Biology MYA Review

Biology MYA

Review

By Ms. Aleman - 2022

Chapter 1:

Scientific Method, What is Biology, Origin of Life​

Multiple Choice

Kady is running an experiment to see if her newly created "headache tea" can effect the amount of headaches people experience in a month. She is going to give everyone 1 tea per day but 1 group will receive the tea with the active ingredient while the other group will receive a placebo tea. She will survey them at the end of the month to finds out how many headaches they had. What would be the INDEPEDENT variable in this experiment?

• active tea or placebo tea

• how many headaches they had that month

• the active ingredient in the tea

• how many people kady is using in her experiment

Multiple Choice

Kady is running an experiment to see if her newly created "headache tea" can effect the amount of headaches people experience in a month. She is going to give everyone 1 tea per day but 1 group will receive the tea with the active ingredient while the other group will receive a placebo tea. She will survey them at the end of the month to finds out how many headaches they had. What would be the DEPEDENT variable in this experiment?

• active tea or placebo tea

• how many headaches they had that month

• the active ingredient in the tea

• how many people kady is using in her experiment

Multiple Choice

Why would using a TEM be better to use than a compound light microscope?

• TEM see 3D images

• TEM are more affordable

• TEM produce extreme high resolution images

• TEM allow you to view live specimen

Multiple Choice

Who was the scientist(s) that created the experiment that discovered what chemicals were part of Earth in its early years?

• Griffith & Avery

• Rosalind Franklin

• Jim Carey

• Miller & Urey

Multiple Choice

What energy source has been theorized to have created the building blocks for life on Earth’s early years?

• carbon

• the sun

• lightning

• fire

Independent variable: the thing being manipulated (what am I changing)

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Dependent variable: the thing being measured ​

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Ch. 1 - Scientific Method, What is Biology, Origin of Life

Experiment Variables

Compound light: uses lighting and 2 lenses to view specimen on a stage. Can be used to see living things. ​​

TEM (transmission electron microscope): used for HIGH resolution images ​and cannot be used to use living specimen.

​

Ch. 1 - Scientific Method, What is Biology, Origin of Life

Microscopes

Importance of lighting: lighting is theorized to be the energy source that created the building blocks of life on Earth.

​

Earth's early oceans: made of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and some carbon monoxide ​

​

Ch. 1 - Scientific Method, What is Biology, Origin of Life

Origin of Life on Earth

Chapter 2:

Macromolecules ​

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule contains phosphorus as a phosphate group?

• proteins

• nucleic acids

• carbohydrates

• lipids

Multiple Choice

What part of the amino acid structure is what distinguishes it from other amino acids?

• amino group

• hydrogen group

• p-group

• r-group

Multiple Choice

What are enzymes made of?

• lipids

• r-groups

• proteins

• substrates

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of an enzyme?

• lower the activation energy

• increase the activation energy

• make chemical reactions slower

Multiple Choice

True or False: the pH and temperature of your body has no effect on the function of your enzymes?

• TRUE

• FALSE

Multiple Choice

If an athlete needed to have a lot of energy to throw their muscles, which 2 macromolecules would they need?

• enzymes & nucleic acids

• carbohydrates & proteins

• proteins & lipids

• carbohydrates & nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

How do enzymes bond?

• enzyme-substrate complex that be repeated over and over

• enzyme-substrate complex that can not be repeated over and over

Nucleic acids: makes up genetic information and energy molecule

• Monomer: nucleotides​

​

Ch. 2 - Macromolecules

Structure & Function of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates: stores energy, also know as sugars

• Monomer: monosaccharides​

​

Proteins: do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

• R-group/side chain is what distinguishes amino acids. ​

• Monomer: amino acids​

​

Ch. 2 - Macromolecules

Structure & Function of Macromolecules

Enzymes: made from proteins!

• Function is to lower the activation energy in a chemical reaction so the cells do not have to use to much energy.

• pH level and temp. of the organism can effect the function of the enzyme​

​

Ch. 2 - Macromolecules

Structure & Function of Macromolecules

​The substrate binds to the enzyme via the active site which creates the enzyme-substrate complex. After the reaction, they disconnect and the enzyme is free to bind to another substrate to repeate the chemical reaction.

Chapter 3-7:

Ecology​

Multiple Choice

In a body of water where are you most likely to see autotrophs?

• top layer

• middle layer

• bottom layer

Multiple Choice

At which level of ecological organization is there the greatest amount of energy available?

• primary consumer

• secondary consumer

• decomposer

• primary producers

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a heterotroph?

• lion

• jelly fish

• aloe plant

• seagull

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT density dependent limiting factors?

• competition

• disease

• natural disaters

• water/food resources

Multiple Choice

If I were to remove the heron which is a predator in this food chain, what would happen to the population of butterflies?

• a decrease in frogs due to the decrease in herons

• a decrease in butterflies due to the decrease in frogs

• a decrease in butterflies due to the increase in frogs

• an increase in butterflies due to the increase in frogs

Multiple Choice

Removing which level would cause the most

damage?

• 1st trophic level

• 2nd trophic level

• 3rd trophic level

• 4th trophic level

Multiple Choice

How would a natural disaster such as a forest fire affect the population of secondary consumers?

• a decrease in secondary consumers due to an decrease in primary producers

• a increase in secondary consumers due to an decrease in primary producers

• a decrease in secondary consumers due to an increase in primary producers

• a increase in secondary consumers due to an increase in primary producers

Multiple Choice

True or false. If forest fire at destroyed a large forest and years later a newly grown forest arose, it would be considered a secondary succession.

• TRUE

• FALSE

The bottom of a food web, or ecological pyramid will always have 100% energy available and it will decrease by 10% as each levels goes up.

​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Energy in an Ecosystem

• Autotrophs = organisms that are able to automatically make their own food (energy), also known as producers, they perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (ex: plants,

  bacteria)

• Heterotrophs = organisms that must consume other organisms to gain energy, also known as consumers (ex: animals)

​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

Carrying capacity - The maximum amount of organisms that can an ecosystem can hold given the resources it has​

​

Limiting factors - decrease carrying capacity ​

​

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​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Carrying Capacity & Limiting Factors

• ​Density dependent limiting factors: Number of organisms in the environment DOES influence the effect of the factor.

  • Examples: Competition, Disease, Water/food resources

• Density dependent limiting factors: Number of organisms in the environment DO NOT influence the effect of the factor.

  • Examples: Natural disasters

​

​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Limiting Factors

​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Food Chains

​Remember that the arrows point to where the energy is going NOT who is eating who.

​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Ecological Succession

​

• Succession is a series of progressive changes in the composition of an ecological community over time.

• In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time.​

• In secondary succession, an area previously occupied by living things is disturbed—disrupted—then recolonized following the disturbance.

​Ch. 3-7 - Ecology

Human Impact

​

• ​Main cause of global warming = increased green house gasses

​

• Main cause of flooding in south FL = sea level rising due to climate change ​

Chapter 8-11:

Cells, Cellular Energy, Cell Division ​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT as component of the cell theory?

• all cells come from preexisting cells

• cells are the basic units of life

• all cells have cell walls

• all living things are made up of cells

Multiple Choice

True or false: Plant cells and most prokaryotic cells have cell walls.

• TRUE

• FALSE

Multiple Choice

Which of the following would describe features of the cell membrane?

• makes a boundary for the cells

• regulates what comes in and out of the cell

• made of a phospholipid bilayer

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

Why is the cell membrane considered semi-permeable?

• all things can freely pass through

• only water can freely pass through

• everything but water can freely pass through

• only some things can freely pass through

Multiple Choice

Which cell organelle is larger in plants because they fill with water and make turgor pressure possible, meaning it keep the cell stiff and rigid?

• cell membrane

• cell wall

• lysosomes

• vacuoles

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will you NOT find in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• plasma membrane (cell membrane)

• endoplasmic reticulum

• ribosomes

• DNA

Multiple Choice

If I wanted to investigate protein releasing in a cell, would I use a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell?

• Eukaryotic because they have membrane bound organelles that secrete proteins

• Prokaryotes because they have membrane bound organelles that secrete proteins

• Both because they both have membrane bound organelles that secrete proteins

Multiple Choice

Which version of cell division results in 4 new genetically unique gamete cells?

• meiosis

• mitosis

Multiple Choice

How many cells are produced in mitosis and how are they genetically related?

• 4 and they are identical

• 4 and they are genetically unique

• 2 and they are identical

• 2 and they are genetically unique

Multiple Select

Which combination of cell division + cell type is correct? SELECT 2 ANSWERS!

• mitosis = diploid

• mitosis = haploid

• meiosis = diploid

• meiosis = haploid

Multiple Choice

In which cellular division would you see homologous chromosomes being separated?

• meiosis

• mitosis

Multiple Choice

In what stage of meiosis does the exchange of genetic material occur between homologous chromosomes? What is that process called?

• crossing over in prophase 1

• crossing over in prophase 2

• gene sharing in prophase 1

• gene sharing in prophase 2

Multiple Select

How do we represent the number of chromosomes before and after DNA replication during mitosis? SELECT 2 ANSWERS!

• before DNA replication = N

• before DNA replication = 2N

• after DNA replication = N

• after DNA replication = 2N

Multiple Choice

An error in which checkpoint of the cell cycle would most likely cause cancer?

• G1 checkpoint

• G2 check point

• spindle assembly checkpoint (mitosis checkpoint)

Multiple Choice

True or false. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not.

• TRUE

• FALSE

Multiple Choice

How many phosphates are found in ADP?

• 4

• 2

• 3

Multiple Choice

How many phosphates are found in ATP?

• 4

• 2

• 3

Multiple Choice

When ADP gains a 3rd phosphate is it storing or releasing energy?

• storing (full battery)

• releasing (half battery)

Multiple Choice

When ATP loses a 3rd phosphate is it storing or releasing energy?

• storing (full battery)

• releasing (half battery)

Multiple Choice

What do cellular respiration and photosynthesis have in common?

• they both produce glucose at some point

• they both produce carbon dioxide at some point

• they both produce ATP at some point

• they both produce oxygen at some point

Multiple Select

Which of the following are the reactants (inputs) of photosynthesis? Select all that apply!

• light

• water

• glucose

• CO2

Multiple Select

Which of the following are the products (outputs) of photosynthesis? Select all that apply!

• light

• glucose

• O2

• CO2

Multiple Select

Which of the following are the reactants (inputs) of cellular respiration? Select all that apply!

• light

• O2

• glucose

• CO2

Multiple Select

Which of the following are the products (outputs) of cellular respiration? Select all that apply!

• water

• ATP

• O2

• CO2

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the formula for photosynthesis?

• 6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2

• 6O2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6CO2

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the formula for cellular respiration?

• 6H2O + 6O2 → 6CO2 + C6H12O6 + ATP

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Theory

​

1. Cells are the basic unit of life.

2. All cells come from existing cells.

3. All living things are made up of cells (unicellular or multicellular) ​

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Barriers

​

• Cell wall: ridge structure that surrounds the cell membrane. Found in plant cells and most prokaryotic cells

  Cell membrane: semi-permeable phospholipid bi-layer that works to make a boundary and regulate what comes in and out of the cell ​

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Organelles

​

• ​Mitochondria: ​produces ATP energy in the cell (only in eukaryotic)

​

• ​Ribosomes: make proteins (both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic)

• Vacuoles: ​store water (very large in plant cells, small in animal cells)

• Endoplasmic reticulum: ​membrane inbound organelle that secretes (releases) proteins (only in eukaryotic)

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Division

​

• In mitosis, chromosomes are separated and create 2 identical diploid daughter cells (body cells)

  Diploid = all the DNA (think double)

  In meiosis, homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell separate and creates 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells (gametes/reproductive cells)

  Haploid = half the DNA

  Homologous chromosomes = the twin chromosomes

​

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Division: Mitosis #s

​

• During interphase, before S phase = N After S phase (where DNA replication occurs) = 2N (doubled amount of DNA)

  Split duplicated chromosomes into 2 identical cells

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​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Division: Meiosis

​

• Crossing over occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information which will lead to the genetic diversity of the 4 unique daughter cells.

​

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cell Division: Checkpoints & Cancer

​

An error in the G2 checkpoint would most likely lead to cancer due to damaged or unreplicated DNA going unchecked.

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

ADP vs. ATP

​

• ADP = adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphate groups) (dead battery)

• ATP = adenosine triphosphate (3 phosphate groups) (full battery)

• When ATP is converted into ADP + Pi, energy is released and used by the cell.

• It is the release of the 3rd phosphate group in ATP that gives the cell the energy it needs. ADP then needs to gain back the 3rd phosphate group to turn into ATP and store the energy.

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Photosynthesis

​

• Reactants = light, water, CO2 (carbon dioxide)

  Products = O2 (oxygen), glucose

• Step 1: Light dependent reactions

• Step 2: Calvin cycle ​

  Remember: it is the opposite of cellular respiration

• 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆​

​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMiPYHNNg28&t=207s

​Ch. 8-11 - Cells, Cellular Energy & Cell Division

Cellar Respiration

​

• Reactants = glucose, O2 (oxygen)

• Products = water, CO2 (carbon dioxide), ATP

• Remember: it is the opposite of photosynthesis

• Step 1: Glycolysis

• Step 2: Kreb's Cycle

• Step 3: ETC​

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP​

​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ9Zjc-jdys

Chapter 12:

Introduction to Genetics

Multiple Choice

If I give you Bb is that the genotype or phenotype of that organism?

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

If I give you "brown eye" is that the genotype or phenotype of that organism?

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Which of following is defined as the genetic makeup of an organism ?

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

Which of following is defined as the physical characteristics of the organism ?

• genotype

• phenotype

Fill in the Blank

Type in a homozygous dominate genotype using the letter "R".

Fill in the Blank

Type in a heterozygous genotype using the letter "R".

Fill in the Blank

Type in a homozygous recessive genotype using the letter "R".

Multiple Select

Which of the following would cause the dominate phenotype? Select all that apply!

• BB

• Bb

• bb

Multiple Select

Which of the following would cause the recessive phenotype? Select all that apply!

• BB

• Bb

• bb

Multiple Choice

Which type of form of inheritance would be defined as neither of the alleles being dominant over the other. They are BOTH dominate so both appear in the phenotype (ex: white dog with black spots)

• incomplete dominance

• codominance

• multiple alleles

• complete dominance

Multiple Select

Which type of form of inheritance would explain the variety of different blood types? Select all that apply.

• incomplete dominance

• codominance

• multiple alleles

• complete dominance

Multiple Select

Which of the following is a possible blood type? Select all that apply.

• A

• B

• AB

• O

Multiple Select

Which of the following is a dominate blood type? Select all that apply.

• A

• B

• AB

• O

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the recessive blood type?

• A

• B

• AB

• O

​Ch. 12 - Intro to Genetics

Genotype vs. Phenotype

​

• Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism (ex: BB, Bb, bb)

• Phenotype: the physical characteristics of the organism as a result of the genotype (ex:

  brown hair, green eyes)

​Ch. 12 - Intro to Genetics

Genotypes & Their Effect on Phenotype

​

• BB = homozygous dominant, phenotype will show dominant trait

  Bb = heterozygous, phenotype will show dominant trait since at least 1 dominant allele* is present

  bb = homozygous recessive, phenotype will show the recessive trait

​*Definition of allele - the different variations of genes that will make up the genotype.

​Ch. 12 - Intro to Genetics

Forms of Inheritance

​

• ​Codominance - When neither of the alleles are dominant over the other. They are BOTH dominate so both appear in the phenotype (ex: white dog with black spots)

​

• Genotype would look like: BW (you use the 2 big letter alleles for both genes)

​Ch. 12 - Intro to Genetics

Blood Type Inheritance

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