PMA 1 Review: 8th Grade

PMA 1 Review: 8th Grade

Universal Hierarchy

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Size Relationships for objects in the Universe

All of Space and all the billions of galaxies and things in it

​​Universe

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A collection of billions of stars held together by gravity (We live in Milky Way)

​​Galaxy

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Enormous cloud of gas and dust where stars are born

​​Nebula

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Central star and objects that orbit it that are bound by gravity

​​Solar System

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Large ball of gas that makes its own light with nuclear fusion

​​Star

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Large spherical body that orbits a star- dwarf planets are smaller

​​Planet

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Natural satellite of a planet

Moon​

​Asteroid- small, rocky object mostly from belt

Comet​- cosmic snowball

​​Asteroids and Comets

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Multiple Choice

Which answer choice below is the largest celestial object?

• Star

• Moon

• Comet

• Asteroid

Multiple Choice

Which model below correctly organizes the objects in the universe from largest to smallest?

Multiple Choice

Jayden was observing an object through his telescope that:

Produced light

Made of mostly Hydrogen gas and dust

Larger than a solar system

Smaller than a galaxy

What object was Jayden observing?

• Star

• Comet

• Nebula

• Planet

​Distances in Space

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​How do we describe distances between objects in space?

​Replace this with your body text.

​Duplicate this text as many times as you would like.

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Astronomical Unit

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​Replace this with your body text.

​Duplicate this text as many times as you would like.

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​​Light Year

Multiple Choice

Which unit of measurement would a scientist use to describe the distance from one side of the milky way to the other?

• Kilometer

• Light year

• Mile

• Astronomical Unit

Multiple Choice

What choice below correctly labels the units used to measure distances between the objects?

Tech in Space

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Technology is essential to our understanding of space

We have been to the moon to collect and return samples and have sent unmanned missions to close places Mars- samples there collected but not returned (yet)

Manned and Unmanned Missions

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Have lenses that allow us to see objects from far away like they are much closer with great clarity and detail

Telescopes and Observatories

Satellites orbit an object, probes continue in one direction indefinitely. Both send back images of objects in space​

Satellites and Space Probes

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Multiple Choice

Why is technology important to scientists?

• It provides proof that their data is reliable.

• It allows data to be collected from remote locations.

• It works slowly and carefully to provide accurate data.

• It eliminates the need to collaborate with other scientists.

Multiple Choice

Why has NASA and other space agencies has invested money and resources into space exploration, by building satellites, probes, telescopes, space stations, computer and communication systems.

• To continue the competition between different world powers for control of space.

• So humankind can explore areas on the Earth that are easily accessible in a new way.

• To prove that life exists on other planets, and develop a way to travel to those star systems.

• So humankind can gather, analyze, and share information about remote locations to better understand the Universe.

Multiple Choice

The image shows the telescope and the image of the same area in space below it. The telescope on the left side is a located on Earth, while the telescope on the right side is a located in space. What answer best describes why the telescope in space takes clearer images?

• The telescope in space is a newer technology.

• The telescope in space is closer to the stars than the one on Earth.

• The telescope in space gathers different light than the one on Earth.

• The telescope in space is further from the stars than the one on Earth.

EM Spectrum

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​Satellite images using the EM spectrum help us understand object in space

EM Spectrum

Viewing the same object with different wavelengths of EM waves can allow us to see a new perspective we wouldn't see using just visible light and get a better idea of what is happening in these celestial bodies

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Imaging with EM Waves

Multiple Choice

Which of the following identifies a type of electromagnetic radiation with a higher frequency than Microwaves but a lower frequency than Ultraviolet waves?

• Radio Waves

• X-Ray Waves

• Gamma Waves

• Infrared Waves

Multiple Choice

Electromagnetic waves have many common applications. Which of the following options matches a type of electromagnetic radiation with a common application?

• Microwaves and tanning beds

• Radio waves and water purification

• Infrared waves and thermal imaging

• Ultraviolet waves and weather radar

Multiple Choice

The figure shows different images of the Crab Nebula but with different wavelengths of the EM spectrum.  Why do scientists use different wavelengths of light to capture images?

• Each wavelength provides the same information.

• Each wavelength is unique and can provide its own specific information on the object.

• Each wavelength can be used for specific types of objects that can’t be detected by other wavelengths.

• Each wavelength is the same, but can provide different information.

Stars

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​Properties of Stars

In solar radii

Size

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Tells us the temp- hotter stars are blue, cooler are red​

Color

Temperature

In Kelvins, from around 2500K to over 30,000K

Properties of Stars

Multiple Choice

What characteristic of stars affects color?

• Mass

• Temperature

• Distance from Earth

• Number of planets around it.

AKA Luminosity- how bright the star actually is in solar lumens (bigger # is brighter

Absolute Brightness

How bright the star appears from where we are standing here on Earth- closer objects look brighter (negative # are brighter)

Apparent Magnitude

Multiple Choice

In comparison to other stars in the sky, the Sun appears brighter because it is–

• Bigger

• Smaller

• Nearer

• Further

Multiple Choice

A very bright star can seem to be dimmer because it is 

• further away
• cooler in temperature
• very close
• batteries are dying

Plot of a star's temperature vs brightness (luminosity) that shows us when it is on the Main Sequenced- hotter stars are brighter

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HR Diagram

Multiple Choice

Which answer choice below accurately compares two different stars?

• White dwarfs are hotter and brighter than red giants.

• Blue supergiants are brighter and cooler than red giants.

• Red Supergiants are cooler and brighter than white dwarfs.

• Blue supergiants are hotter and more dim than red supergiants.

The Sun

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​Properties of our Sun

Inner to outer: Core, Radiative Zone, Convective Zone, Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona

Features: Sunspot, Solar Flare, Prominence​

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​The Layers

of the Sun

Multiple Choice

What number on the diagram represents the convection zone?

• 3

• 4

• 7

• 9

The Solar System

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​Properties of objects in our Solar System

Small, rocky and terrestrial

All have a solid surface and few moons

Shorter Years, faster Revolution

Warmer surface temps​

Inner Planets

Large, made of gas and ice

No solid surface to stand on

Longer Years, slower Revolution

Cooler surface temps​

Outer Planets

Multiple Choice

Which of the following choices accurately compares Earth to another planet?

• Earth is smaller and cooler than Venus

• Earth is larger and warmer than Uranus

• Earth is larger and warmer than Mercury

• Earth is smaller and warmer than Jupiter

Multiple Choice

What answer choice below accurately describes how gravity affects a planet's speed?

• Planets closer to the Sun move faster because gravity is stronger.

• Planets farther away from the Sun move faster because gravity is weaker.

• Planets with a larger mass move faster because they have a larger gravitational pull.

• Planets with a smaller mass move faster because they have a weaker gravitational pull.

​Historical Models

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Historical Models of our Solar System

Earth Centered

Geocentric Model

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Sun Centered

Heliocentric Model

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Kepler's Model

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Reality is closer to Heliocentric but with planets in elliptical orbits around the Sun

Multiple Choice

How is the Geocentric Model different than the Heliocentric Model?

• In the Heliocentric Model the Earth is the center, in the Geocentric Model the Sun is the center.

• In the Geocentric Model the Earth is the center, in the Heliocentric Model the Sun is the center.

• In the Geocentric Model Earth doesn't have a moon, in the Heliocentric Model the Earth has a moon.

• In the Geocentric Model the Moon orbits the Earth, in the Heliocentric Model the Earth orbits the Moon.

Multiple Choice

Which model below is the most current model of the solar system?

​Gravity

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The role of gravity in the formation of objects in space

Gravity played a key role in forming our solar system and its spherical bodies as well as in keeping it together

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Gravity increases with mass and decreases with distance

Nebular Hypothesis

Multiple Choice

What statement below describes how gravity interacts with an object?

• Gravity pushes objects apart.

• Gravity pulls objects together.

• Gravity has no effect on an object.

• Gravity lowers an object's temperature.

Multiple Choice

What answer below best describes how gravity played a role in the formation of our solar system?