Some organisms use carbs for structure.

Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, which is made mostly of carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates

Insect exoskeletons are made of chitin, which is also mostly made of carbohydrates.

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

• Quick source of energy

• Helps build plant cell walls in the form of cellulose

• Help fight diseases

• Helps build insect exoskeletons in the form of chitin

Lipids (Fats)

Lipids (or fats) are used for long-term energy storage.

Lipids are used as insulation.

Lipids are also used in cell membranes.

Open Ended

What are some foods that contain a lot of lipids?

Lipids (Fats)

Some lipids are healthy in small amounts.

Lipids (Fats)

Other lipids are unhealthy even in small amounts.

Multiple Choice

Lipids is a fancy name for:

• Carbohydrates

• Fats

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Eating protein makes you feel full.

Open Ended

What are some foods that contain a lot of proteins?

Proteins

Proteins are the building blocks of cells. Every cell contains thousands of proteins.

Proteins

All enzymes are proteins.

Multiple Choice

What is an enzyme?

• An enzyme is a strand of DNA that stores genetic information.

• An enzyme is a type of autotrophic, motile, photosynthetic protist.

• An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes, or speeds up, chemical reactions.

• I have no idea what an enzyme is (but at least I'm honest about it).

Proteins

Proteins, like carbs and lipids, are polymers.

The monomers of proteins are amino acids.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store genetic information.

There are two types:

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides.

Multiple Choice

This biomolecule is a quick source of energy for the human body.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Multiple Choice

This biomolecule is useful for long-term energy storage.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Multiple Choice

This biomolecule is made of monomers called amino acids.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Multiple Choice

This biomolecule stores genetic information.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Multiple Choice

These biomolecules are the building blocks of cells.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Multiple Choice

How does your body respond to high levels of glucose in your blood?

• The integumentary system releases sweat.

• The excretory system filters the blood and puts the toxins in your urine.

• The endocrine system releases the hormone insulin to reduce glucose levels to normal.

• The muscles begin involuntary contractions we call 'shivering.'

Carbohydrates

The levels of glucose in your blood rise right after you eat.

The body releases insulin to reduce glucose levels back to normal.

Maintaining glucose levels in the blood is an example of homeostasis.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment

Temperature Regulation

Temperature regulation in the body is a perfect example of homeostasis.

Systems used:

Nervous

Endocrine

Integumentary

Muscular

Circulatory

Endocrine System

Hormones:

Adrenaline - Fight or flight response

Insulin - Reduces blood sugar

Growth hormone

Melatonin

Sex Hormones

Multiple Select

Your brain monitors the glucose levels in your blood. After you eat, your glucose levels rise as nutrients get digested and absorbed into the bloodstream.

When glucose levels are high, the brain sends signals to the pancreas. The pancreas releases the hormone insulin, which reduces glucose levels back to normal.

Which body systems interact in the homeostasis of blood glucose? Choose all that apply.

• Nervous

• Circulatory

• Integumentary

• Digestive

• Endocrine

Nervous, Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine

Your brain monitors the glucose levels in your blood.

After you eat, your glucose levels rise as nutrients get digested and absorbed into the bloodstream.

When glucose levels are high, the brain sends signals to the pancreas.

The pancreas releases the hormone insulin, which reduces glucose levels back to normal.

Viruses

Not considered alive

Not made of cells

Have DNA

Take over living cells to replicate more viruses

Virus Replication

Start the same way, then either:

1. Lytic

2. Lysogenic

Virus Replication

1. Lytic - immediately take over host cell. Use host cell to start replicating new viruses.

Symptoms show within days or weeks.

Example - common cold

Virus Replication

2. Lysogenic - sneak their DNA into host cell DNA.

May stay latent, or hidden, for months or years, until triggered by something.

Example - cold sore

Multiple Choice

Chicken pox is a virus that inserts itself into your DNA

and remains latent (hidden) for months or years.

What would you say about the chicken pox virus?

• It is lysogenic because symptoms show up quickly.

• It is lytic because it stays latent (hidden) for so long.

• It is lysogenic because it stays latent (hidden for so long).

• It is lytic because symptoms show up quickly.

Multiple Choice

One of your friends has been coughing and sneezing lately. You were hanging out with them recently. About 5 days later, your throat feels scratchy and you have a cough.

What would you say about the virus affecting you and your friend?

• It is lysogenic because symptoms showed up quickly.

• It is lytic because it stayed latent (hidden) for so long.

• It is lysogenic because it stayed latent (hidden for so long).

• It is lytic because symptoms showed up quickly.

Viruses can also affect homeostasis

The flu often causes fever.

Viruses can also affect homeostasis

Respiratory infections can interfere with homeostasis of the body's oxygen levels.

Respiratory system and Pneumonia

Respiratory / Circulatory / Nervous

Digesting Food

1. Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with the enzymes in saliva.

Digesting Food

2. Smooth muscle around the esophagus moves food into the stomach using peristalsis.

Digesting Food

3. Digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach begin digestion of proteins. 

Digesting Food

4. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder release digestive juices that help the small intestine digest fats (scientific name: lipids).

Digesting Food

5. The small intestine will finish digesting food. This is where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood. 

Digesting Food

6. Undigested food and fluids are sent to the large intestine where it is stored and processed then sent to the rectum and final passed as feces.