Gymnosperm Reproduction

GYMNOSPERM REPRODUCTION

BEFORE THE LESSON STARTS, LET'S TAKE THE ICE BREAKER

Multiple Choice

Superman's name is

• Clark Kent

• Clara Kenneth

• Mark Pants

• Dark Knight

Multiple Choice

When did superman first appear?

• 1938

• 1939

• 1940

Multiple Select

What are Superman’s powers? Choose 3 options:

• Ability to fly

• Became invisible

• X-ray vision

• Super speed

• Create force field

Multiple Choice

What’s Superman’s weakness?

• Dynamite

• Cold

• Kryptonite

Multiple Choice

Who’s Superman arch enemy?

• Lenix Lather

• Lex Luther

• Lix Bluther

Multiple Choice

From where does Superman get his power?

• The Sun

• Kryptonite

• The Moon

• Super Serum

Multiple Choice

Where did Superman grow up?

• Smallville

• Summersville

• Kansas City

• Krypton

Multiple Choice

What is Superman's real (Kryptonian) name?

• Kal-L

• Kal-El

• Cal Tech

• Caligula

Multiple Choice

Which of these is NOT one of Superman's powers

• Super Strength

• Flight

• Mind Reading

• Solar Flare

Multiple Choice

Who is Superman's cousin

• General Zod

• Lex Luthor

• Jor-El

• Supergirl

Multiple Choice

Where does Superman work?

• Daily Star

• CNN

• Metropolis News 1

• Daily Planet

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

• 7

• 13

• A

• 33

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

• E

• P

• 2

• H

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

• Cow

• Car

• Cat

Multiple Choice

Which one is different?

Let's start the lesson today

Gymnosperm

Gymnosperm, any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule—unlike angiosperms, or flowering plants, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, “naked seeds”) are borne in cones and are not visible until maturity.

Gymnosperm

Gymnosperms were dominant in the Mesozoic Era (about 252.2 million to 66 million years ago), during which time some of the modern families originated (Pinaceae, Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae). Although since the Cretaceous Period (about 145 million to 66 million years ago) gymnosperms have been gradually displaced by the more recently evolved angiosperms, they are still successful in many parts of the world and occupy large areas of Earth’s surface. Conifer forests, for example, cover vast regions of northern temperate lands, and gymnosperms frequently grow in more northerly latitudes than do angiosperms.

Gymnosperm

In all living gymnosperm groups, the visible part of the plant body (i.e., the growing stem and branches) represents the sporophyte, or asexual, generation, rather than the gametophyte, or sexual, generation. Typically, a sporophyte has a stem with roots and leaves and bears the reproductive structures. As vascular plants, gymnosperms contain two conducting tissues, the xylem and phloem. The xylem conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides structural support. The phloem distributes the sugars, amino acids, and organic nutrients manufactured in the leaves to the nonphotosynthetic tissues of the plant.

Gymnosperm

In most gymnosperms the male pollen cones, called microstrobili, contain reduced leaves called microsporophylls. Microsporangia, or pollen sacs, are borne on the lower surfaces of the microsporophylls. The number of microsporangia may vary from two in many conifers to hundreds in some cycads. Within the microsporangia are cells which undergo meiotic division to produce haploid microspores.

The wind pollination

Gymnosperm

Major divisions

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Scottish botanist Robert Brown first distinguished gymnosperms from angiosperms in 1825. While older classifications considered all seed plants to be assignable to a single division, Spermatophyta, more-recent classifications recognize that the characteristic of naked seeds is not important enough to be used to tie all plants with that feature into one group. Classification of gymnosperms now recognizes four extant divisions.

Gymnosperm

Pinophyta

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Known as conifers, members of the division Pinophyta are among the most diverse of the gymnosperms, with some 630 living species across six families. Some of the oldest living things on Earth are conifers, including several bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva) found in the White Mountains of California that approach 5,000 years in age. Additionally, conifers are also the tallest and most-massive living organisms: coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) can exceed 100 metres (328 feet) in height, and the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) can have a girth of 31 metres (101.5 feet) in circumference. Conifers are often featured in formal gardens, and most of the commercial lumber in the Northern Hemisphere is derived from the trunks of conifers such as pine, Douglas fir, spruce, fir, and hemlock.

Gymnosperm

Cycadophyta

Cycads resemble palm trees with fleshy stems and leathery featherlike leaves. The 10–11 genera and 305 living species are distributed throughout the world but are concentrated in equatorial regions. Cycads are typically short and squat, although the Australian cycad Macrozamia hopei may reach 19 metres (62 feet) in height. Given their attractive foliage and sometimes colourful cones, the plants are used in gardens in warmer latitudes and some may even thrive indoors.

Gymnosperm

Ginkgophyta

The division Ginkgophyta consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba. A hardy deciduous tree, Ginkgo resembles an angiosperm in that the woody stem is frequently and irregularly branched and bears broad leaves, which are fan-shaped with dichotomously branched veins. Although it is now cultivated extensively around the world, Ginkgo is an endangered species, as its natural populations have been reduced to a small portion of the mountains of southeastern China.

Gymnosperm

Gnetophyta

The division Gnetophyta has three families across three orders: Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae, and Welwitschiaceae. The family Ephedraceae consists of about 65 species of shrubs in a single genus, Ephedra. Gnetaceae has some 30 species in the genus Gnetum, many of which are trees or vines. Welwitschiaceae consists of a single species known as tumboa (Welwitschia mirabilis), characterized by a massive squat stem and two leaves.

Gymnosperm

​Let's watch a video

Gymnosperm

Quiz time

Multiple Choice

Plants with seeds in cones are called?

• gymnosperms
• angiosperms
• flowers
• mosses

Multiple Select

Select ALL that are NOT general characteristics of gymnosperms.

• They have seeds that are not enclosed in a protective fruit.

• They have seeds that are enclosed in a protective fruit.

• They mostly have narrow needle-like leaves.

• They have flowers.

• They have deep-growing root systems.

Multiple Choice

What are the thin narrow leaves of a conifer called?

• broad leaves
• conicals
• needles
• lobed leaves

Multiple Choice

The meaning of word gymnosperm is _________________________.

• naked-seed plant

• round-seed plant

• sharp-seed plant

• coated-seed plant

Multiple Choice

What is the largest group of gymnosperms?

• conifers

• spruce

• cedars

• deciduous

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a group of gymnosperms?

• cycads

• horsetails

• gnetophytes

• conifers

• ginkgoes

Multiple Choice

A __________ is a conifer with needle-like leaves.

• oak

• maple

• spruce

• juniper

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the largest and most diverse group of gymnosperms?

• cycads

• horestails

• gnetophytes

• conifers

• ginkgoes

Multiple Choice

Where do the seeds of a gymnosperm come from?

• fruit

• flowers

• spores

• cones

Multiple Choice

The reproductive structure of most gymnosperms is some form of a ______________________.

• cone

• flower

• branch

• stem

• root

Multiple Choice

What do male cones produce?

• spores
• pollen
• eggs
• seeds

Multiple Choice

Gymnosperm cones contain both male and female reproductive structures.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Female cones produce________.

• spores

• cones

• pollen

• eggs

Multiple Choice

For what function are needle-like leaves of gymnosperms well adapted?

• Saving sugar

• Saving oxygen

• Saving water

• Removing wastes

Multiple Choice

The joining of sperm and eggs in the female cone is called?

• pollination

• germination

• fertilization

• dispersal

Multiple Choice

What is this plant structure called?

• Cone

• Seed

• Flower

• Fruit

Multiple Choice

What might seeds need most to grow into seedlings?

• Sunlight and rocks

• Water and shade

• Shade and flat land

• Sunlight and water

Multiple Choice

Is this plant a gymnosperm

• Yes.

• No.

Multiple Choice

How is pollen able to move from a male cone to a female cone?

• blows loose in the wind
• through tiny little water droplets

Multiple Choice

Is this plant a gymnosperm?

• Yes.

• No.

Multiple Choice

A plant is ...

• Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryote

• Autotrophic, unicellular, eukaryote

• Autotrophic, multicellular, eukaryote

• Heterotrophic, unicellular, prokaryote

Multiple Choice

What are the thin narrow leaves of a conifer called?

• broad leaves
• conicals
• needles
• lobed leaves

Multiple Choice

The two types of vascular tissue in plants are _____________ and _________________?

• bark, wood

• ground, dermal

• roots, stem

• phloem, xylem

Multiple Choice

Where do the seeds of a gymnosperm come from?

• fruit

• flowers

• spores

• cones

Multiple Choice

Xylem carries ...

• water

• nutrients

• blood

• protein

Multiple Choice

How is pollen able to move from a male cone to a female cone?

• blows loose in the wind
• through tiny little water droplets

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of a conifer?

• Cedar tree

• Pine tree

• Spruce tree

• Fir tree

• All of these are conifers

Multiple Choice

A plant is ...

• Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukaryote

• Autotrophic, unicellular, eukaryote

• Autotrophic, multicellular, eukaryote

• Heterotrophic, unicellular, prokaryote

Multiple Choice

Conifers are called conifers because they produce _______________ ?

• flowers

• cones

• cons

• fruit

Multiple Choice

A female gymnosperm cone is usually bigger than a male gymnosperm cone.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

What statement best describes where the seeds are on a gymnosperm?

• They are located inside of the cone.

• They can be found on the base of each needle.

• They are underneath the scales of the cone

• They are located at the end of each branch.

That's it for today....